插管型喉罩air-Q与i-gel引导气管插管临床效果的比较

目的比较插管型喉罩air-Q和i-gel引导气管插管的临床效果。方法择期全麻气管插管手术患者80例,随机分为两组,分别采用air-Q(A组)和i-gel(I组)引导气管插管。记录喉罩置入次数和时间、盲探气管插管次数和时间。若盲探失败,改由纤维光导支气管镜经喉罩引导气道插管。结果 80例患者均成功置入喉罩,A组和I组喉罩置入时间分别为(19±5)s和(21±6)s,首次置入成功率分别为82.5%和77.5%。A组盲探气管插管的总时间显著短于I组[(95±28)s比(113±39)s](P0.05),A组盲探气管插管的总成功率显著大于I组(92.5%比72.5%)(P0.05)。所有盲探失败的病例均成功使用纤维光导支气管镜完成经喉罩引导气管插管。结论相比i-gel喉罩,air-Q喉罩盲探气管插管的成功率更高,时间更短。     

双管式喉罩用于困难性气管插管临床效果的比较

目的 探讨双管式喉罩(LMA-ProSeal,PLM)在困难性气管插管患者中的应用.方法 行择期手术患者60例(ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ),随机分为3组,其中PLM组20例、标准型喉罩(LMA-Classic,CLM)组20例和气管插管无困难的全麻患者20例为对照组.对困难气道的患者用盲探法随机置入PLM或CLM,对照组患者采用明视经口行气管内插管,惠普监护仪监测诱导前、置喉罩(或气管插管)后即刻平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR),术中连续监测呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)和气道漏气压(Paw).结果 PLM组用盲探法置入喉罩均较顺利,其平均置入时间为(50±5)s,首次插管成功18例(90%),有2例(10%)第2次插管成功,无明显软组织损伤;术毕患者完全清醒通气量满意时,无一例出现躁动,无明显喉痛现象.CLM组平均置管时间为(46±2)s,首次插管成功16例(80%),第2次插管成功4例(20%).两组喉罩首次插管成功率差异无统计学意义.CLM组术毕清醒早期有4例出现躁动,拔管后有2例主诉喉痛不适.PLM组气道漏气压为(32.5±10.5)cm H2O,CLM组为(25.5±10.5)cm H2O.对照组平均插管时间为(52±3)s,有1例(5%)第2次插管成功,术毕复苏期有12例出现躁动,拔管后有8例主诉喉痛不适.对照组于置管后即刻的MAP和HR分别为(121.21±8.65)mm Hg、(98.05±8.21)次/分,分别明显高于PLM组(94.38±9.82)mm Hg、(81.10±7.56)次/分(P＜0.05).结论 PLM应用在困难性气管插管患者中具有明显优势.     

丙泊酚镇静下瑞芬太尼抑制喉罩置管和气管插管心血管反应的半数有效浓度比较

目的 测定抑制喉罩通气道LMA-Fastrach、LMA-Proseal置管和气管插管心血管反应的瑞芬太尼半数有效浓度以及比较置管期间相应脑电双频谱指数(BIS)的变化.方法 择期全麻下行胆囊切除术患者63例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)I～II级,按置管类型的不同随机均分为T、F、P 3组,每组21例.4 mg/L启动并调整丙泊酚靶控,使得BIS稳定于45～55,之后按Minto药代模式设置并启动瑞芬太尼效应室靶控,5 min后给0.6 mg/kg罗库溴铵,2 min后置管:T组气管插管,F组LMA-Fastrach置管,P组放置LMA-Proseal.比较患者麻醉诱导前、诱导后平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)值及置管前后的BIS变化.记录置管前1、2min及置管后5min内的MAP、HR值以判定患者有无心血管反应.应用Dixon-Mood序贯法计算抑制3种置管心血管反应的瑞芬太尼的半数有效浓度(EC50).结果 与麻醉诱导前相比,3组麻醉诱导后MAP、HR均明显下降[MAP:T、F、P组麻醉诱导前后分别为(87.9+10.5)mmHg比(71.6+9.0)mm Hg,(91.8+8.8)mm Hg比(73.5±9.9)mm Hg,(87.2±10.2)mm Hg比(70.9+8.6)am Hg,HR:T、F、P组麻醉诱导前后分别为(78.8±11.6)次/min比(68.7+8.5)次/min,(74.8±10.3)次/min比(64.1±6.7)次/min,(76.7±8.2)次/min比(67.3±8.3)次/min,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,P<0.05],而置管前后的BIS值则无变化(P>0.05).瑞芬太尼抑制3组置管心血管反应的半数有效浓度依次为T组4.47 μg/L、F组4.78 μg/L、P组2.05 μg/L.结论 Minto模式靶控测得瑞芬太尼抑制3种置管心血管反应的EC50 LMA-Fastrach置管略高于气管插管,LMA-Proseal置管则最低.     

喉罩与气管内插管在乳腺癌根治术中的应用

目的 比较喉罩和气管内插管用于乳腺癌根治术对血流动力学的影响.方法 60例ASA1～2级乳腺癌根治术患者,随机分为喉罩组(L组)和气管内插插组(Q组.)入室后开放静脉,监测生命体征,麻醉诱导以咪唑安定0.1 mg/kg、雷米芬太尼1μg/kg、维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg、丙泊酚1 mg/kg,置入喉罩/气管内插管.麻醉维持以丙泊酚4～6 mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼0.2 μg/(kg·min)微量泵泵注,间断静注维库溴铵.观察麻醉诱导前(T1)、气管插管及置入喉罩前(T2)、置入喉罩/气管内插管即刻(T3)、手术中(T4)和苏醒拔管及拔喉罩即可(T5)的SBP、DBP、HR、SPO2.结果:与T1比较T2时SBP、DBP均下降,HR减慢( P<0.05);与T2比较,Q组T3时SBP、DBP均升高,HR增快(P<0.05).与T4比较,Q组T5时SBP、DBP均升高,HR增快(P<0.05).插管及拔管即刻的MAP、HR明显高于置管前,有显著性差异(P<0.05);L两组SPO2 无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 l喉罩能安全、有效地用于全麻下乳腺手术.     

双管式喉罩用于困难性气管插管临床效果的比较

目的探讨双管式喉罩(LMA-ProSeal,PLM)在困难性气管插管患者中的应用。方法行择期手术患者60例(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ),随机分为3组,其中PLM组20例、标准型喉罩(LMA-Classic,CLM)组20例和气管插管无困难的全麻患者20例为对照组。对困难气道的患者用盲探法随机置入PLM或CLM,对照组患者采用明视经口行气管内插管,惠普监护仪监测诱导前、置喉罩(或气管插管)后即刻平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR),术中连续监测呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2)和气道漏气压(Paw)。结果PLM组用盲探法置入喉罩均较顺利,其平均置入时间为(50±5)s,首次插管成功18例(90%),有2例(10%)第2次插管成功,无明显软组织损伤;术毕患者完全清醒通气量满意时,无一例出现躁动,无明显喉痛现象。CLM组平均置管时间为(46±2)s,首次插管成功16例(80%),第2次插管成功4例(20%)。两组喉罩首次插管成功率差异无统计学意义。CLM组术毕清醒早期有4例出现躁动,拔管后有2例主诉喉痛不适。PLM组气道漏气压为(32.5±10.5)cmH2O,CLM组为(25.5±10.5)cmH2O。对照组平均插管时间为(52±3)s,有1例(5%)第2次插管成功,术毕复苏期有12例出现躁动,拔管后有8例主诉喉痛不适。对照组于置管后即刻的MAP和HR分别为(121.21±8.65)mmHg、(98.05±8.21)次/分,分别明显高于PLM组(94.38±9.82)mmHg、(81.10±7.56)次/分(P<0.05)。结论PLM应用在困难性气管插管患者中具有明显优势。     

丙泊酚镇静下瑞芬太尼抑制喉罩置管和气管插管心血管反应的半数有效浓度比较

目的 测定抑制喉罩通气道LMA-Fastrach、LMA-Proseal置管和气管插管心血管反应的瑞芬太尼半数有效浓度以及比较置管期间相应脑电双频谱指数（BIS）的变化.方法 择期全麻下行胆囊切除术患者63例,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）I～II级,按置管类型的不同随机均分为T、F、P 3组,每组21例.4 mg/L启动并调整丙泊酚靶控,使得BIS稳定于45～55,之后按Minto药代模式设置并启动瑞芬太尼效应室靶控,5 min后给0.6 mg/kg罗库溴铵,2 min后置管：T组气管插管,F组LMA-Fastrach置管,P组放置LMA-Proseal.比较患者麻醉诱导前、诱导后平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）值及置管前后的BIS变化.记录置管前1、2min及置管后5min内的MAP、HR值以判定患者有无心血管反应.应用Dixon-Mood序贯法计算抑制3种置管心血管反应的瑞芬太尼的半数有效浓度（EC50）.结果 与麻醉诱导前相比,3组麻醉诱导后MAP、HR均明显下降[MAP：T、F、P组麻醉诱导前后分别为（87.9＋10.5）mmHg比（71.6＋9.0）mm Hg,（91.8＋8.8）mm Hg比（73.5±9.9）mm Hg,（87.2±10.2）mm Hg比（70.9＋8.6）am Hg,HR：T、F、P组麻醉诱导前后分别为（78.8±11.6）次/min比（68.7＋8.5）次/min,（74.8±10.3）次/min比（64.1±6.7）次/min,（76.7±8.2）次/min比（67.3±8.3）次/min,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa,P〈0.05],而置管前后的BIS值则无变化（P〉0.05）.瑞芬太尼抑制3组置管心血管反应的半数有效浓度依次为T组4.47 μg/L、F组4.78 μg/L、P组2.05 μg/L.结论 Minto模式靶控测得瑞芬太尼抑制3种置管心血管反应的EC50 LMA-Fastrach置管略高于气管插管,LMA-Proseal置管则最低.     

LMA supremeTM喉罩与气管插管静脉全麻在腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术中的应用

目的:探讨LMA supreme^TM喉罩和气管插管静脉全麻两种方法用于腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术时对患者血流动力学、呼吸参数变化及术中术后不良反应发生率的影响,评估LMA supreme^TM喉罩在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中应用的安全性及优越性。方法:选择腹腔镜直肠癌切除手术患者40例, ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,随机分成2组,即LMA supreme^TM喉罩组(S组)和气管插管组(T组),每组20例。麻醉诱导后分别插入LMA supreme^TM喉罩和气管插管,记录并比较两组在麻醉诱导前、喉罩和气管导管插入前即刻及插入后即刻、1 min和5 min时收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)。记录建立二氧化碳(CO₂)气腹前、后和体位改变后气道平台压(P_plat)、气道峰压(P_peak);观察手术过程中返流误吸、术后声嘶、咽痛、呛咳不良反应。 结果:与T组比较,S组血流动力学平稳(P＜0.05),呼吸参数稳定变化小(P＜0.05),术中发生返流误吸无统计学差异,术后声嘶、咽痛、呛咳显著减少(P＜0.05)。结论:LMA supreme^TM喉罩在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中应用能达到与气管导管同样的通气效果,对麻醉过程中血流动力学、呼吸参数影响更小,术中术后不良反应显著减少,且操作简单、易学,与气管插管方法相比在临床应用有更好的安全性及优越性。     

喉罩在强直性脊柱炎患者行全髋置换术中的应用

目的探讨使用喉罩通气对比气管插管通气两种麻醉方式在强直性脊柱炎（ankylosing spondylitis,AS）患者行全髋置换术中应用。方法40例AS患者需行全髋置换手术患者,随机分成两组。喉罩通气组、气管插管通气组,通过监测记录两组麻醉插管顺利情况、麻醉诱导后1min及插管后1min的HR、MAP值。结果喉罩通气组全部插管顺利,气管插管通气组6例困难插管。A组麻醉诱导后1min及插管后1min的HR、MAP值相比无显著性变化。B组HR、MAP值相比有显著性变化（P＜0.05）。结论喉罩通气比气管插管通气在AS患者全髋置换手术中优点多。     

喉罩用于全麻下腹腔镜胆囊切除术的护理观察

目的 比较喉罩与气管插管通气对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者血流动力学及并发症的影响,并探讨相应的护理方法.方法 将60例择期行腹腔镜胆囊手术患者根据随机数字表分为喉罩组与气管插管组,每组各30例,分别置入喉罩与气管插管.比较两组麻醉诱导期血流动力学变化,观察术中反流误吸,术毕呛咳,术后咽痛、声音嘶哑、恶心、呕吐、肺部感染等并发症发生率.结果 两组麻醉诱导期SpO2比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),气管插管组插管后即刻MAP、HR较喉罩组显著升高(均P<0.05);喉罩组术后咽痛发生率显著低于气管插管组(P<0.05).结论 喉罩组插管应激反应小于气管插管组;喉罩与气管插管麻醉患者术中、术后的护理各有侧重,前者侧重于防止术中反流误吸,后者侧重于气管护理以及预防感染等并发症的发生.     

ProSeal喉罩通气全麻在高血压患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床应用

目的观察高血压病人腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用ProSeal喉罩通气全麻对患者血压和心率的影响。方法高血压腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者120例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为喉罩组和气管插管组,每组60例。记录诱导前（T0）、置入喉罩/插管前即刻（T1）、置入喉罩/插管后1min（T2）、3min（T3）、胆囊切除时（T4）、拔喉罩或拔管时（T5）6个时间点的HR、MAP、BIS,并进行组间比较。结果气管插管组于插管后1min、3min、拔管时均较麻醉前、插管前即刻及喉罩组HR明显增快、MAP明显升高;瑞芬太尼、顺势阿曲库铵消耗总量、术毕24h内咽喉疼痛例数气管插管组要明显高于喉罩组,胃管置入比例两组则无明显差异。结论喉罩通气全麻在高血压病人腹腔镜胆囊切除术中可有效预防心血管应激反应,避免血压和心率的剧烈波动。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.