正常妊娠和妊娠期高血压妇女凝血指标变化

目的：观察比较正常妊娠和妊娠期高血压妇女血浆凝血因子的变化及临床意义。方法：检测正常妊娠和妊娠期高血压孕妇各30例及非妊娠妇女20例的血浆凝血酶原时间（PT）、部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（Fg）及D-二聚体（D-D）的含量．并进行比较分析。结果：正常妊娠和妊娠期高血压两组血浆Fg、D—D含量均高于非孕妇女（P均〈0．01），妊娠期高血压组的高于正常妊娠组（P〈0．01）。妊娠期高血压组轻、中、重度患者血浆Fg、D-D含量随病情加重逐渐升高，并有非常显著差异（P〈0．01）。重度妊娠高血压组与正常妊娠及轻、中度妊娠高血压组比较，PT、APTT均缩短（P〈0．01）。结论：动态检测孕妇血浆中凝血指标对于妊娠期高血压的早期诊断与防治有重要意义。     

纤溶活性在2型糖尿病冠心病的研究

目的观察2型糖尿病（DM）无血管病变组（A组）43例与DM并冠心病组（B组）41例及对照组（C组）40例的纤溶活性。方法测定124例患者的组织纤溶酶原激活物（tPA）、纤溶酶原激活抑制物-1（PAI-1）,并对A组追踪观察上述指标2年。结果①PAI-1在A、B组都高于C组;B组高于A组;②tPA在A、B组都低于C组;B组低于A组,上述差异都有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论①DM发生临床血管病变前即有纤溶异常,发生血管病变则改变更显著。②上述指标可作为反映DM血管病变的预测及监测指标。     

糖尿病患者某些凝血、抗凝与纤溶指标的临床研究

目的探讨糖尿病患凝血因子、抗凝及纤溶指标的变化。方法采用自动凝血仪(ACL-3000plus)检测了52例糖尿病患和60例正常对照组的血浆纤维蛋白原含量(Fg)、血浆凝血因子活性(Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、X、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅺ、Ⅻ)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)及纤溶酶原活性(PLG：a)等指标。结果糖尿病患的血浆纤维蛋白原含量，凝血因子活性增加，而抗凝、纤溶指标下降，尤伴有血管病变。结论糖尿病患存在高凝状态。其机制与凝血、抗凝与纤溶三的失衡有关。     

长球囊血管成形术对糖尿病足凝血及纤溶功能的影响

目的：观察长球囊血管成形术治疗糖尿病足术后凝血和纤溶系统活性的动态变化，探讨长球囊血管成形术预防再狭窄的可能机制。方法：选取糖尿病足患者40例，实验组20例，行长球囊血管成形术，对照组20例行短球囊血管成形术，术前，术后即刻、术后24h采取股静脉血，检测组织型纤溶酶原激活物（t—PA）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂（PAI-1）、纤维蛋白肽A（FPA）的含量。结果：两组患者的t—PA含量在术后即刻均降低，术后24h实验组的较术后即刻有明显恢复（P〈0．05），且较对照组的显著（P〈0．05），两组分别为（33．30±3．20）ng／ml，（31．01±0．89）ng／ml。PAI-1含量术后两组均显著升高（P〈0．05），24h两组患者均显著降低，实验组降低更显著（P〈0．05），两组分别为（44．33±0．75）ng／ml，（47．86±2．52）ng／ml。FPA含量术后两组均显著升高（P〈0．05），24h两组均显著降低，实验组降低更显著（P〈0．05）。结论：手术前、后t—PA、PAI-1、FPA含量的变化．提示长球囊血管成形术对糖尿病足治疗有效，可能降低血栓事件发生，预防术后再狭窄。     

妊娠合并慢性乙型肝炎患者凝血及抗凝和纤溶系统的变化及其临床意义

肝脏是人体代谢的主要器官,是凝血因子和纤溶物质合成的重要场所,对机体的凝血及纤溶系统的相互作用与动态平衡起主要调节作用.妊娠期新陈代谢旺盛,肝脏负担明显加重,一旦孕妇有产科诱发因素如妊娠合并病毒性肝炎,妊娠与肝炎相互影响,免疫反应过于激烈,多因素参与将肝脏损伤放大,短期内造成大量肝细胞坏死,肝功能严重受损.与非孕期相比,妊娠合并病毒性肝炎更易发展成重症肝炎,破坏机体凝血、纤溶系统之间的平衡,发生大出血,成为产妇死亡的主要原因[1-2].本研究旨在通过对39例妊娠合并慢性乙型肝炎患者的止、凝血和纤溶系统指标的检测,探讨其临床意义,为临床诊断、治疗及预后判断提供依据.     

凝血因子V、凝血酶原活动度及前白蛋白与慢性重型肝炎预后关系

本研究对我科近期收治的16例慢性乙型重型肝炎患者的凝血酶原活动度（PTA）、国际标准化比值（INR）、胆红素（TBil）、凝血因子V（FV：c）、凝血因子Ⅶ（FⅦ：C）、前白蛋白（PRE—A）等生化指标的变化与预后的关系进行多因素统计学分析，以期更有效地指导临床重型肝炎的救治。     

不稳定型心绞痛患者凝血纤溶活性及冠状动脉斑块形态的关系及其临床意义

目的探讨不稳定性心绞痛患者不同形态斑块的稳定性及对疾病转归的预测价值。方法85例不稳定性心绞痛患者根据冠状动脉造影结果分为Ⅰ型病变组（21例）、Ⅱ型病变组（45例）、Ⅲ型病变组（19例），40例冠状动脉造影排除冠心病者为对照组，均测定血浆Ⅶ因子凝血活性及组织型纤溶酶原激活物、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物、纤维蛋白原和D二聚体值；其中56例不稳定型心绞痛患者随诊一年，观测预后。结果不稳定性心绞痛患者血浆凝血纤溶因子较正常对照组明显异常，其中Ⅱ型病变组Ⅶ因子凝血活性、纤维蛋白原、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物较其他两组明显升高、组织型纤溶酶原激活物有所下降（P〈0．05）；D二聚体改变无显著性（P〉0．05）。一年内急性心肌梗塞和心源性猝死的发生率亦明显高于其它两型（P〈0.01）。结论冠状动脉造影不同形态斑块凝血纤溶活性明显不同，可以作为判断不稳定型心绞痛斑块稳定性及疾病转归的重要手段。     

氯沙坦对扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者纤溶参数的影响

目的：了解扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者纤溶参数的变化，及氯沙坦对纤溶参数的影响。方法：测定40名健康者和60例扩张型心肌病心衰患者血浆纤溶酶原激活物（tPA)活性，纤溶酶原激活物抑制物－1（PAI－1）活性以及血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）含量，将扩张型心肌病患者随机分成常规治疗组和氯沙坦组。治疗14天后复查tPA、PAI-1、AngⅡ。结果：L与正常对照组相比，扩张型心肌病心衰患者tPA活性下降、PAI－1活性升高、AngⅡ含量上升（P＜0．01）。治疗14天后，常规治疗组tPA与PAI－1的活性和AngⅡ含量无显著变化（P＞0．05）；氯沙坦组tPA活性上升、PAI－1活性下降（P＜0．01），AngⅡ含量降低（P＜0．05）。结论：扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者纤溶参数明显异常，氯沙坦能改善纤溶参数活性。     

高甘油三酯血症与血凝纤溶系统的关系

为研究脂质代谢紊乱与血浆凝血纤溶活性的关系，分别测定了61例高脂血症患者（混合性高脂血症16例和单纯性高甘油三酯血症45例）的血清脂质和血浆反映凝血纤溶活性的有关指标，并与18例正常人对比。结果发现，高脂血症患者的血浆纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1、凝血因子VII和凝血因子X活性明显高于正常对照组（P＜0．05～0．001），组织型纤溶酶原激活物活性明显低于正常对照组（P＜0．05）。血清甘油三酯水平与血浆纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1、因子VII和因子X活性是显著的正相关性（P＜0．05～0．001），与组织型纤溶酶原激活物活性是显著的负相关性（P＜0．01）；血清胆固醇水平与血浆纤维蛋白原水平和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1活性呈显著的正相关性（P＜0．05）。结果提示，脂质代谢紊乱，特别是高甘油三酯血症可增加体内凝血活性，降低纤溶活性，有利于血栓形成，对动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展有不利的影响。     

活血化瘀,益气通脉改善Ⅱ型糖尿病急性心肌梗死患者PAI-1/D-dimer纤溶指标的研究

目的：探讨合并Ⅱ型糖尿病（NIDDM）急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者中医介入溶栓治疗对改善纤溶受抑及临床预后的作用。方法：分正常对照组20例，治疗组分非糖尿病AMI组23例，非中医介入NIDDM＋AMI组22例，中医介入NIDDM＋AMI组24例。中医介入患者按证属与溶栓同步给与生脉或参附注射液，与抗凝治疗同步给于葛根素注射液。检测各组患者组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t-PA），纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1（PAI-1），及D-二聚体（D—dimer）的血浆水平并计算PAI-1／D—dimer百分比。观察中医介入溶栓治疗后纤溶的指标和临床预后。结果：Ⅱ型糖尿病AMI患者PAI-1显著高于对照组及非糖尿病AMI组P〈0．05，D—dimer上升幅值则显著低于非糖尿病AMI组P〈0．05，PAI-1／D-dimer比值百分数也分别显著高于对照组及非糖尿病AMI组P〈0．01。中医介入NIDDM＋AMI组，中医介入溶栓后，PAI-1，D—dimer及PAI-1／D—dimer的纤溶及临床指标与非糖尿病AMI组比较无显箸差异，P〉0．05，非中医介入NIDDM＋AMI组的纤溶及临床指标与非糖尿病组比较有显著差异，P〈0．05。结论：中医介入治疗可改善Ⅱ型糖尿病患者纤溶受抑状态及临床预后。D—dimer及PAI-1／D-dimer百分比能反映Ⅱ型糖尿病AMI患者纤溶受抑状态及对治疗及预后的影响。     

Ethnicity, socioeconomic status, transfusions and risk of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection

This study identifies the risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) and measures the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis C (anti-HCV) in the general population of Jakarta. A population-based sample of 985 people aged 15 and above was surveyed. Risk factors were identified through questionnaires and home visits. Serum was analysed for HBsAg, antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), anti-HCV, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The seroprevalence was: 4.0% (39/985) for HBsAg, 17.2% (170/985) for anti-HBs, and 3.9% (38/985) for anti-HCV. The risk factors for hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection had little in common. Low socioeconomic status was a strong risk factor for HBsAg (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 18.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.35–139.50). In addition, the Chinese group has 2.97 higher risk of having HBV infection compared with the Malayan ethnic group (adjusted OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.22–7.83). There was moderate positive trend between family size and risk of HBsAg positivity (P= 0.130). Age over 50 (adjusted OR 14.72; 95% CI 4.35–49.89) and history of transfusion were significant risk factors for hepatitis C (adjusted OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.25–7.33). Hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections have different risk factors in Jakarta, a high risk in population for both diseases. Hepatitis B transmission is associated with low socioeconomic status, Chinese ethnic group and large family size, while hepatitis C is associated with an older age and a history of transfusions.     

Serum cytokine profile in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis B and inactive hepatitis B virus carriers

An insufficient cellular immune response seems to be critical for the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.We have previously demonstrated no differences of T-lymphocyte subsets in blood between inactive hepatitis B s antigen(HBsAg) carriers and patients with HBeAg-negative chronic active hepatitis B.This study investigated the peripheral blood cytokine profile in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic active hepatitis B infection(Group A,n = 21) and inactive HBsAg carriers(Group B,n = 13).Serum cytokines [interferon(IFN)-γ,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1b,IL-4,IL-12,IL-10,IL-2,IL-5,IL-8] were analyzed by using flow cytometry.Patients with chronic active disease presented with significantly decreased levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 compared to inac-tive carriers(P = 0.048 and P = 0.008,respectively).In HBeAg-negative chronic active hepatitis B patients,a significant negative correlation of IFN-γ levels with serum hepatitis B viral load was noted(P = 0.021).In conclusion,patients with HBeAg-negative chronic active hepatitis B and HBsAg inactive carriers display a different cytokine profile.Decreased Th1 response observed in patients with chronic active hepatitis B could be implicated in the persistence of virus replication and ongoing progression of liver disease.     

Salmonella hepatitis

Typhoid fever is often associated with abnormal liver biochemical tests, but severe hepatic involvement with a clinical feature of acute hepatitis is a rare complication. There have been more than 150 cases of salmonella hepatitis reported from both developed and developing countries. The documented incidence varies widely from less than 1% to 26% of patients with enteric fever. The possible associated factors for development of salmonella hepatitis are virulence of the organisms, delayed treatment and poor general health of the patients. The pathogenesis of severe hepatic involvement in salmonella infection may be multifactorial and includes endotoxin, local inflammatory and/or host immune reactions. Clinical jaundice in salmonella hepatitis usually occurs within the first 2 weeks of the febrile illness. Hepatomegaly and moderate elevation of transaminase levels are common findings. Extreme hepatic dysfunction with hepatic encephalopathy is a rare coexisting complication in salmonella hepatitis. A positive culture for salmonella from blood or stool is essential to differentiate salmonella hepatitis from other causes of acute hepatitis. Hepatic pathology is characterized by the presence of typhoid nodules with marked hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial cells. The prognosis is usually good as salmonella hepatitis responds well to a specific antibiotic therapy and jaundice resolves with clinical improvement. The clinical course can be severe with a mortality rate as high as 20%, particularly with delayed treatment or in patients with other complications of salmonella infection. As enteric fever is a common infection, the recognition of salmonella hepatitis is of clinical importance.     

自身免疫性肝炎的鉴别与诊断

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是一种与自身免疫反应相关的慢性持续性肝脏炎症性疾病。该病女性多发,未经干预者有进展为肝硬化、肝癌的可能。组织学特征性表现为中重度界面性肝炎伴淋巴-浆细胞浸润。AIH临床表现具有明显的异质性,与具有相似临床、生化、血清学和组织学特征的其他肝脏疾病存在鉴别难点,误诊者可严重影响预后。综述了AIH鉴别和诊断的要点,希望有利于临床诊疗工作。     

Association of mutations in the core promoter and precore region of hepatitis virus with fulminant and severe acute hepatitis in Japan

It was recently reported that mutations in the precore and core promoter region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) are associated with fulminant hepatitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of mutations in the precore and core promoter region of HBV with fulminant and severe acute hepatitis. We studied Japanese patients with acute HBV infection, including seven patients with fulminant hepatitis, 12 with severe acute hepatitis and 41 with acute self-limited hepatitis. The presence of HBV mutants was examined by using a point mutation assay to detect a G to A transition at position 1896 in the precore region and an A to T transition at position 1762 and a G to A transition at position 1764 in the core promoter region. Significant differences in the proportion of mutations in the precore or core promoter region were present between patients with fulminant hepatitis and self-limited acute hepatitis (7/7 (100%) vs 4/41 (9.8%), P < 0.01) and between severe acute hepatitis and self-limited acute hepatitis (6/12 (50.0%) vs 4/41 (9.8%), P < 0.01). The frequency of mutation increased proportionately with the severity of disease in patients with acute HBV infection. Fulminant hepatitis B in Japan is closely associated with mutations in the core promoter and precore gene of HBV. Point mutation assays for HBV precore and core promoter analysis may be useful to predict the outcome of liver disease in patients with acute HBV infection.     

Aetiology and outcome of acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy

The aetiologic types of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in 169 pregnant women were compared with those of 70 non-pregnant women and 287 adult men. The majority of pregnant women (87.6%) came with acute hepatitis in the last trimester of pregnancy. Non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis accounted for 81.6% of hepatitis during pregnancy in comparison with 48.6% in non-pregnant women and 57.1% in adult men. Hepatitis A was extremely uncommon during pregnancy. Hepatitis B infection accounted for 17% of all cases in pregnant women compared with 45% in controls. Acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy had a poor outcome as assessed by maternal and/or fetal mortality (28.5%). The outcome was equally bad in hepatitis NANB and hepatitis B. Pregnant women generally had significantly lower immunoglobulin levels in comparison with non-pregnant women. In acute NANB hepatitis during pregnancy, serum IgG and IgM levels were lower and higher, respectively, compared with those in non-pregnant women and pregnant women with acute hepatitis B. It is suggested that an immune suppression during pregnancy might be responsible for increased susceptibility to acute NANB viral hepatitis, which, by itself, seems to induce only a transient acute phase IgM response.