常用牙科合金与铁铬钼软磁合金激光焊接件的拉伸性能评价

目的:评价激光焊接常用牙科合金与铁铬钼软磁合金后的拉伸性能.方法:铸造钴铬合金、镍铬合金拉伸试件,随机分组并分别与铁铬钳软磁合金试件用激光焊接机焊接,以激光焊接同种钻铬合金拉伸试件为对照组.利用万能拉伸试验机测试焊接后试件的抗拉强度、0.2%屈服强度,利用扫描电镜分析断裂口,并分别进行比较.结果:激光焊接铁铬钼软磁合金与钴铬合金、镍铬合金的扰拉强度、0.2%屈服强度与激光焊接同种钴铬合金无统计学差别.激光焊接铁铬钼合金与镍铬合金的断裂口呈韧件断裂,激光焊接铁铬钼合金与钴铬合金的断裂口呈韧性-解理混合型断裂,而激光焊接钻铬合金的断口呈准解理断裂.结论:从拉伸性能方面考虑,激光焊接铁铬铜软磁合金与钴铬合金、镍铬合金可应用于磁性固位体构件的焊接.     

激光焊接铁铬钼合金与钴铬合金的机械性能

目的：测试激光焊接铁铬钼软磁合金与钴铬合金的机械性能，为临床应用提供参考。方法：采用国产Nd：YANG程控激光焊接机焊接铁铬钼软磁合金与钴铬合金，以激光焊接钴铬合金作为对照。利用Instron万能拉仲实验机测试焊接后的拉仲强度、0．2％屈服强度，作断裂口的扫描电镜分析，并分别进行比较。结果：激光焊接铁铬钼软磁合金与钴铬合金的拉伸强度、0．2％屈服强度与对照组无差别。激光焊接铁铬钼合金与钴铬合金的断裂口呈韧性—解理混合型断裂，而激光焊接钴铬合金的断口呈准解理断裂。结论：激光焊接铁铬钼软磁合金与钴铬合金的机械性能可满足临床需要。     

不同输出电压对激光焊接钴铬合金焊件疲劳强度的影响

目的:探讨不同输出电压对激光焊接钴铬合金试件机械强度和疲劳强度的影响。方法:将牙科钴铬合金采用激光焊接在分别在220 V、250 V、280 V三种输出电压下焊接成哑铃形试件(n=10),以未焊接组作为对照,在材料测试机上进行三点弯曲试验,记录试件的最大压应力值和疲劳强度,并对断口进行显微晶相分析。结果:各焊接组的最大压应力值均小于未焊接组,其中220 V组最小,250 V组与280 V组的差别无显著性;各焊接组的疲劳强度随着输出电压的升高而升高,差异有显著性,但各焊接组的疲劳强度均远小于未焊接组。结论:在一定范围内,激光焊接的疲劳强度随输出电压的升高而增大。     

两种热处理方式对激光焊接钴铬-镍铬异种合金力学性能和组织结构的影响

探讨常规热处理和烤瓷对激光焊接钴铬-镍铬异种合金力学性能和组织结构的影响,以期为异种合金的临床应用提供参考.方法将0.5 mm厚的钴铬合金和镍铬合金试件各15个从中间断开,进行激光焊接,制成30个钴铬-镍铬异种合金焊件.焊后用随机数字表将焊件随机分为3组,每组10个.对照组不做处理,热处理组焊件进行常规热处理,烤瓷组焊件进行烤瓷处理.测试3组焊件的拉伸强度和延伸率,扫描电镜观察拉伸断口,能谱分析测试3组焊件熔焊区、钴铬焊接交界区和镍铬焊接交界区元素.结果经热处理和烤瓷处理后,焊件拉伸强度分别为(537.15±43.91)MPa和(534.58±48.47)MPa,延伸率分别为(7.65±0.73)%和(7.40±0.45)%.烤瓷组拉伸断口出现明显的韧窝结构,热处理组拉伸断口表现为深而大的韧窝;钴铬侧合金成分向熔焊区和镍铬侧有一定程度的扩散,热处理组比烤瓷组扩散更明显.结论热处理和烤瓷过程均可在一定程度上改善激光焊接钴铬-镍铬异种合金焊接接头的性能,热处理对焊接接头性能的改善比烤瓷更明显.     

激光焊接不同间距钴铬合金焊件疲劳强度的研究

目的: 探讨不同焊接间距对激光焊接钴铬合金试件机械强度和疲劳强度的影响。方法: 将牙科钴铬合金铸件采用激光焊接法分别在0.00 mm、0.25 mm、0.50 mm 3种焊接间距下焊接成哑铃形试件(n=10),以未焊接组作为对照,在材料测试机上进行三点弯曲试验,记录试件的最大压应力值和疲劳强度,并对断口进行显微晶相分析。结果: 各焊接组的最大压应力值和疲劳强度均小于未焊接组(P<0.05),3个焊接组的最大压应力值差别无显著性;在焊接组中0.25 mm组具有最佳的疲劳强(P<0.05),0.00 mm组和0.50 mm的差异无显著性。结论: 激光焊接焊件之间保留一定间隙有助于提高钴铬合金焊件的疲劳强度,焊接间隙在0.25 mm左右为宜。     

制作方法对钴铬合金金瓷结合性能的影响

目的 比较铸造钴铬合金与选区激光熔化（SLM）钴铬合金金瓷结合强度的差异。方法 用铸造法和SLM技术制作钴铬合金试件各10个,在中间1/3区域熔附瓷粉,采用剪切力试验测试金瓷结合强度并观察断裂类型。采用SPSS 13.0软件中的t检验对结果进行统计学分析。结果铸造组、SLM组剪切力分别为（33.11±4.98）、（30.94±5.98） MPa,二者间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。样本的断裂类型为复合断裂。结论 SLM钴铬合金修复体精密度较高,其金瓷结合强度与铸造钴铬合金相近。     

微束等离子弧熔焊和银钎焊钴铬合金机械性能的比较

目的 比较微束等离子弧熔焊和银钎焊钴铬合金的机械性能。方法 采用微束等离子弧焊机熔焊钴铬合金试件,银钎焊法焊接相同规格试件作比较,利用万能拉伸实验机测试两组试件的抗拉强度,观察试件的断裂部位。结果 微束等离子电弧焊试件的抗拉强度大于银钎接试件的抗拉强度,焊接接头的强度接近母材强度,断裂部位在母材和焊缝处的比例为1:1;银钎接试件的抗拉强度较低,有5/6断裂部位在焊缝处。结论 微束等离子弧熔焊钴铬合金机械性能优良,有临床应用前景。     

齿科钴铬-镍铬合金激光焊接后耐腐蚀性评价

目的:研究激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金的体外电化学行为及离子释出情况。方法:在体外模拟口腔环境中,测出激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金阳极极化曲线及特征指数;检测激光焊接镍铬-钴铬合金在不同时间的离子释出情况,以钴铬合金、镍铬合金为对照。结果:钴铬合金自腐蚀电位低于镍铬合金,激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金的自腐蚀电位、维钝电流密度、破裂电位介于前两者之间;激光焊接镍铬-钴铬合金,镍离子释出量7日后少于镍铬合金,钴离子释出量始终高于镍铬合金。结论:激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金后,钴铬合金的阳极保护作用可减少镍铬合金镍离子释出,有助于改善镍铬合金生物相容性;激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金,对其整体耐腐蚀性未有较大影响。     

异种金属间激光焊接的初步研究

目的:通过对焊件机械强度的测定及熔合区微观结构的分析,探讨口腔常用合金异种金属间激光焊接的可行性。方法:采用钴铬合金、镍铬合金、纯钛进行异种金属间的激光焊接,测定焊件的最大抗拉、抗弯强度,并进行拉伸断口的扫描电镜观察和熔合区的金相分析,探讨激光焊接异种金属的焊接质量及临床应用的可行性。结果:钴铬和镍铬合金异种金属间的激光焊件机械性能较好,钴铬焊丝组和镍铬焊丝组在最大抗拉、抗弯强度上无显著差异(P>0.05)。纯钛与钴铬或者镍铬合金激光熔接接头脆性大,断面可见严重的裂纹和气孔。结论:钴铬合金与镍铬合金异种合金间的激光焊接,不管采用钴铬焊丝或者镍铬焊丝,都可获得良好的焊接接头。纯钛与钴铬合金或者镍铬合金都不能采用激光直接进行熔接     

镍铬合金激光焊接强度的实验研究

目的：研究激光焊接在不同参数设置下，对镍铬合金焊接强度的影响。方法：在3种电压、2种脉冲持续时间条件下，对镍铬合金标准试件进行焊接，测量其机械强度。结果：焊接试件抗拉强度及屈服强度与电压及脉冲持续时间吴正变关系，在电压为320v、脉冲持续时间为2ms、12ms时，与线材相比差别无显性。结论：Nd：LYAG激光对镍铬合金具有良好的焊接效果，选择适合的焊接参数可达到理想的焊接效果。     

Nd:YAG激光焊接牙科镍铬合金机械性能的研究

目的：通过评价焊接后的机械性能，探讨激光焊接牙科镍铬合金的最佳条件。方法：采用国产Nd:YAG激光器在不同的功率条件下焊接牙科镍铬合金试样，比较其抗拉强度、介长率、维氏硬度等机械性能指标，结合相应的金相学检查及断口扫描电镜分析，并与母材比较。结果：随着激光功率的增加，抗拉强度随之增加，当功率为10.5J/P时与母材接近而无差别；与原材料相比，焊接区的显微硬度略有提高；断口扫描电镜显示，焊接的最大熔深约为0.9-1.0mm，未见气孔、裂纹或其它缺陷。结论：激光焊接焊点强度高，热影响区小，穿透力较强，选择合适的焊接条件可达到理想的焊接效果。     

Effect of laser irradiation conditions on the laser welding strength of cobalt-chromium and gold alloys

Using tensile tests, this study investigated differences in the welding strength of casts of cobalt-chromium and gold alloys resulting from changes in the voltage and pulse duration in order to clarify the optimum conditions of laser irradiation for achieving favorable welding strength. Laser irradiation was performed at voltages of 150 V and 170 V with pulse durations of 4, 8, and 12 ms. For cobalt-chromium and gold alloys, it was found that a good welding strength could be achieved using a voltage of 170 V, a pulse duration of 8 ms, and a spot diameter of 0.5 mm. However, when the power density was set higher than this, defects tended to occur, suggesting the need for care when establishing welding conditions.     

Effects of laser‐weld joint opening size on fatigue strength of Ti‐6Al‐4V structures with several diameters

Summary This study was conducted to evaluate the fatigue strength of Ti‐6Al‐4V laser‐welded joints with several diameters and joint openings. Sixty dumbbell rods were machined in Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy with central diameters of 1·5, 2·0 and 3·5 mm. The specimens were sectioned and then welded using two joint openings (0·0 and 0·6 mm). The combination of variables created six groups, which when added to the intact groups made a total of nine groups (n = 10). Laser welding was executed as follows: 360 V per 8 ms (1·5 and 2·0 mm) and 380 V per 9 ms (3·5 mm) with focus and frequency regulated to zero. The joints were finished, polished and submitted to radiographic examination to be analysed visually for the presence of porosity. The specimens were then subjected to a mechanical cyclic test, and the number of cycles until failure was recorded. The fracture surface was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn test (α = 0·05) indicated that the number of cycles required for fracture was lower for all specimens with joint openings of 0·6 mm, and for 3·5‐mm‐diameter specimens with joint openings of 0·0 mm. The Spearman correlation coefficient (α = 0·05) indicated that there was a negative correlation between the number of cycles and the presence of porosity. So, laser welding of Ti‐6Al‐4V structures with a thin diameter provides the best conditions for the juxtaposition of parts. Radiographic examination allows for the detection of internal voids in titanium joints.     

符合临床要求的烤瓷镍铬合金镀金技术最佳工艺参数的研究

目的:探索符合临床要求的烤瓷镍铬合金最佳镀金工艺参数。方法:根据不同参数组合将试件分为8组,每组8片,其中6片用显微观测划痕法测量镀金层的临界载荷,并用扫描电镜观察镀层截面的质地和厚度,剩余2片用牙刷磨耗试验法测试镀金层的耐磨性能。综合评价后得出符合临床要求的最佳工艺参数。结果:镀金层的临界载荷随镀金时间的增加先增大再减小;镀金电压为0.9V时随着镀金时间的增加,镀金层致密性明显增加而厚度增加不明显,镀金电压为1.0V时随着镀金时间的增加镀金层的致密性和厚度均有明显增加;参数为1.0V360s时镀金层耐磨性能最佳。结论:1.0V360s是符合临床要求的烤瓷镍铬合金镀金技术最佳工艺参数。     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Joint Properties of Laser-Welded Ag-Au-Cu-Pd and Co-Cr Alloys

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of heat treatment on the strengths of laser-welded cast Ag-Au-Cu-Pd and Co-Cr alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cast plates of Ag-Au-Cu-Pd (Ag) and Co-Cr (Co) alloys were prepared. After polishing the surfaces to be welded, the plates were matched and butted Ag to Ag (Ag/Ag), Co to Co (Co/Co), and Ag to Co (Ag/Co) and welded using Nd:YAG laser at a pulse duration of 10 ms, spot diameter of 1 mm, and voltage of 200 V. Five specimens were prepared for each experimental condition by bilaterally welding them with five spots. The Ag/Ag, Ag/Co, and control Ag underwent two heat treatments-softening (ST) and hardening (AH). A group of as-cast specimens serving as controls was not given either heat treatment. The failure load and percent elongation were measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. RESULTS: The fracture resistance of Co/Co was similar to that of the control Co, while the fracture resistance of Co/Ag was significantly lower than that of both like alloy pairings for all heat-treating conditions. The control Ag had greater fracture resistance after AH and lower fracture resistance after ST. The AH treatment increased the fracture resistance, and the ST treatment decreased the fracture resistance of both Ag/Ag and Co/Ag, although not significantly. The percentage of elongation appeared to positively correlate with the fracture resistance results. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study indicated that the age-hardening heat treatment increased the weld strength between the paired Au-Ag-Cu-Pd alloys and between the Au-Ag-Cu-Pd and Co-Cr alloys.     

Nd:YAG laser penetration into cast titanium and gold alloy with different surface preparations

This study investigated the effect of surface preparation on the Nd:YAG laser penetration into cast titanium and gold alloy. Cast blocks of each metal were given four different surface preparations: (i) coloured with black marker; (ii) air-abraded with 50 microm Al2O3; (iii) ground with SiC points and (iv) polished with 1 microm Al2O3 (mirror-polished). Two blocks with each of the surface preparations were abutted and laser-welded at their interface using the voltages of 210-260 V in increments of 10 V. After the welded blocks were mechanically separated, the laser penetration was measured using computer graphics. Regardless of the surface preparation, an increase in voltage increased the laser penetration for both metals. The laser penetration into titanium prepared with black marker and air-abrasion was significantly deeper than into the titanium ground with SiC points and mirror-polished. Although there were no statistical differences in penetration among the surface preparations for the gold alloy, the penetration in the mirror-polished specimens was shallower than any of the other preparation methods at higher voltages of 240-260 V. The results obtained in this study suggested that broken metal frameworks with finished surfaces should be painted with black marker or air-abraded before laser welding.     

Laser Welding of Cast Titanium and Dental Alloys Using Argon Shielding

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of argon gas shielding on the strengths of laser-welded cast Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb and compared the results to those of two dental casting alloys. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cast plates of Ti, Ti-6Al-7Nb, gold, and Co-Cr alloy were prepared. After polishing the surfaces to be welded, two plates were abutted and welded using Nd:YAG laser at a pulse duration of 10 ms, spot diameter of 1 mm, and voltage of 200 V. Five specimens were prepared for each metal by bilaterally welding them with three or five spots either with or without argon shielding. The failure load and percent elongation were measured at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. RESULTS: The factor of argon shielding significantly affected the failure load and elongation of the laser-welded specimens. The failure loads of argon-shielded laser-welded CP Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb were greater compared with the failure loads of specimens welded without argon shielding for both three- and five-spot welding. Regardless of argon shielding, the failure loads of the laser-welded gold alloy were approximately half that of the control specimens. In contrast, the failure loads of the nonshielded laser-welded Co-Cr alloy were greater. The percent elongations positively correlated with the failure loads. CONCLUSIONS: The use of argon shielding is necessary for effective laser-welding of CP Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb but not for gold and Co-Cr alloy.