卡介苗诱导小鼠产生保护性免疫的机制研究

目的　为了探索结核感染保护性免疫的产生机制及主要抗原成分。方法 我们调查了小鼠PEC细胞分别经活卡介苗和热杀死卡介苗刺激后,所产生的IL-12p40,IL-18和γ-干扰素的水平。调查卡介苗菌体裂解液和培养过滤液诱导细胞因子能力。结果 活的卡介苗可以激活巨噬细胞,诱导出IL-12p40和IL-18,而死的卡介苗却不能。活的和死的卡介苗菌体裂解物都可以诱导细胞产生IL-12p40。活的卡介苗的培养过滤液可以诱导出IL-12p40。而热杀死卡介苗过滤液却不能产生IL-12p40。结论 活的卡介苗分泌到培养上清液中的热稳定物质可以诱导细胞因子的大量产生。     

脂多糖对感染卡介苗巨噬细胞表达细胞因子影响的研究．

目的 探讨脂多糖(LPS)对感染卡介苗巨噬细胞表达细胞因子的影响。方法 用ELISA方法比较单独巨噬细胞组。巨噬细胞 卡介苗 LPS组，巨噬细胞 卡介苗组以及巨噬细胞 LPS组细胞因子表达的差异。结果 单纯巨噬细胞产生较少量的IL-12，TNF-α，LPS能刺激巨噬细胞组特别是感染卡介苗巨噬细胞组产生大量的IL-12，TNF-α。与单纯巨噬细胞组相比，LPS也不能有效地刺激巨噬细胞产生更多的IL-1，IL-2，IL-18和IFN-γ。结论 LPS能诱导巨噬细胞(包括卡介苗感染巨噬细胞)产生更多的TNF-α和IL-12，而有利于宿主的免疫应答。提示LPS及其同系物有潜力作为抗结核药物和疫苗或其佐剂。     

脂多糖对感染卡介苗巨噬细胞表达细胞因子影响的研究

目的 探讨脂多糖(LPS)对感染卡介苗巨噬细胞表达细胞因子的影响。方法 用ELISA方法比较单独巨噬细胞组，巨噬细胞 卡介苗 LPS组，巨噬细胞 卡介苗组以及巨噬细胞 LPS组细胞因子表达的差异。结果 单纯巨噬细胞组产生较少量的IL-12，TNF-α，LPS能刺激巨噬细胞组特别是感染卡介苗巨噬细胞组产生大量的IL-12，TNF-α。与单纯巨噬细胞组相比，LPS也不能有效地刺激巨噬细胞产生更多的IL-1，IL-2，IL-18和IFN-γ。结论 LPS能诱导巨噬细胞(包括卡介苗感染巨噬细胞)产生更多的TNF-α和IL-12，而有利于宿主的免疫应答。提示LPS及其同系物有潜力作为抗结核药物和疫苗或其佐剂。     

脂多糖对感染卡介苗巨噬细胞表达细胞因子影响的研究

目的　探讨脂多糖(LPS)对感染卡介苗巨噬细胞表达细胞因子的影响。方法 用ELISA方法比较单独巨噬细胞组,巨噬细胞+卡介苗+LPS组,巨噬细胞+卡介苗组以及巨噬细胞+LPS组细胞因子表达的差异。结果 单纯巨噬细胞组产生较少量的IL-12,TNF-α,LPS能刺激巨噬细胞组特别是感染卡介苗巨噬细胞组产生大量的IL-12,TNF-α。与单纯巨噬细胞组相比,LPS也不能有效地刺激巨噬细胞产生更多的IL-1,IL-2,IL-18和IFN-γ。结论 LPS能诱导巨噬细胞(包括卡介苗感染巨噬细胞)产生更多的TNF-α和IL-12,而有利于宿主的免疫应答。提示LPS及其同系物有潜力作为抗结核药物和疫苗或其佐剂。     

结核分支杆菌感染巨噬细胞后氮氧化物的产生及细胞因子表达的研究

目的 探讨巨噬细胞在感染结核分支杆菌后氮氧化物(NO)的产生和细胞因子表达的差异，了解结核感染的免疫应答过程，探讨死菌苗作为新的结核候选疫苗的可行性。方法 用ELISA和RT-PCR方法比较研究巨噬细胞在感染结核分支杆菌后NO的产生和细胞因子表达的差异。结果 活的结核分支杆菌H37Rv能显诱导巨噬细胞产生NO、IL-1、IL-12、IL-18、TNF-α以及iNOS的表达。细菌数对NO的产生和细胞因子的表达也有很大的影响。结论 活的结核分支杆菌H37Rv能显诱导巨噬细胞产生。NO和细胞因子，而产生有利于宿主的免疫应答。同样量的死结核分支杆菌H37Rv不能显诱导巨噬细胞产生NO和细胞因子，不宜作为新的结核候选疫苗。     

IL-18的生物学作用及其与哮喘的关系

支气管哮喘是由多种细胞特别是肥大细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞和T淋巴细胞参与的以气道高反应性和可逆性气道阻塞为特征的慢性气道炎症性疾病。现在的研究发现，细胞因子的参与是气道炎症形成的一个很关键的因素，如IL-2、IL-10、IL-12、IL-13和INF-γ等。INF-γ可减少气道中嗜酸性粒细胞的浸润，而IL-12可以与其它因子相互协同诱导INF-γ的产生，所以如何诱导INF-γ的产生就成为一种控制哮喘气道炎症的方法。近年来发现，IL-18能够与IL-12协同作用诱导INF-γ的产生，现在大多数实验研究发现其能降低气道的高反应性，对哮喘有保护作用，但也有与其相反的报道。以下就近几年来IL-18在机体免疫调节中的作用及与哮喘的关系作一综述。[第一段]     

肺炎链球菌RNA诱导细胞分泌细胞因子活性的研究

目的研究肺炎链球菌RNA对细胞分泌细胞因子的影响。方法提取肺炎链球菌总RNA,分别用不同浓度的RNA作用于肺腺癌细胞A549和巨噬细胞U937,同时以LPS作为对照作用于两细胞,观察细胞分泌细胞因子情况。结果细菌RNA刺激细胞后,其分泌IL-12的能力显著提高且呈剂量依赖关系,当RNA浓度为40μg/ml时,IL-12分泌量提高5倍。而细胞分泌IL-18、TNF-α、IFN-γ的能力与RNA的作用量无直接关系。结论肺炎链球菌RNA具有诱导细胞分泌细胞因子IL-12的能力,是重要的病原相关的分子模式。     

铜绿假单胞菌诱导不同分化和活化状态的U937细胞分泌TNF-α和IL-8的研究

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌诱导单核吞噬细胞产生细胞因子,以及细胞因子在宿主防御铜绿假单胞菌感染中的调节作用。方法应用佛波酯(PMA)刺激人单核白血病细胞系-U937细胞分化成巨噬细胞样细胞,对铜绿假单胞菌诱导不同分化和活化状态的U937细胞产生TNF-α和IL-8进行研究。结果铜绿假单胞菌不能诱导U937细胞产生TNF-α,但可诱导U937细胞产生IL-8及PMA分化的U937细胞产生TNF-α和IL-8;重组IL-1β可增强铜绿假单胞菌诱导PMA分化的U937细胞产生TNF-α和IL-8。结论TNF-α和IL-8的产生可能与U937细胞的分化状态有关,而且TNF-α和IL-8的产生可能存在着不同的诱导机制;IL-1β对TNF-α和IL-8的产生具有调节作用。     

结核分支杆菌感染巨噬细胞后氮氧化物的产生及细胞因子表达的研究

目的 探讨巨噬细胞在感染结核分支杆菌后氮氧化物（NO）的产生和细胞因子表达的差异，了解结核感染的免疫应答过程，探讨死菌苗作为新的结核候选苗的可行性。方法 用ELISA和RT－PCR方法比较研究巨噬细胞在感染结核分支杆菌后NO的产生和细胞因子表达的差异。结果 （1）活的结核分支杆菌H37Rv能显著诱导巨噬细胞产生NO，IL－1，IL－12，IL－18，TNF－α以及iNOS的表达。（2）细菌数对NO的产生和细胞因子的表达也有很大的影响。结论 活的结核分支杆菌H37Rv能显著诱导巨噬细胞产生NO和细胞因子，而产生有利于宿主的免疫应答。同样量的死结核分支杆菌H37Rv不能显著诱导巨噬细胞产生NO和细胞因子，不宜作为新的结核候选疫苗。     

053 IL-13在支气管哮喘及炎性疾病中作用

IL-13是由T细胞、嗜碱粒细胞、浆细胞及树突状细胞产生的细胞因子.T细胞不表达IL-13受体,IL-13对TH2细胞分化无作用.IL-13与IL-4受体有相同的α链,在IL-4缺陷及浓度低时IL-13诱导IgE合成,体内与体外研究表明IL-13诱导、维持一定IlgE水平,增强巨噬细胞及树突状细胞活性,活化嗜酸粒细胞并防止其凋亡,广泛参与过敏性哮喘及炎性疾病过程.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.