新疆维吾尔族与汉族广泛性焦虑患者人格特征研究

目的 探讨维、汉族广泛性焦虑临床特征及人格特征的差异.方法 采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）和明尼苏达多项人格调查表（MMPI）对维族56例、汉族83例广泛性焦虑患者进行测试.结果 维族组HAMA睡眠障碍因子分、认知障碍因子分明显高于汉族组（t=1.873,P＜0.05;t=3.245,P＜0.01）.MMH测试两组有8个量表T分同时高于70分,6个量表T分同时低于70分,且维族组校正分量表分值（K）低于汉族组（t=2.126,P＜0.05）,轻躁狂量表分值高于汉族组（t=2.366,P＜0.05）.结论 民族文化对广泛性焦虑发病规律、临床特征有影响,对人格特征影响很小,不同民族广泛性焦虑具有共同的人格特征.     

广泛性焦虑障碍患者的述情障碍与焦虑症状的相关分析

目的探讨广泛性焦虑障碍患者的述情障碍与焦虑的相关性。方法采用自制的一般情况调查表、多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)对伴有或不伴有惊恐发作的46例广泛性焦虑障碍患者(焦虑组)及50例健康志愿者(对照组)进行评估,并分析述情障碍与焦虑的相关性。结果 1焦虑组的TAS总分、因子1、因子2、因子3显著高于对照组(t=3.41,P0.05);2焦虑患者的TAS总分与HAMA总分及躯体评分呈显著正相关(t=17.27,P0.01),与精神焦虑分无相关性(t分别=-0.13,0.16,P0.05);TAS因子1、因子3与HAMA总分、精神焦虑分、躯体焦虑分无显著相关性(r=0.50,P0.05);因子2与HAMA总分、躯体焦虑分呈显著正相关(P0.05)。结论广泛性焦虑障碍的患者存在述情障碍,且述情障碍与焦虑症状存在正相关,缺乏情感描述能力者躯体焦虑更为显著。     

酒依赖患者人格特征及情绪障碍

目的探讨酒依赖患者的人格特征及情绪障碍。方法对我院住院治疗的87例慢性酒中毒患者进行艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)及Zung抑郁量表(SA S)、Zung焦虑量表(SDS)测试,并与全国常模进行对照研究。结果酒依赖患者具有明显的人格特征,主要是N(t=6.74,P<0.01)、E(t=7.25,P<0.01)两项分值明显高于正常,这些患者抑郁量表(t=5.57,P<0.05)及焦虑量表(t=6.23,P<0.05)分值高于正常,有明显的情绪障碍。结论酒依赖患者具有明显的人格偏离及情绪障碍。     

不同性别的慢性胃炎影响因素及临床特征分析

目的探讨不同性别的慢性胃炎患者影响因素及临床特征。方法收集女性患者52例(A组)、男性患者48例(B组),对其一般人口学资料、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、应激评定量表、艾森克人格问卷、血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)进行测定和对照。结果 1A组平均年龄较B组高(t=2.83,P0.01),高中及高中以上文化程度人数较B组少(χ2=4.83,P0.05),A、B两组在婚姻等方面比较差异无显著性(χ2=0.00,P0.05);2A组HAMA分值、神经质性人格者、应激量表中社会习惯应激、焦虑因子分、血清IL-6、TNF-α浓度高于B组(P0.05);3B组HAMD分值、应激量表中社会交往、生活事件、抑郁因子分高于A组(P0.05)。结论了解不同性别的慢性胃炎患者的临床特点,有助于患者早期、有效的治疗。     

人际心理治疗与认知行为治疗对广泛性焦虑障碍治疗效果的对照研究

目的:探讨人际心理治疗与认知行为治疗对广泛性焦虑障碍的疗效。方法:将90例广泛性焦虑障碍患者随机分为人际心理治疗组(IPT)和认知行为治疗组(CBT)各45例,疗程为12周,分别于治疗前后采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定临床疗效。结果:治疗后,两组的HAMA、HAMD评分都明显低于治疗前(如HAMAt=9.97,11.41;P均0.01);治疗后CBT组的睡眠障碍因子分差值低于IPT组(t=2.34,P0.05),两组间其余因子分差值无显著性差异(如HAMAt=-0.51,P0.05)。结论:人际心理治疗与认知行为治疗对广泛性焦虑障碍均有疗效,认知行为治疗在改善睡眠障碍方面要优于人际心理治疗。     

武警某部住院战士心理健康状况

目的了解住院战士心理健康状况,为下一步心理工作提供建议。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL—90)、艾森克人格问卷成人式(EPQ)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)及抑郁自评量表(SDS)对某院228名住院战士进行测查。结果①住院战士SCL-90总分、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性得分均低于军人常模(t=9.18,9.17,13.45,11.18,5.57,6.54,9.35,2.37,12.29;P<0.05),躯体化因子得分高于国内成人常模(t=5.08,P<0.05),差异有显著统计学意义;②住院战士EPQ的P、N分低于军人常模(t=7.61,10.42;P<0.01或0.05),E、L分值高于军人常模(t=7.44,2.05;P<0.05);③住院战士SDS高于中国成人常模(t=5.26,P<0.01),SAS高于中国成人常模(t=3.83,P<0.05)。结论住院战士比较多见的是抑郁情绪,焦虑情绪及心理问题躯体化也可见到。     

维、哈、汉族中学生心理健康调查分析

目的探讨新疆维、哈、汉族中学生心理健康状况。方法采用SCL-90症状自评量表对831名新疆民汉中学生进行测试。结果汉族组强迫症状、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性因子分均显著高于中国常模(P<0.01);维族组强迫症状、人际敏感、抑郁、偏执因子分显著低于中国常模(P<0.01);哈族组强迫症状、人际敏感、抑郁、敌对、偏执因子分显著低于中国常模(P<0.01);而维、哈族2个民族的恐怖因子分均显著高于中国常模(P<0.01)。新疆北部(北疆)不论男、女中学生汉族组SCL-90各因子分显著高于维族组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。新疆南部(南疆)汉族组男中学生焦虑、恐怖因子分低于维族组,躯体化因子分高于维族组(P<0.01或P<0.05);汉族组女中学生强迫症状、人际敏感、抑郁、敌对、偏执、精神病性因子分均高于维族组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论哈萨克族中学生的整体心理健康水平最高,依次为维吾尔族,汉族;北疆民族男女中学生及南疆维族女中学生的心理素质比汉族中学生好;南疆汉族男中学生心理素质比维族好。     

乳腺癌患者手术前后情绪变化的动态分析

目的了解乳腺癌患者术前、术后(半年内)、康复期(1年后)3个阶段的焦虑抑郁情绪变化。方法采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-17)对术前、术后及康复期各60例患者和60名正常人对照组进行评定。结果乳腺癌患者精神性焦虑因子分术前与术后、术后与康复期都有显著差异(F=14.03,P<0.01);迟缓(F=10.003,P<0.01)、睡眠障碍因子分(F=10.00,P<0.01)和HAMA总分(F=8.297,P<0.01)术前与术后有显著差异;HAMD-17总分术前与术后、康复期有显著差异(F=8.297,P<0.01);与对照组相比,躯体性焦虑因子分(t=8.688,P<0.01)、精神性焦虑因子分(t=12.33,P<0.01)、HAMA总分(t=12.7,P<0.01)、焦虑/躯体性(t=11.97,P<0.01)、认知障碍(t=3.366,P<0.01)、迟缓(t=9.743,P<0.01)、睡眠障碍(t=3.317,P<0.01)、HAMD-17总分(t=14.66,P<0.01)有明显差异。结论乳腺癌患者手术前后有着明显的焦虑、抑郁情绪,术前表现最高,应对其进行适当的干预。     

振源胶囊联合文拉法辛缓释片治疗广泛性焦虑障碍疗效观察

目的探讨振源胶囊联合文拉法辛缓释片治疗广泛性焦虑障碍的疗效和不良反应。方法 80例广泛性焦虑障碍患者随机分成两组,合用组为振源胶囊联合文拉法辛缓释片,单用组为文拉法辛缓释片,疗程为6周。采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评定疗效,用副反量表(TESS)评定用药不良反应。治疗前、后分别对患者行血常规、肝功能、肾功能、心电图检查以评价安全性。结果治疗6周末,合用组有效率为87.5%,单用组有效率为67.5%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.59,P<0.05),治疗第2周起,两组(HAMA)总分均较治疗前显著下降(t=16.71和t=13.00,P<0.01),合用组治疗2周末起较单用组下降更显著(t=4.71,P<0.01)。两组TESS评分比较差异有显著性(t=3.26,P<0.01)。结论振源胶囊联合文拉法辛缓释片能显著提高广泛性焦虑障碍的临床疗效,安全性高,依从性好。     

中药联合帕罗西汀治疗广泛性焦虑障碍的临床疗效

目的研究加味甘麦大枣汤联合帕罗西汀治疗广泛性焦虑障碍的临床疗效。方法收集广泛性焦虑障碍患者80名,分别采用帕罗西汀(西医)、加味甘麦大枣汤联合帕罗西汀(中西医结合)治疗12周,治疗前后采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(H am iltonA nx iety Scale,HAMA)进行疗效评估,采用副反应量表(T reatm en t Em ergen t Sym ptom Scale,TESS)评定药物不良反应。结果①治疗前西医组与中西医结合组HAMA量表评分无显著差异(P>0.05)。中西医结合组HAMA量表评分第2周、第4周、第8周、第12周末得分明显低于西医组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);②中西医结合组的显效性(94.7%)和有效性(97.4%)均高于西医组(分别为86.5%,91.9%);③两组不良反应轻微,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论加味甘麦大枣汤联合帕罗西汀治疗广泛性焦虑障碍优于单独使用帕罗西汀治疗,不良反应轻微。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.