Le marketing « digital » : quelle place en collecte ?

Blood transfusion arose from the actions of medical doctors and has to answer to the increasing evolution of the blood product. To answer this vital need, marketing intervenes with the implementation of strategy and a multi-channel campaign. The emergence, acquisition and evolution of new information technologies in today's society require that marketing and communication professionals use of digital marketing in their relational initiatives and the promotion of the gift of life.     

Living polymerization of several substituted acetylenes with WOCl4–Bu4Sn–tert‐BuOH (1 : 1 : 1) as a catalyst

Living polymerization of several substituted acetylenes was studied with a W‐based ternary catalyst, WOCl₄–Bu₄Sn–tert‐BuOH (1 : 1 : 1). [o‐(Trimethylsilyl)phenyl]acetylene forms a polymer with a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) (M_w/M_n 1.08). The living nature of this polymerization system was proved by both multistage polymerization and the conversion dependence of the polymer molecular weight. Linear internal alkynes (e. g., 5‐dodecyne) also yield polymers with a narrow MWD (M_w/M_n ∼︁ 1.10), which were proven to be obtained by living polymerization by examination of the conversion dependence of the polymer molecular weight. However, neither 1‐chloro‐1‐alkynes nor tert‐butylacetylene, polymerize in a living fashion with this catalyst. A block copolymer was selectively prepared by sequential polymerization of [o‐(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]acetylene and [o‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetylene.     

Uncertainties − discrepancies in immunology

Summary: The many immunological observations and results from in-vitro or in-vivo experiments vary, and their interpretations differ enormously. A major problem is that within a normal distribution of biological phenomena, which are measurable with many methods, virtually anything is possible. Within a coevolutionary context, the definition of biologically relevant thresholds is an important key to improve our understanding of weaknesses and strengths of the immune system. This review is a personal view, comparing textbook rules and experiments using model antigens with observations on immunity against infections or tumors to critically evaluate our perception and understanding of specificity, affinity maturation, antigen presentation, selection of the class of the immune response, immunological memory and protective immunity, positive selection of T cells and self/nonself discrimination.     

Conduite à tenir devant une glycémie « limite supérieure »

Type 2 diabetes is preceded by a long preclinical period with progressively glucose tolerance abnormalities. Beside diabetes defined by a venous fasting glucose superior to 7 mmol/l (1.26 g/l), American Diabetes Association identified two others abnormalities of glucose tolerance: the impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) defined by a two hours glycaemia between 7.8 and 11 mmol/l (1.4 and 1.9 g/l) at the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) with a fasting glycaemia between 6.1 and 6.9 mmol/L (1.1 and 1.25 g/l). Prevalence of IGF is between 2 and 10% in non diabetic adult subjects. IFG concerns mainly subjects aged 40–50 years and is 1.5 to 3 fold more frequent in man. Most of the well-known risk factors for developing type 2 such us overweight, abdominal obesity, familial history of diabetes, over –consumption of fat and alcohol are present in subjects having IFG. Hypertension is present in more than 50% of the subjects with IFG. Fifty percents of subjects with IFG are also an impaired glucose tolerance. IFG is associated with a high diabetes risk because 10 to 30% of subjects with IFG will develop type 2 diabetes after five years. Both IFG and IGT are associated with an increase of risk of cardiovascular mortality while the two hours glycaemia of OGTT is more predictive than IFG. Microalbuminuria and carotid intima media-thickness are significantly increased in subjects having both IGT and IFG compared to subjects with only IGT. Subjects with IFG are associated with an increase risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. IFG requires the realization of an OGTT to search IGT or diabetes.     

Mycétome du creux poplité à Madurella mycetomatis : à propos d'un cas

Eumycetoma is a rare and little-known pathology in Morocco. We report the observation of a 47-year-old patient who presented a fistulated tumefaction, located on his left popliteal space. Diagnostic of mycetoma due to the black fungus Madurella mycetomis is established by mycological studies of the grains. A treatment by a ketoconazole and surgical extraction has been considered.