中美两国中学生生活满意度的跨文化研究

目的：比较分析中美两国中学生生活满意度的差异。方法：采用“多维学生生活满意度量表”(MSLSS)对872名中、美两国的中学生进行测查。结果：(1)中国中学生的朋友、学校和一般生活满意度高于美国中学生，差异具有统计学显著性；(2)中国7、8、9三个年级学生的学校和一般生活满意度均高于美国同年级学生，差异具有统计学显著性；(3)美国男生生活环境的满意度高于中国男生，中国男生的自我满意度高于美国男生，美国女生的自我满意度高于中国女生，差异均具有统计学显著性；(4)中、美中学生的生活满意度都在各自国家内存在统计学意义的年级差异。均表现为7年级学生在存在差异维度上的满意度高于本国其他年级的学生；(5)中、美中学生的生活满意都在各自国家内存在统计学意义的性别差异，两国均表现为女生在存在差异维度上的满意度高于本国男生。结论：中美两国中学生的生活满意度存在差异，社会文化背景是影响青少年生活满意度的重要因素。     

高考学生考试焦虑性别差异的探讨

目的：了解高考学生考虑焦虑的性别差异，方法：以考试焦虑自我检查表（SRITA）对118名高中生进行调查分析，结果：妇生SRITA量表总分及担心损害自我形象（Ⅱ）和身体反应（Ⅴ）2个分量表得分高于男生，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论：考试焦虑存在性别差异；女生更出现问题性考试焦虑，其焦虑表现的身体反应重，在原因方面更关注考试失败对自我形象的损害。     

中学生考试焦虑相关认知评价特征

目的：探讨影响中学生考试焦虑的认知评价特征。方法：通过访谈，问卷调查以及探索性因子分析及验证性因子分析，效标验证等方法对中学生考试焦虑相关的认知评价特征进行分析。结果：影响中学生考试焦虑的因了主要包括：“证明自己”、“担忧心情”、“过度引申”、“抵触心理”、“考试准备”、“考试效能”等6个因了，在这六个因子上得高分的被试均具有某种不合理的认知信念。结论：引起中学生考试焦虑的认知因素主要包括上述6个方面。     

农村初中生考试焦虑程度及原因的调查研究

目的 通过对考试焦虑程度魔原因的抽样调查，为预防和治疗农村初中生考试焦虑提供第一手资料。方法 采用《考试焦虑程度诊断问卷》和《考试焦虑原因和表现自我检查问卷》对180名农村初中生进行问卷调查，并时其结果进行统计分析。结果 ①在考试焦虑程度方面，焦虑检出率为21．7％．士生的焦虑程度显著高于男生，且年级问差异显著；②在考试焦虑原因方面，年级差异和性别差异在整体水平上并不显著．研究发现“担心他人对自己的评价”的学生占总体的36．1％，为首要原因。结论 农村初中生考试焦虑的现状应引起有关部门的重视，建议多开展心理辅导和咨询活动。     

中学生焦虑与其相关影响因素的综合研究

目的：综合探讨中学生焦虑状况与其相关影响因素的关系。方法：采用中学生焦虑量表、青少年生活事件量表、艾森克人格问卷、中学生父母教养方式量表和应对量表对558名中学生进行问卷调查。结果：(1)中学生整体的焦虑处于轻度水平，52．6％的学生存在不同程度的焦虑问题，男女生在焦虑水平上不存在较为明显的性别差异，年级差异在焦虑水平上表现也不明显。(2)中学生焦虑与生活事件、父母教养方式、人格和应对方式各因子均有十分显著的相关关系，进一步的回归分析结果表明有八个因素对焦虑的预测作用十分明显，具体为不良情绪应对、学习压力、神经质、父放任型教养方式、人际压力、母过分保护和干涉、解决问题和精神质。结论：中学生中存在较为明显的焦虑问题，多个因素对焦虑有预测作用。     

中美大学生对父母关系评价的比较研究

目的：比较生活在中美两国的大学生对父母关系评价的差异。方法：采用自编“大学生心理调适调查表”（ＣＣＳＡＩ），对４３９名大学生（２３９名就读于美国，２００名就读于中国）进行跨文化比较研究。该量表有较高的同质信度和分半信度。结果：不同种族、性别和年龄被试对父母关系的评价没有交互作用；我国大学生在Ｐ表中对父母关系的评价比其他在美就读的中国血缘学生更积极（Ｐ＜０．００００１）；在Ｎ表中，所有具有中国血缘的被试比欧美学生从更消极的角度对父母关系方面的态度进行评价（Ｐ＜０．０００１）。结论：不同的社会文化使中美两国的大学生对父母关系的评价态度表现不同     

行为训练和团体辅导对中学生考试焦虑的干预研究

考试会使学生产生焦虑情绪,过度的考试焦虑不仅会影响中学生的考试成绩,而且还会影响中学生的身心健康,甚至阻碍他们成长成才。对中学生的考试焦虑状况及影响因素进行分析研究,构建有效的中学生考试焦虑的干预模式,很有价值。     

不同认知条件对考试焦虑者的影响

目的：探讨不同认知条件对考试焦虑者的影响。方法：采用考试焦虑量表、认知干扰问卷和字母变换任务对180名大二焦虑学生进行研究。结果：高考试焦虑者在集中注意条件下的成绩明显高于控制条件下的成绩。高考试焦虑者在控制条件下的成绩明显低于中、低考试焦虑者。放松条件对高考试焦虑者有积极作用，对中、低考试焦虑者有消极作用。高考试焦虑者比中、低考试焦虑者有更多的认知干扰。结论：不同认知条件对不同考试焦虑者有不同的影响。     

中美青少年校园欺负受害问题的比较研究

目的:探讨中美两国青少年校园欺负受害状况的异同。方法:以1677名中国中学生和1814名美国中学生为被试,采用特拉华欺负受害量表(学生卷)(DBVS-S),对中美青少年在受言语欺负、身体欺负、关系欺负和网络欺负量表得分上的年级和性别差异进行跨文化比较。结果:(1)总体上中国和美国青少年欺负受害发生率存在显著的差异,与中国青少年相比,美国青少年除受"言语欺负"百分比较低且二者差异极显著外,受"身体欺负"、"关系欺负"和"网络欺负"的百分比均较高,其中受"关系欺负"和"网络欺负"的得分差异分别达到显著和极显著水平;(2)在受欺负的类型上,中美青少年都是受言语欺负比例最高、网络欺负占比最小,相比受身体欺负而言,美国青少年遭受关系欺负的比例更高。(3)中美两国青少年的欺负受害存在显著的性别差异,无论中国还是美国,男生的欺负受害发生率均显著地高于女生;(4)中国青少年欺负受害发生率存在显著的年级差异,美国青少年欺负受害发生率年级差异不显著,但两国青少年受欺负的发生率均为十一年级受欺负百分比最高,十二年级受欺负百分比最低。结论:中美青少年校园欺负受害发生率存在显著差异。     

自我效能感对神经质-考试焦虑的调节作用

目的：探讨神经质、自我效能感和考试焦虑问的关系，及自我效能感的调节作用。方法：使用在大五形容词量表中抽取的测量神经质的条目、Schwarzer一般自我效能感量表（GSES）和认知考试焦虑量表（CTAS）对581名中学生进行施测。结果：①考试焦虑与自我效能感负相关（r=-0．37，P〈0．01）；考试焦虑与神经质正相关（r=0．43，P〈0．01）；自我效能感与神经质负相关（r=-0．35，P〈0．01）；②分层回归的结果表明：神经质通过自我效能感的调节作用影响考试焦虑。结论：神经质对考试焦虑的影响随自我效能感的水平而改变。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.