绝经后激素替代疗法的个性化药物选择

激素替代疗法(HRT)可以有效缓解女性绝经相关症状,预防绝经后骨质疏松及老年慢性疾病。目前中国有非常庞大的绝经期人口,非常有必要让广大的妇产科医生在临床中给予患者正确的指导。HRT的安全性问题一直备受关注,目前多项临床研究提示,HRT的安全性与启用时机和个体化用药方案有密切关系。HRT应在窗口期开始使用,选择用药方案时应根据患者的年龄、绝经时间、症状侧重点、家族疾病史和基础疾病综合考虑,从而减少不良反应的产生,并且用药期间需规范随诊。     

不同状态绝经后妇女激素替代疗法的个性化选择策略

激素替代疗法（HRT）是目前缓解绝经相关症状和预防绝经后骨质疏松等疾病最有效的方案。HRT治疗中要求遵循个性化原则,根据患者的不同症状、年龄和不同的基础疾病状况,有无HRT适应证和禁忌证,掌握慎用情况及不同药物的特点,选择最佳治疗窗,使用最低剂量从而达到最佳治疗效果。     

绝经相关激素补充治疗的适应证及历史发展

在生殖系统之外,雌激素对女性全身多个系统具有广泛的作用。绝经后雌激素缺乏导致围绝经期症状及某些老年慢性疾病风险增加,激素补充治疗(hormone replacement therapy,HRT)的利弊关系不断被修正。目前的证据表明,在"治疗窗口期"启动,并按照规范合理使用HRT,掌握适应证、禁忌证和慎用情况是利大于弊的。现今中国绝经后女性人口众多,但对HRT的知晓率很低,宣传普及绝经知识、探索更加安全的HRT方案将是广大妇产科同道不懈努力的方向。     

更年期激素替代治疗中不同剂型雌激素选择的临床分析

目的:探讨不同剂型雌激素在激素替代治疗(HRT)中的症状改善程度及不良反应,比较各型药物疗效。方法:回顾分析自2009年5月～2010年10月该院门诊就诊的更年期妇女HRT治疗中根据其意愿,分别予口服雌激素、阴道给雌激素及经皮吸收雌激素共76例HRT治疗。用药前详细了解病史,综合分析患者受雌激素影响的程度、绝经的时间、体检、妇检情况,掌握基本健康状况及子宫内膜、乳腺、肝功能、肾功能、血糖、血脂等,选择针对个体的用药分析、用药前后疗效及用药后不良反应。结果:口服雌激素、阴道给雌激素及经皮吸收雌激素服用后症状改善程度有明显差异;不同剂型雌激素在症状改善及不良反应有差异。结论:根据患者不同的特点,选用不同吸收途径的雌激素能有效地改善症状,预防不良反应的发生,以便及时调整剂量、剂型或方案,争取最好效果,提高患者对激素替代治疗的依从性。     

更年期医学:欧洲男女更年期协会2004/2005关于围绝经期和绝经后激素补充治疗的立场声明

目前从大量的随机对照临床试验(RCT)中已得出结论性的证据:对于经历令人痛苦的更年期症状的围绝经期和绝经后妇女,任何形式的全身HRT均可以缓解症状,没有其它治疗手段能产生相似效果。尽管这种证据与日俱增,但如何提供最好的临床医疗以减轻绝经症状和预防较远期的绝经后退化性疾病,仍在争论之中。当提供更年期医药时,HRT的剂量和方案的个体化是基于与症状的严重程度和绝经时间相关的最低有效剂量的原则。然而,在有症状的妇女中,尚没有多少关于长期应用不同HRT方案的资料,同时赖以说明心血管疾病、乳腺癌和骨质疏松症的基线风险的影响。在大多数病例中,个体化的处方联同生活方式的调整就可能对更年期症状、生活质量、性问题和骨质疏松症产生最终有益的作用,罕见严重副反应。基于最近的流行病学研究,不少是来自WHI中单用雌激素组的结果,欧洲男女更年期协会(EMAS)支持在有症状的妇女中进行新的HRT方案的研究,以提高临床中受益和风险之间的平衡,包括生活质量方面特有的信息;并解释美国和欧洲之间在治疗模式上的传统差异,以及在BMI、生活方式和饮食习惯方面的不同所产生的影响。对于早绝经(<45岁)的妇女,现有的资料支持HRT所特有的总体益处。目前,具有骨质疏松性骨折高危险性的妇女可考虑应用较长期的全身HRT,尤其是当其它治疗措施既不恰当又疗效不佳时,因为此时收益大于风险。而对于泌尿生殖道症状,已认为长期的局部雌激素治疗可能安全和有效。     

更年期医学：欧洲男女更年期协会2004/2005关于围绝经期和绝经后激素补充治疗的立场声明

目前从大量的随机对照临床试验（RCT）中已得出结论性的证据：对于经历令人痛苦的更年期症状的围绝经期和绝经后妇女,任何形式的全身HRT均可以缓解症状,没有其它治疗手段能产生相似效果.尽管这种证据与日俱增,但如何提供最好的临床医疗以减轻绝经症状和预防较远期的绝经后退化性疾病,仍在争论之中.当提供更年期医药时,HRT的剂量和方案的个体化是基于与症状的严重程度和绝经时间相关的最低有效剂量的原则.然而,在有症状的妇女中,尚没有多少关于长期应用不同HRT方案的资料,同时赖以说明心血管疾病、乳腺癌和骨质疏松症的基线风险的影响.在大多数病例中,个体化的处方联同生活方式的调整就可能对更年期症状、生活质量、性问题和骨质疏松症产生最终有益的作用,罕见严重副反应.基于最近的流行病学研究,不少是来自WHI中单用雌激素组的结果,欧洲男女更年期协会（EMAS）支持在有症状的妇女中进行新的HRT方案的研究,以提高临床中受益和风险之间的平衡,包括生活质量方面特有的信息;并解释美国和欧洲之间在治疗模式上的传统差异,以及在BMI、生活方式和饮食习惯方面的不同所产生的影响.对于早绝经（＜45岁）的妇女,现有的资料支持HRT所特有的总体益处.目前,具有骨质疏松性骨折高危险性的妇女可考虑应用较长期的全身HRT,尤其是当其它治疗措施既不恰当又疗效不佳时,因为此时收益大于风险.而对于泌尿生殖道症状,已认为长期的局部雌激素治疗可能安全和有效.     

绝经相关症状及疾病的非激素治疗

绝经意味着卵巢功能的衰竭,其所致雌激素缺乏、内分泌失衡可产生一系列绝经相关问题或疾病,如围绝经期综合征、泌尿生殖道萎缩、绝经后骨质疏松症等,代谢综合征与心血管疾病的风险明显增加,此严重影响广大中老年妇女的身心健康和生活质量。近年来,除激素补充治疗(hormone replacement therapy,HRT)外,选择性5羟色胺再摄取抑制剂、中药、植物药及植物雌激素等非激素治疗方法也被用于绝经症状和疾病,尤其对于那些不能应用或不愿意接受激素补充治疗的女性。本文对目前非激素治疗的有效性和安全性作一分析。     

低剂量性激素补充疗法对绝经后妇女性功能的影响

目的:观察低剂量性激素补充治疗对改善绝经妇女阴道健康评分及性激动评分的效果。方法:随机选取25例绝经妇女口服利维爱1/2片(1/2HRT组),每日1次;25例绝经妇女口服利维爱1/4片(1/4HRT组),每日1次;另外抽取20例作为安慰组予乐力钙500mg/d。3组连续用药6个月。用药前后进行阴道健康评分及性激动评分,评价其效果。结果:1/2HRT组和1/4HRT组用药前后阴道健康评分及性激动评分比较有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01),安慰组用药前后比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:低剂量性激素补充疗法能够明显改善绝经妇女阴道萎缩性症状,提高性功能及性生活质量。     

芬吗通治疗妇女围绝经期综合征的临床疗效观察

<正>围绝经期妇女体内的雌激素水平下降显著,常出现一系列的生理及心理变化~([1])。而就目前的治疗方法来说,激素补充治疗(HRT)是缓解绝经相关症状最有效的方案,对于有适应证、无禁忌证的女性,如果从围绝经期就开始HRT,潜在益处很多,而风险相对很低~([2])。为进一步探讨HRT在改善围绝经期症状中的作用,本研究选择无激素使用禁忌证的     

适量激素替代治疗妇女更年期综合征的临床观察

目的 评价适量激素替代治疗对绝经期妇女更年期综合征的疗效及安全性.方法 选择围绝期30例闭经时间<1年病例,给予序贯疗法补佳乐(0.5～1.0 mg/d×21 d,后10 d加服安宫黄体酮6 mg/d;绝经后≥1年30例,不想来月经者使用联合疗法(补佳乐0.5-1.0 mg/d,安宫黄体酮2 mg/d),连续服药3个月以上,用药前均做全面体检,除外使用HRT禁忌症,用药后定期监测子宫内膜厚度、乳腺、血清FSH、E2.结果 通过适量激素治疗后更年期症状(潮热、出汗、失眠等)全部改善,两组患者用药前血清FSH均≥40 mIu/ml,用药后均<40mIu/ml,E2水平上升,未发现与HRT应用相关肿瘤,合理使用HRT治疗绝经后妇女更年期综合征的疗法明显,安全可靠.     

Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been used worldwide to relieve menopausal symptoms. The evolution in clinical knowledge of its risks has lagged persistently behind its application in clinical practice. In the 1970s, endometrial cancer incidence increased in developed countries, and exogenous estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women was the most important factor. In the 1980s and 90s, combined estrogen-progesterone therapy was prescribed on a large scale, based on its potential beneficial effects on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems without increasing the risk of endometrial carcinoma. However, once again, recent reports argue against the safety of HRT, and the most important issues are now the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and total cancer in combined formulations. We conclude that the recently reported risks on combined HRT may have a significant public health impact, and that this treatment regimen should not be prescribed to protect postmenopausal women from endometrial carcinoma, since the risks outweigh the benefits.     

Comparison of regimens containing oral micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on quality of life in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional survey

A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine quality of life (QOL) related to physiological, somatic, and vasomotor effects of changing progestogen treatment from medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) to micronized progesterone in postmenopausal women. Eligible women (n = 176) were currently using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) containing micronized progesterone for 1-6 months and had previously received HRT containing MPA. QOL was assessed via telephone interview using the Greene Climacteric Scale and the Women's Health Questionnaire. When compared with the MPA-containing regimen, women using micronized progesterone-containing HRT experienced significant improvement in vasomotor symptoms, somatic complaints, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Women reported improved perceptions of their patterns of vaginal bleeding and control of menopausal symptoms while on the micronized progesterone-containing regimen. Approximately 80% of women reported overall satisfaction with the micronized progesterone-containing regimen. A micronized progesterone-containing HRT regimen offers the potential for improved QOL as measured by improvement of menopause-associated symptoms.     

Perceptions, attitudes, and self-management of natural menopausal symptoms in ghanaian women

The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to alleviate menopausal symptoms is associated with risks of cardiovascular and thromboembolic diseases and breast cancer. In this qualitative study, we investigated how women in low-resource settings manage menopausal symptoms without HRT. We interviewed 34 menopausal Ghanaian women about their sources of information, perceptions, attitudes, and self-management methods for alleviating menopausal symptoms. The majority of the women used a combination of nonhormonal medications and complimentary and alternative medicine (CAM), including dietary modifications, exercise, and other lifestyle changes to effectively manage menopausal symptoms. Sources of information about menopause influenced participants' perceptions, attitudes, and self-management choices.     

Perceptions,Attitudes, and Self-Management of Natural Menopausal Symptoms in Ghanaian Women

The use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to alleviate menopausal symptoms is associated with risks of cardiovascular and thromboembolic diseases and breast cancer. In this qualitative study, we investigated how women in low-resource settings manage menopausal symptoms without HRT. We interviewed 34 menopausal Ghanaian women about their sources of information, perceptions, attitudes, and self-management methods for alleviating menopausal symptoms. The majority of the women used a combination of nonhormonal medications and complimentary and alternative medicine (CAM), including dietary modifications, exercise, and other lifestyle changes to effectively manage menopausal symptoms. Sources of information about menopause influenced participants’ perceptions, attitudes, and self-management choices.     

Practical prescribing of HRT

Oestrogen is a highly effective treatment for menopausal symptoms. Although recent clinical trials do not support use of HRT for long-term protection against chronic disease, many women with unpleasant vasomotor symptoms elect to take HRT for symptom relief. Women who still have a uterus should be prescribed estrogen in combination with some form of progestogen. There are various delivery systems for HRT, though most women in the UK take it in tablet form. ‘No-period’ HRT formulations exist for women who are at least 1 year since their last natural period, though erratic bleeding may occur in the first few months of use. Blood pressure should be checked before prescribing HRT, but no other investigation is mandatory. Cervical screening and mammography should be performed according to national screening guidelines. Women with abnormal bleeding patterns on HRT that persist for more than 3 months should be gynaecologically investigated. There is no upper age limit for prescribing HRT, but it is often tolerated poorly when started in older women. HRT is not a method of contraception, and women who start HRT who are not yet truly postmenopausal should be advised to continue with a standard contraceptive method. There is no fixed duration of time for taking HRT, and women should be managed as individuals. Most women take it for about 2-5 years. Vasomotor symptoms often recur on discontinuation of HRT; if they are severe, women may need to consider taking HRT again.     

Advances in hormone replacement therapy: making the menopause manageable

The importance of the results of some large, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) has modified the risk/benefit perception of HRT. Recent literature review supports a different management. The differences in age at initiation and the duration of HRT are key points. HRT appears to decrease coronary disease in younger women, near menopause; yet, in older women, HRT increases risk of a coronary event. Although HRT is a recognized method in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, it is not licensed for the prevention of osteoporosis as a first-line treatment. The effectiveness of low and ultra-low estrogen doses has been demonstrated for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms, genital atrophy and the prevention of bone loss, with fewer side-effects than the standard dose therapy. Further research, however, is needed to determine the effect both on fractures, as well as on cardiovascular and breast diseases. Newer progestins show effects that are remarkably different from those of other assays. The effectiveness of testosterone at improving both sexual desire and response in surgically and naturally postmenopausal women is shown by the testosterone patch. The intention, dose and regimen of HRT need to be individualized, based on the principle of choosing the lowest appropriate dose in relation to the severity of symptoms and the time and menopause age.     

Evidence-based review of therapies at the menopause

Background and Objective The highest level of scientific evidence available for each therapy for menopausal symptoms was sought, for example, systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Results There is reasonable evidence that some symptoms are modified by lifestyle, for example, cessation of smoking, exercise, reduction of alcohol, diet and alleviation of psychosocial stress. No complementary medicine, for example, phytoestrogens, black cohosh, herbal or homeopathic medicines or complementary therapies, for example, acupuncture, yoga, chiropractic manipulation, reflexology or magnetic devices have a greater effect than the usual placebo effect seen in quality blinded RCTs. Some have potential side-effects. So-called 'bioidentical hormones' have no evidence-base and potential for harm. None of the above therapies have evidence of efficacy and long-term safety. Selective serotonin and noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors ameliorate vasomotor symptoms and sometimes menopausal depression better than placebo. The most effective therapy for menopausal (oestrogen) deficiency symptoms is oestrogen which is the main component of hormone replacement therapies (HRT). Compared with placebo HRT is highly effective in relieving hot flushes, night sweats, dry vagina and dyspareunia. It also improved joint pains, sexuality and sleeplessness and reduced subsequent fractures in RCTs. The increased risk of oral HRT for thromboembolism is small around menopause, for those without thrombotic risk factors, and is not elevated with non-oral routes. Cardiovascular disease may be reduced when HRT is initiated near menopause. Breast cancer risk increases after several years with the use of oral HRT containing progestogens at an annual rate of 8/10?000 (<0.1%). No increase in breast cancer risk was seen with oestrogen-only HRT.     

心血管疾病与激素补充疗法

绝经后妇女体内雌激素水平下降对高血压、高血脂、肥胖的发生有负面影响,而这些都是心血管疾病(Cardiovascular diseases,CVD)发生的风险因素。雌激素通过改善血管功能、胆固醇水平、血糖代谢、血压以及保护心肌的作用,具有潜在改善CVD风险的作用。激素补充疗法(Hormone replacement therapy,HRT)能有效治疗绝经相关症状,绝经后妇女HRT不适于作为CVD的一级和二级预防。但是,如果在围绝经期和绝经后早期对有绝经症状的中年妇女使用HRT,会形成一个对心血管有保护作用的"时间窗"。