机械通气病人感受的研究

以应激与适应为概念框架，采用定势访谈法调查了５９例机械通气病人的感受。结果发现，气管插管是主要内在应激源，与气管插管有关的不适和疼痛、活动受限、睡眠障碍、体位不适等属于气管插管和机械通气的应激反应。吸痰、物理约束、ＩＣＵ环境、抽血等是外在应激源。交流障碍、缺乏信息、医护人员及其医护活动等是人与人之间的应激源。还暴露了不被重视的适应性的行为。概括地描述了机械通气病人的感受，并根据病人的感受提出了一些     

机械通气病人感受的研究

以应激与适应为概念框架 ,采用定势访谈法调查了 5 9例机械通气病人的感受。结果发现 ,气管插管是主要内在应激源 ,与气管插管有关的不适和疼痛、活动受限、睡眠障碍、体位不适等属于气管插管和机械通气的应激反应。吸痰、物理约束、ICU环境、抽血等是外在应激源。交流障碍、缺乏信息、医护人员及其医护活动等是人与人之间的应激源。还暴露了不被重视的适应性的行为。概括地描述了机械通气病人的感受 ,并根据病人的感受提出了一些建议 ;指出了改进研究的方法     

80例ICU经口气管插管机械通气清醒患者舒适需求分析及舒适护理干预

目的:调查ICU经口气管插管机械通气清醒患者的舒适需求,探讨给予针对性舒适护理干预的效果。方法:采用《经口气管插管机械通气清醒病人需求相关因素调查表》对入住我院ICU的80例经口气管插管机械通气清醒患者进行舒适需求调查,并据此有针对性地进行舒适护理干预。比较干预前后患者焦虑、抑郁情评分及患者舒适度。结果:经口气管插管机械通气清醒患者舒适需求主要包括:担心脱机后会死亡;难受,想拔管;担心住院费用;口渴,想饮水;对疾病感到恐惧;吸痰不适;想说话;体位不适,想活动;想了解呼吸机情况;睡眠障碍。给予舒适护理干预后,本组患者焦虑、抑郁评分较干预前明显降低,舒适度叫干预后明显提高(P0.01)。结论:经口气管插管机械通气清醒患者舒适需要主要包括生理、心理、信息沟通障碍、环境四方面,给予针对性舒适护理干预可以明显减轻患者焦虑、抑郁情绪,提高患者舒适度。     

舒适护理在经口气管插管机械通气清醒病人中的应用

总结了舒适护理在经口气管插管机械通气清醒病人中的应用,包括:舒适的心理护理、气管插管导管的舒适护理、机械通气的舒适护理、吸痰的舒适护理、口干、口渴的舒适护理、体位的舒适护理、沟通障碍的舒适护理、睡眠的舒适护理.认为对病人行机械通气时,应加强满足病人舒适的需求,严密做好各方面的护理,才能达到良好的治疗效果.     

机械通气病人的舒适护理

介绍机械通气治疗病人的舒适护理措施,包括舒适环境的管理、舒适的体位以及沟通障碍、机械通气、气管导管、约束、吸痰和口腔的舒适护理等。     

机械通气病人的舒适护理

介绍机械通气治疗病人的舒适护理措施,包括舒适环境的管理、舒适的体位以及沟通障碍、机械通气、气管导管、约束、吸痰和口腔的舒适护理等.     

病人与护士对机械通气不适的感知比较

目的 :比较病人和护士对机械通气时不适的感知差异。方法 :应用机械通气不适问卷分别收集 5 4例机械通气病人和 41名护士的资料 ,对感知程度进行分析。结果 :病人感觉吸痰、与插管、吸痰相关的疼痛以及不能说话引起的不适最重 ,而护士认为气管插管、机械通气、吸痰引起的不适较重。病人和护士对气管插管、机械通气、辅助呼吸噪音所致不适的感知差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,护士的感知较病人为重。结论 :护士与病人的感知不一致 ,可影响护士对不适的评估和护理 ;临床护士应准确地把握病人的不适 ,以便提供有效的护理     

胸部物理治疗联合经口咽导管吸痰在持续无创机械通气患者中的应用

目的探讨胸部物理治疗（cPT）联合经口咽导管吸痰在持续无创机械通气患者中应用的效果。方法将行持续无创机械通气的患者60例按入院顺序随机分为观察组和对照组,常规胸部物理治疗后给予经口咽导管吸痰（观察组）和经口腔／鼻腔吸痰（对照组）,观察组24h吸痰次数、每次吸痰插入吸痰管次数、2次吸痰间隔时间、吸痰前后3min血氧饱和度（Sp02）及呼吸变化情况、呼吸道黏膜损伤、血气分析及氧合指数情况、使用无创通气时间及气管插管率。结果观察组24h吸痰次数、每次吸痰插入吸痰管次数、2次吸痰间隔时间、吸痰后3minSp02恢复情况、呼吸道黏膜损伤、血气分析及氧合指数情况、使用无创通气时间及气管插管率与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论使用持续无创机械通气患者给予胸部物理治疗后经口咽导管吸痰,能有效地提高治疗效果,减少无创机械通气时间,降低气管插管率。     

8号吸痰管气管内吸引效果观察及评价

呼吸衰竭、气管插管、气管切开时气道分泌物不能自行排出,吸痰是保持气道通畅唯一的途径.吸痰是主要的外在应激源,64%的病人吸痰时感觉难受、不适与疼痛,几乎一半的病人感到憋气是吸痰过程中最痛苦的因素[1].     

ICU气管插管清醒患者躁动原因分析及护理

气管插管是借助麻醉喉镜或徒手,经口或经鼻将气管导管置入气管内的方法.本文就将气管插管清醒患者躁动原因进行总结,现报道如下. 原因分析 气管插管清醒患者躁动的原因涉及自身疾病因素、语言沟通障碍因素、睡眠障碍因素和包括导管不适、人机对抗、吸痰刺激、活动受限等生理因素. 护理对策 1.心理护理.对神志清醒气管插管患者,要有爱心、耐心、细心、详细讲解建立人工气道和使用机械通气的必要性,重要性和人体正常的不适反应,减少患者的焦虑、恐惧心理.再者除了患者心理难以承受的信息外,一般信息应如实告知患者,使其对诊疗情况心中有数,减少不必要的猜测和忧虑.情况允许时增加探视时间,增加家属与患者的交流,同时获得家属配合,构成护患“立体”支持系统.     

Endotracheal tube intraluminal volume loss among mechanically ventilated patients

OBJECTIVE: To measure endotracheal tube intraluminal volume loss among mechanically ventilated patients. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit (19 beds) of an urban university-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: A total of 101 patients with acute respiratory failure requiring >24 hrs of mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Acoustic reflectometry was employed to measure the intraluminal volume of 13-cm endotracheal tube segments. The endotracheal tube segment volumes were statistically smaller among endotracheal tubes used in patients compared with unused endotracheal tubes (5.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 6.0 +/- 0.6 mL, p <.001). The average percentage difference in endotracheal tube segment volumes, between the unused endotracheal tubes and the endotracheal tubes used in patients, was 9.8% (range, 0-45.5%). The percentage difference in the endotracheal tube segment volumes increased significantly with increasing duration of tracheal intubation (r2 =.766, p <.001). The minimum diameter of the endotracheal tube segments was also statistically smaller among endotracheal tubes used in patients compared with the unused endotracheal tubes (7.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.7 +/- 1.2 mm, p <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Endotracheal tube intraluminal volume loss is common among patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and increases with prolonged tracheal intubation.     

对机械通气患者气管套管气囊压力的临床观察

目的判断机械通气患者气管套管气囊压力和注气量是否合适。方法对30例机械通气老年患者的气管套管气囊压力和注气量的实际值和理想值进行精确测量。结果53.3％的患者气囊实际压力和注气量过高，大于理想值。其中气囊实际注气量大于理想注气量3～5ml，气囊压力超过理想压力2～26cmH2O(0．2～2．6kPa)。结论临床大部分气管套管气囊压力和注气量偏高，应对机械通气患者的气管套管压力和注气量定期进行精确测量和调整，以减少气管套管对气管粘膜的损伤。     

Measurement of twitch transdiaphragmatic, esophageal, and endotracheal tube pressure with bilateral anterolateral magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation in patients in the intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: In the critically ill, respiratory muscle strength usually has been assessed by measuring maximum inspiratory pressure. The maneuver is volitional, and results can be unreliable. The nonvolitional technique of bilateral anterolateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves, producing twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure, has been successful in normal subjects and ambulatory patients. In this study we used the technique in the intensive care unit and explored the measurement of twitch endotracheal tube pressure as a less invasive technique to assess diaphragmatic contractility. DESIGN: Clinical study to quantify diaphragm strength in the intensive care unit. SETTING: Patients from three London teaching hospital intensive care units and high-dependency units. PATIENTS: Forty-one intensive care patients were recruited. Of these, 33 (20 men, 13 women) were studied. INTERVENTIONS: Esophageal and gastric balloon catheters were passed through the anaesthetized nose, and an endotracheal tube occlusion device was placed in the ventilation circuit, next to the endotracheal tube. Two 43-mm magnetic coils were placed anteriorly on the patient's neck, and the phrenic nerves were stimulated magnetically. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: On phrenic nerve stimulation, twitch gastric pressure, twitch esophageal pressure, twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure, and twitch endotracheal tube pressure were measured. Forty-one consecutive patients consented to take part in the study, and twitch pressure data were obtained in 33 of these. Mean transdiaphragmatic pressure was 10.7 cm H2O, mean twitch esophageal pressure was 6.7 cm H2O, and mean twitch endotracheal tube pressure was 6.7 cm H2O. The mean difference between twitch esophageal pressure and twitch endotracheal tube pressure was 0.02 cm H2O. Correlation of the means of twitch endotracheal tube pressure to twitch esophageal pressure was 0.93, and that for twitch endotracheal tube pressure to transdiaphragmatic pressure was 0.78. CONCLUSIONS: Transdiaphragmatic pressure can be measured in the critically ill to give a nonvolitional assessment of diaphragm contractility, but not all patients can be studied. At present, the relationship of twitch endotracheal tube pressure to transdiaphragmatic pressure is too variable to reliably represent a less invasive measure of diaphragm strength.     

Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags in Bedside Monitoring of Endotracheal Tube Position

Improper positioning of the endotracheal tube during intubation poses a serious health risk to patients. In one prospective study of 219 critically ill patients, 14% required endotracheal tube repositioning after intubation [Brunel et al. Chest 1989; 96: 1043–1045] While a variety of techniques are used to confirm proper tube placement, a chest X-ray is usually employed for definitive verification. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, in which an RFID reader emits and receives a signal from an RFID tag, may be useful in evaluating endotracheal tube position. RFID technology has already been approved for use in humans as a safe and effective tool in a variety of applications. The use of handheld RFID detectors and RFID tag-labeled endotracheal tubes could allow for easy and accurate bedside monitoring of endotracheal tube position, once initial proper placement is confirmed. Reicher D, Reicher J,Reicher M. Use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags in bedside monitoring of endotracheal tube position.     

应用双氧水行气管内套管消毒的效果观察

目的:选择一种快速、有效、省时、节力消毒气管内套管的方法.方法:对临床8D例患者应用3%双氧水浸泡消毒气管内套管5 min后刷洗干净,再用生理盐水充分冲洗气管内套管.结果:80例患者气管内套管采样结果回报均无细菌生长,患者术后恢复良好.结论:应用3%双氧水消毒内套管安全、有效省时、节力.     

Mainstream Time-Capnography: An Aid to Select an Appropriate Uncuffed Endotracheal Tube in Small Children

Uncuffed endotracheal tubes are commonly used in children in an attempt to decrease the potential for pressure induced tracheal injury. However, uncuffed endotracheal tube may increase the risk of aspiration and lead to erratic delivery of preset tidal volume during mechanical ventilation. Therefore, it is desirable to intubate trachea with an appropriate but not an oversized endotracheal tube. In children, for selecting an endotracheal tube, a variety of formulas and techniques are used to find the endotracheal tube size that minimizes both pressure induced tracheal injury and aspiration potential or variable ventilation. Air-leak following tracheal intubation can be recognized by the presence of audible leak, by auscultation over the trachea, by palpation over the trachea and by observing effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on inspiratory expiratory tidal volume difference during mechanical ventilation. We describe mainstream time-capnograph as an aid to recognize leak around the endotracheal tube and its utility to determine appropriate endotracheal tube size in small children. Neema PK, Jayant A, Manikandan S, Rathod RC. Mainstream time-capnography: An aid to select an appropriate uncuffed endotracheal tube in small children.     

Comparison of three different methods to confirm tracheal tube placement in emergency intubation

OBJECTIVES: Verification of endotracheal tube placement is of vital importance, since unrecognized esophageal intubation can be rapidly fatal (death, brain damage).The aim of our study was to compare three different methods for immediate confirmation of tube placement: auscultation, capnometry and capnography in emergency conditions in the prehospital setting. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study in the prehospital setting. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS: All adult patients (>18 years) were intubated by an emergency physician in the field. Tube position was initially evaluated by auscultation. Then, capnometry was performed with infrared capnometry and capnography with infrared capnography. The examiners looked for the characteristic CO(2) waveform and value of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO(2)) in millimeters of mercury. Determination of final tube placement was performed by a second direct visualization with laryngoscope. Data are mean +/- SD and percentages. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Over a 4year period, 345 patients requiring emergency intubation were included. Indications for intubation included cardiac arrest ( n=246; 71%) and non-arrest conditions ( n=99; 29%). In nine (2.7%) patients, esophageal tube placement occurred. The esophageal intubations were followed by successful endotracheal intubations without complications. The capnometry (sensitivity and specificity 100%) and capnography (sensitivity and specificity 100%) were better than auscultation (sensitivity 94% and specificity 83%) in confirming endotracheal tube placement in non-arrest patients ( p<0.05). Capnometry was highly specific (100%) but not sensitive (88%) for correct endotracheal intubation in patients with cardiopulmonary arrest (capnometry versus auscultation and capnometry versus capnography, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Capnography is the most reliable method to confirm endotracheal tube placement in emergency conditions in the prehospital setting.     

Smoke inhalation and airway management at a regional burn unit: 1974 to 1983. II. Airway management

According to criteria established to define patients with smoke inhalation, the airway management of all victims of smoke and burns (1974 to 1984; n = 805) was reviewed. Fourteen percent of all patients were intubated (n = 117); patients intubated on the day of injury (n = 41) were more likely to extubate themselves or have technical problems with the endotracheal tube. Twelve percent of patients with smoke inhalation without burns required endotracheal intubation versus 62% of those with burns. An endotracheal tube was required for a median of 5 days. Tracheotomies were performed in 48 patients: 40% of those intubated and 6% of all patients. The mean postburn day for tracheotomy was day 15. There was no difference in the mortality rate for patients with an endotracheal tube only and those who had a tracheotomy as well: 42% and 37%, respectively. The prolonged length of stay for patients with a tracheotomy relates to the severity of the burn. Tracheotomy was not the cause of death in any patient. The strategy of grafting the neck before tracheotomy was used successfully in eight patients.     

两种经鼻气管插管固定法预防颌面部手术患者鼻部压疮的效果观察

目的探讨两种经鼻气管插管固定法预防颌面部手术患者鼻部压疮的效果观察。方法将300例经鼻气管插管全麻手术时间≥4 h患者,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组各150例。对照组采用透明胶布在鼻背固定气管导管,并在导管末端与螺纹管衔接处用厚层纱布包裹;实验组在固定导管前先用美皮康敷贴包裹气管导管弯曲处1圈,然后按对照组方法固定导管。比较手术结束至术后第1天两组患者鼻部压疮发生情况。结果对照组患者鼻部术后Ⅰ期压疮发生率为4.7%,实验组患者未发生压疮,两组患者压疮发生率比较,P0.05,差异具有统计学意义,实验组患者压疮发生率明显低于对照组。结论应用美皮康敷贴改进气管导管固定法,能有效预防经鼻气管插管全麻手术≥4 h颌面部手术患者鼻部压疮的发生。