小学教师主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的：研究与小学教师主观幸福感相关的因素，寻找提高教师幸福感的有效途径。方法：用总体幸福感量表和压力来源量表对合肥市经济开发区小学139名教师进行测查。结果：小学教师主观幸福感平均分高于理论平均分；男教师主观幸福感显著高于女教师（t＝2．734，P＜0．01），同时在忧郁与愉快心境（t＝2．236，P＜0．05）对情感行为控制（t＝2．613，P＝0．01）上差异显著；未婚教师在紧张因子上得分显著高于已婚教师（t＝2．147，P＜0．05）；收入高的教师主观幸福感显著高于收入低者（F＝2．905，P＜0．05），忧郁愉快心境差异显著（F＝5．660，P＜0．01）；教师年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．209，P＜0．05）和忧郁与愉快心境（r＝0．234，P＜0．01）低相关；年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．415，P＝0．014）及忧郁愉快心境（r＝0．108，P＝0．006）显著线性相关。工作量压力与精力大小（r＝－0．225，P＝0．008）、家庭情感压力与紧张松弛（r＝－0．207，P＝0．015）、人际关系压力与情感行为控制（r＝－0．184，P＝0．030）显著负相关。结论：性别，年龄，收入及压力来源对小学教师主观幸福感有显著影响。     

农村幼儿教师生存状态及相关因素

目的：了解农村幼儿教师的生存状态，探讨影响其生存状态的因素。方法：采用农村幼儿教师生存状态问卷、社会支持评定量表（ SSRS）和主观幸福感量表（ MUNSH）对268名农村幼儿教师进行测评。结果：①农村幼儿教师的生存状态总体水平中等偏差，并受其编制、婚姻状态（ t＝2．317，－2．706；P＜0．01）的影响；②不同社会支持水平农村幼儿教师的生存状态水平差异显著（ t＝5．715，P＜0．01）；③农村幼儿教师的生存状态与主观幸福感及各因子呈显著相关（t＝0．693，P＜0．01）。结论：农村幼儿教师生存状态中等偏差，与其社会支持和主观幸福感相关。     

教养方式与社交焦虑的关系：自我接纳的中介作用

目的：考察教养方式和社交焦虑的关系及自我接纳的中介作用。方法：采用自我接纳（ SAQ）教养方式问卷（s－EMBU－C）和社交焦虑问卷（IAS）对288名大学生进行施测。结果：①父母情感温暖（r 父＝－0．18，P＜0．01；r母＝－0．12，P＜0．05）、母亲过度保护（r＝0．16，P＜0．01）及自我接纳（r＝0．47，P＜0．001）与社交焦虑显著相关；②父母情感温暖对社交焦虑有负向预测作用，母亲过度保护对社交焦虑有正向预测作用；③自我接纳在3种教养方式和社交焦虑之间起着完全中介作用。结论：父母情感温暖、母亲过度保护及自我接纳能够预测社交焦虑，但前两者是通过后者自我接纳影响社交焦虑。     

生活事件与心理健康的关系：气质性乐观的调节作用

目的：探讨气质性乐观在生活事件与心理健康之间的作用。方法：本研究使用生活定向测验－修订版（LOT－R）、青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）和大学生心理健康调查问卷（UPI）,对气质性乐观、生活事件与大学生心理健康的关系进行研究。对象为延安大学343名在校大学生,其中男生138人,女生205人。结果：①气质性乐观与生活事件、心理健康问题呈负相关（r＝－0．283,－0．302;P＜0．01）,生活事件与心理健康呈正相关（r＝0．213,P＜0．01）;②气质性乐观在生活事件与心理健康间起调节作用（F＝20．793,P＜0．01）。结论：气质性乐观可以显著影响生活事件与心理健康二者的关系。     

黎族大一新生的症状自评量表研究

目的：探究海南少数民族大学新生的心理健康状况及其影响因素,进一步提出针对黎族大学生的心理健康教育对策,探讨少数民族大学生心理健康干预体系的构建。方法：运用国内外广泛引用的症状自评量表（ SCL－9O）对180名海南省黎族大一新生展开心理健康测查。结果：SCL－90总均分的阳性筛选率为17．8％;男生在人际（t＝－2．577,P＜0．05）、忧郁、焦虑和恐怖（t＝－3．902,－3．899,－5．934;P＜0．01）4个因子上的得分显著低于女生,差异有统计学意义;来自农村的学生在人际（t＝－4．498,P＜0．01）、忧郁（t＝－2．553,P＜0．05）、焦虑（t＝－2．706,P＜0．05）、恐怖（t＝－4．154,P＜0．01）和精神病性（t＝－2．008,P＜0．05）5个因子上的得分显著高于来自城镇的学生,差异有统计学意义。结论：与全国大学生心理健康常模相比,黎族大一新生的心理健康状况较好,但是又在多个因子上存在着一定的生源和性别差异。     

564名基层官兵心理健康状况与人格特征调查分析

目的：了解目前基层官兵的心理健康与人格特征状况,为心理卫生保健工作提供参考。方法：应用症状自评量表（ SCL－90）和艾森克人格问卷（ EPQ）,对564名基层官兵进行心理测评。结果：①564名基层官兵SCL－90共筛选出阳性者116人,心理健康状况阳性率为20．56％;SCL－90症状自评量表的各因子分、阳性项目数和总分均显著低于中国军人常模（t＝－2．54～－3．04,P＜0．05或0．01）;SCL－90症状自评量表抑郁因子分值显著低于全国常模（t＝－2．85,P＜0．01）,其他各因子、阳性项目数和总分显著高于全国常模（t＝5．39～2．63,P＜0．05或0．01）;②基层官兵的人格特征状况：外向（32．1％）和稳定性（33％）人员有较高比例;③SCL－90各因子分、阳性项目数和总分与EPQ中的P、N维度呈显著正相关（r＝0．235～0．171,0．563～0．498;P＜0．01）,与E、L维度呈显著负相关（r＝－0．119～－0．134,－0．179～－0．184;P＜0．01）。结论：某部基层官兵心理健康状况优于中国军人群体水平,差于全国正常成年人;基层官兵多数个体个性外向、稳定;心理健康状况与人格密切相关。     

大学生手机依赖与自尊、孤独感的关系

目的：了解大学生手机依赖、自尊和孤独感的现状,探讨自尊、孤独感与手机依赖间的关系。方法：利用手机依赖、自尊、孤独感量表对600名在校大学生发放问卷。结果：大学生手机依赖者达33．8％;大学生手机依赖在性别和生源地上差异显著（t＝－2．62,P＜0．05;t＝3．41,P＜0．01）,自尊水平在生源地上差异显著（t＝－2．23,P＜0．05）;孤独感在性别、生源地上差异显著（ t＝－2．32,2．02;P＜0．05）;大学生自尊与手机依赖显著负相关（ r＝－0．114,P＜0．05）,孤独感与手机依赖显著正相关（r＝0．120,P＜0．05）;大学生自尊和孤独感能显著预测手机依赖（P＜0．05）,预测量为13％和14％。结论：大学生对手机依赖的总体情况较差;自尊水平低、孤独感高的大学生可能会有更高的手机依赖。     

网购者自我概念与消费决策风格的关系

目的：探讨网购者自我概念与其消费决策风格的关系。方法：采用纳西自我概念量表、网购者消费决策风格问卷对249名网购者进行调查。结果：男性网购者更追求时尚新奇（t＝－4．237,P＜0．01）,女性网购者则倾向于选择困扰（t＝3．057,P＜0．01）;随月支配金额的增加追求时尚新奇出现递增趋势（F＝12．421,P＜0．01）,月支配金额在1000～4000元之间网购以娱乐休闲为主（F＝10．736,P＜0．01）且网购时选择困扰程度最大（F＝9．527,P＜0．01）;相关分析表明,自我概念量表大多数因子与网购消费决策风格3个因子呈显著性正相关（ r＝0．131～0．242）,自我行动与选择困扰呈显著性负相关（r＝－0．139）;回归分析显示,心理自我、生理自我、社会认同和自我行动对网购者消费决策风格有显著的预测作用。结论：自我概念对网购者消费决策风格的影响较大。     

三种常用行为评价量表应用于北京中学生的结果比较

目的：探讨Achenbach编制的测查儿童行为问题最著名的三份量表，即：儿童行为问题父母评价量表（CBCL）、青少年自我评价量表（YSR）和教师评价量表（TRF）之间的相关性及适用性。方法：采用CBCL、YSR、TRF量表，对北京市6所中学1410名12～18岁青少年进行调查，并对结果进行统计分析。结果：CBCL、YSR、TRF量表的条目与总分的Cronbach α系数分别为0.96、0.95、0.99，分半信度系数分别为0．93、0．89、0.97，说明三份量表均具有很好的内部一致性。YSR的得分普遍高于其它两个量表，CBCL得分次之，TRF得分最低（少数个别因子除外）。CBCL与YSR的得分在全部样本、不同性别、初、高中生均相关（r=0.35～0．60，P〈0．01）；CBCL与TRF在注意力问题和攻击性行为得分上有一定相关（r=0.13～-0，25，P〈0．05）。CBCL量表中学习成绩与各分量表因子均呈负相关（r=-0.13～-0．39，P〈0．01），TRF量表中适应能力和学习成绩与各分量表因子均呈负相关（r=-0．23～0.51，P〈0．01；r=-0.21～0.49，P〈0.01），YSR量表中学习成绩也与多项因子得分呈负相关（r=-0.11～-0．28，P〈0，01）。结论：建议在应用CBCL父母评价量表和TRF教师评价量表时，与YSR青少年自评量表结合使用，能够更加全面地反映青少年的行为问题。     

经络协调治疗躯体形式障碍的临床对照研究

目的：观察经络协调系统对躯体形式障碍的临床疗效及不良反应。方法：选择65例躯体形式障碍患者随机分为两组,研究组给予药物治疗联合经络协调治疗,对照组仅给予单纯药物治疗,均治疗8周。分别于治疗前及治疗后2,4,6,8周时应用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD－24）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）以及临床总体印象量表（ CGI）评定其疗效;应用副反应量表（ TESS）评估其不良反应。结果：在治疗第6周末开始两组HAMD－24总分比较有显著性差异（t＝－5．36,－2．44;P＜0．05）,在治疗第6周末开始研究组焦虑／躯体化因子分明显低于对照组（t＝－5．11,－7．54;P＜0．05）,其余因子无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;治疗的第4周末开始两组HAMA总分比较有显著性差异（t＝－3．29,－3．25,－3．81;P＜0．05）,在治疗第4周末开始研究组躯体性焦虑因子分明显低于对照组（t＝－3．99,－3．33,－524;P＜0．05）,精神性焦虑因子两组比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）;两组的CGI评分较治疗前均有明显改善,研究组有效率为88％,痊愈率48％,对照组有效率为75％,痊愈率25％,两组有效率比较无显著性差异（χ2＝1．79,P＞0．05）,两组痊愈率比较有显著性差异（χ2＝5．95,P＜0．05）;两组不良反应无显著性差异;两组间TESS评分比较无明显差异性。结论：经络协调治疗合并药物治疗躯体形式障碍优于单纯药物治疗,尤其对躯体症状效果更好,并且两组不良反应相当。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Functional role of fertility α2

Fertility α₂-microglobulin is one of the main proteins expressed between the late lutein phase of the menstrual cycle and the first gestation trimester. It is produced by endometrial secretory glandular epithelium and decidual membrane. It is believed to be involved in the preparation to gestation, conception, normal development of the fetoplacental system, and initiation of labor. The immunomodulating, effect of fertility α₂-microglobulin and its possible involvement in the regulation of fertilization by blocking the spermatozoon reaction with the ovocyte lucid membrane were demonstratedin vitro. The data of structural analysis (appurtenance to lipocalines and unique pattern of N-glycosylation) and analysis of the spatial and temporal parameters of the expression in connection with other events in the organism within the same system of coordinates propated us to investigate the probability of realization of other, so far unknown functions of α₂-microglobulin. The probable mechanisms of realization of the immunomodulating function are analyzed. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 126, No. 10, pp. 364–373, October 1998