小学教师主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的：研究与小学教师主观幸福感相关的因素，寻找提高教师幸福感的有效途径。方法：用总体幸福感量表和压力来源量表对合肥市经济开发区小学139名教师进行测查。结果：小学教师主观幸福感平均分高于理论平均分；男教师主观幸福感显著高于女教师（t＝2．734，P＜0．01），同时在忧郁与愉快心境（t＝2．236，P＜0．05）对情感行为控制（t＝2．613，P＝0．01）上差异显著；未婚教师在紧张因子上得分显著高于已婚教师（t＝2．147，P＜0．05）；收入高的教师主观幸福感显著高于收入低者（F＝2．905，P＜0．05），忧郁愉快心境差异显著（F＝5．660，P＜0．01）；教师年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．209，P＜0．05）和忧郁与愉快心境（r＝0．234，P＜0．01）低相关；年龄与主观幸福感（r＝0．415，P＝0．014）及忧郁愉快心境（r＝0．108，P＝0．006）显著线性相关。工作量压力与精力大小（r＝－0．225，P＝0．008）、家庭情感压力与紧张松弛（r＝－0．207，P＝0．015）、人际关系压力与情感行为控制（r＝－0．184，P＝0．030）显著负相关。结论：性别，年龄，收入及压力来源对小学教师主观幸福感有显著影响。     

成人依恋对主观幸福感的影响：积极应对的中介作用

目的：考察不同应对方式在成人依恋对主观幸福感影响中的中介效应。方法：采用亲密关系经历量表、简易应对量表和主观幸福感量表组合对552名大学生进行自评式问卷调查。结果：中介效应分析显示，积极应对方式在依恋焦虑和依恋回避对主观幸福感的影响中起中介作用，中介效应分别为－0．09（P＜0．01）和－0．15（P＜0．001），而消极应对方式的中介效应不显著。路径系数分析显示，依恋焦虑对积极应对和消极应对有显著影响，标准化路径系数分别为－0．17（P＜0．01）和0．33（P＜0．001）；依恋回避对积极应对有显著影响，标准化路径系数为－0．29（P＜0．001），对消极应对无显著影响；积极应对对主观幸福感有显著影响，标准化路径系数为0．50（P＜0．001），消极应对对主观幸福感无显著影响。结论：依恋焦虑和依恋回避的个体缺少相应的积极应对策略，进而在一定程度上影响其主观幸福感水平。     

农村大学生自我接纳与主观幸福感关系研究

目的探讨农村大学生自我接纳与主观幸福感关系。方法采用自我接纳问卷（SAQ）和Campbell幸福感指数量表对320名农村大学生进行团体施测。结果①农村大学生在自我接纳上存在显著性别差异（t=2．378，P〈0．05），其总体情感指数存在文理科差异（t=2．092，P〈0．05）。②农村大学生的自我接纳总分与主观幸福感具有明显正相关（r=0．478，P〈0．01）。自我接纳的2个维度一自我接纳与自我评价与主观幸福感也呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。③自我接纳、自我评价对主观幸福感的回归方程显著（F=46．799；P〈0．001），可以解释主观幸福感23．4％的变异。结论农村大学生的自我接纳、自我评价对其主观幸福感有一定的预测作用。     

农村幼儿教师生存状态及相关因素

目的：了解农村幼儿教师的生存状态，探讨影响其生存状态的因素。方法：采用农村幼儿教师生存状态问卷、社会支持评定量表（ SSRS）和主观幸福感量表（ MUNSH）对268名农村幼儿教师进行测评。结果：①农村幼儿教师的生存状态总体水平中等偏差，并受其编制、婚姻状态（ t＝2．317，－2．706；P＜0．01）的影响；②不同社会支持水平农村幼儿教师的生存状态水平差异显著（ t＝5．715，P＜0．01）；③农村幼儿教师的生存状态与主观幸福感及各因子呈显著相关（t＝0．693，P＜0．01）。结论：农村幼儿教师生存状态中等偏差，与其社会支持和主观幸福感相关。     

单亲医学生主观幸福感与人格、心理健康的关系

目的：探讨单亲医学生主观幸福感状况及其与人格、心理健康的关系。方法：抽取单亲医学生78名。用艾森克人格问卷（EPQ）、症状自评量表（SCL290）测查被试的人格特征和心理健康状况，用总体幸福感量表（GWB）测查被试的主观幸福感水平。结果：单亲医学生总体平均主观幸福感指数为92．36±11．38。对单亲医学生的主观幸福感与身心健康、人格诸因子的关系在Ct=0．30水平上进行多元逐步回归分析，结果抑郁、神经质、人际敏感、内外向、焦虑、其他6个因子进入了回归方程。结论：单亲医学生总体主观幸福感处中等偏下水平；抑郁、神经质、人际敏感、内外向、焦虑等是影响单亲医学生主观幸福感的主要因素。     

农村留守妇女心理韧性及其与社会支持的关系

目的：探讨农村留守妇女心理韧性现状及其与社会支持的关系。方法：采用CD－韧性量表和社会支持评定量表（ SSRS）对农村留守妇女进行问卷调查。结果：①农村留守妇女心理韧性总体得分较高,且婚龄对农村留守妇女的心理韧性有显著正向预测作用（Beta＝0．381,P＜0．01）;②心理韧性总分与社会支持存在显著的正相关（r＝0．253,P＜0．05）。其中,主观支持维度与心理韧性有显著正相关（r＝0．274,P＜0．05）,对心理韧性有显著的正向预测作用（ r＝0．274,P＜0．05）。结论：农村留守妇女的主观支持能预测心理韧性。     

大学生社会支持、心理控制源与主观幸福感的关系

目的：探讨大学生社会支持、心理控制源与主观幸福感的关系。方法：采用社会支持、心理控制源及主观幸福感问卷对376名大学生进行测量，结果：①社会支持、心理控制源与总体主观幸福感、生活满意度以及积极情感之间呈显著正相关（r在0．17至0．36之间，P〈0．01）；社会支持、心理控制源与消极情感呈显著负相关（r=-0．20，r=-0．26，P〈0．01）。②社会支持对心理控制源和主观幸福感各维度回归效应显著（β=0．52，β＝0．71）；③心理控制源在社会支持的基础之上对主观幸福感各维度回归效应显著（β=0．64），是社会支持与主观幸福感的中介变量。结论：社会支持通过心理控制源的中介影响主观幸福感。     

老年人总体幸福感与人格特征、社会支持的关系

目的：探讨老年人总体幸福感与人格特征、社会支持的关系。方法：采用总体幸福感量表、艾森克人格问卷和社会支持评定量表,对山东6地市的497名60岁以上老年人进行问卷调查。结果：①老年人总体幸福感无明显的性别差异和城乡差异（t＝0．13,P＝0．90;t＝－1．24,P＝0．22）;②外向、低精神质、低神经质的老年人总体幸福感显著高于内向、高精神质、高神经质的老年人（F＝37．39,42．30,47．93;P＜0．01）;③除主观支持外,社会支持各维度与老年人总体幸福感呈显著正相关（r＝0．22,0．17;P＜0．01）。结论：人格特征和社会支持对老年人总体幸福感都有一定预测作用,是影响老年人总体幸福感的两个重要因素。     

高师贫困生自我效能感与主观幸福感的特点及关系研究

目的分析高师贫困生自我效能感、主观幸福感的特点及关系，为心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用一般自我效能感量表、生活满意度量表、快乐感量表，对218名贫困生和216名非贫困生进行测查。结果①高师贫困生生活满意度、快乐感显著低于非贫困生（t=4．811，P〈0．001；t=2．504，P〈0．05），自我效能感差异不显著。②高师贫困生自我效能感存在性别差异（t=2．117，P〈0．05），男生的自我效能感显著高于女生；生活满意度年级差异显著（F=3．547，P〈0．05），大一学生的生活满意度显著高于大二和大三学生，大二和大三之间的差异不显著。③高师贫困生自我效能感与生活满意度、快乐感呈显著正相关（r=0．349，P〈0．01；r=0．436，P〈0．01）。自我效能感水平越高，幸福感越强。结论高师贫困生主观幸福感相对较低，自我效能感与主观幸福感显著相关，通过提升自我效能感水平可以增强主观幸福感。     

医学生恋爱的主观幸福感比较分析

目的了解医学生不同恋爱状态的主观幸福感状况。方法应用幸福感指数量表和恋爱状况调查表对泸州医学院2006~2008级的临床、中西医、非医专业的455名学生进行分层随机抽样调查研究。结果①医学生总体的幸福感指数水平与幸福感指数量表的常模水平有显著性差异（t=-9.90,P〈0.05）;②不同性别、年级、专业的维度上医学生的主观幸福感均无显著性差异（t=-0.39,P〉0.05;F=2.28,1.16;P〉0.05）;③总体上正在恋爱与未恋爱的医学生的幸福感没有显著性差异（t=-0.460,P〉0.05）;但大二学生恋爱与未恋爱的幸福感存在显著性差异（t=2.09,P〈0.05）;④不同性别恋爱的医学生的幸福感没有显著性差异（t=-0.74,P〉0.05）;⑤不同年级恋爱的医学生的幸福感没有显著性差异（F=2.25,P〉0.05）;⑥不同专业恋爱的医学生的幸福感没有显著性差异（F=2.64,P〉0.05）。结论医学生幸福感总体水平偏低。大二正在恋爱与未恋爱的医学生幸福感有显著差异,其余维度无显著性差异;不同性别、年级、专业正在恋爱的医学生其主观幸福感均无显著性差异。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.