新疆和田地区碘缺乏病监测报告

我们在１９９５年采用全国统一的“ＰＰＳ”抽样方法对新疆和田地区８～１０岁儿童甲状腺肿大率，尿碘，碘盐普及率和合格率进行了随机抽样检查，其结果儿童甲状腺肿大率为５０．９％，尿碘中位数６９．２μｇ／Ｌ，碘盐普及率４１．８％，碘盐合格率９７％（半定量法测定）说明和田地区缺碘程度仍是十分严重的，必须加强防治力度。     

2005年全国碘缺乏病监测资料汇总分析

目的汇总分析2005年全国32个省级建制单位碘缺乏病的监测资料。方法按人口比例概率抽样方法（PPS）进行抽样，采用国家统一的方法进行各项指标的检测，并采取相应的质量保障措施。结果全国32个省级建制单位合格碘盐食用率为90．2％．碘盐覆盖率为94．9％，8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数为246．3μg／L，8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为5．0％，健康教育学生组的全国平均分为57．2分，健康教育家庭主妇组的全国平均分为82．6分，全国儿童平均智商为103．4。结论各项监测指标在国家水平上已经达标．但各省碘盐、尿碘、甲状腺肿大率以及健康教育等指标仍存在一些问题。     

1995年龙岩地区的IDD病情分析

１９９５年采用容量比例概率（ＰＰＳ）抽样法，对我区的８～１０岁儿童以触诊法监测甲状腺肿大率为２１．０１％（１７７７／８８３５）；８、９、１０岁儿童的肿大率有显著性差异（ｘ￣２＝２０．２６，Ｐ＜０．００５）；在８～１０岁儿童的年龄与肿大率呈正相关；１６１４例８～１０岁儿童尿碘中位数为２２７．７６μｇ／Ｌ；学生家庭用户盐，盐碘中位数为２９．５４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；碘盐合格率为７１．２０％（１７０６／２３９６）。１９９５年我区对特需人群进行碘剂防治约３０万人；碘盐投碘量由５０ｇ（ＫＩＯ＿３）／吨食盐，提高至７０ｇ（ＫＩＯ＿３）／吨食盐，１～４个月后，盐碘尿碘水平明显提高，但病情严重，只有加大防治力度，病情可望下降。     

永定县1241名儿童碘缺乏病调查分析

为了解永定县碘缺乏病的病情动态，于１９９５年６月派出经过统一培训的１０名专业人员，按ＰＰＳ（容量比例概率抽样）抽样方法随机抽查３１所小学８～１０岁的学生１２４１名，并从被检学生家中采取食盐１１３５份和随机采集３４４名学生一次尿样进行检测。结果表明：甲状腺肿大３０５人，肿大率２４．６％，各年龄组男女和已服与未服碘丸学生甲状腺肿大情况无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；盐碘浓度均值３１．９２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，＜２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ有３７９份，占３３．４％；＞１００μｇ／Ｌ３１１份，占９０．４１％，已服碘丸和未服碘丸学生尿碘浓度呈显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：该县碘缺乏病病情回升。     

ADA冷消化尿样砷铈催化反应计时测定尿碘

目的研究一种适于现场快速检测尿碘的方法。方法采用自制消解液ＡＤＡ在室温下５～１０分钟内消解尿样（冷消化），利用碘催化砷铈反应的原理，通过指示剂Ｆｅｒｏｉｎ指示反应终点，用秒表计录反应时间测定尿碘。结果测定的尿碘范围为５～４００μｇ／Ｌ，最低检出浓度为５μｇ／Ｌ（０．２ｍｌ尿样），批间测定的变异系数≤６．０％，平均回收率为９５．２％，对碘含量为１１９和１９７μｇ／Ｌ的尿碘标准物质测定的平均相对误差均为１．８％，对２７份尿样测定结果与国标法相比无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．５）。结论提出了一个简易、快速，现场定量测定尿碘的方法     

1999年新疆碘缺乏病病情监测报告

为及时准确的掌握新疆碘缺乏病（ＩＤＤ）的防治现况及存在的问题,以便为制定今后防治决策科学依据,采用全国统一的人口累积概率“ＰＰＳ”抽样方法对新疆的ＩＤＤ防治现况进行了抽样调查。在抽检８～１０岁儿童１２２６人,甲状腺触诊检查肿大率为２０．９６％,Ｂ超检查为２３．２５％;采集儿童随机尿样３６０份,尿碘中位数为２０２．８μｇ／Ｌ;其中≤５０μｇ／Ｌ的４５份,占７８．８％,合格碘盐８０７份,占碘盐的８７．     

内蒙古少数民族地区孕妇及乳母碘营养状况调查

目的了解内蒙古通辽地区孕妇、乳母碘营养状况,为指导本地区孕妇、乳母科学补碘提供依据。方法2011年,按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》中的抽样和检测方法,在随机抽样中选择8个旗县（市、区）,重点抽样选择2个旗县及2010～2011年各级盐业公司生产的部分碘盐,随机抽样监测采用直接滴定法（GB／T13025．7—1999）定量测定碘盐;重点抽样监测采用半定量法检测碘盐。共抽检120名孕妇、哺乳期妇女和400名8～10岁儿童尿样,采用过硫酸铵消化砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘。采用触诊法检查3963名8～10岁学龄儿童甲状腺肿大情况。结果共检测居民食用盐2328份,其中非碘盐率0．41％,碘盐覆盖率99．59％,碘盐合格率99．11％,合格碘盐食用率98．71％,碘盐中位数31．4mg／kg。重点抽样检测食用盐600份,碘盐覆盖率98．17％,非碘盐率1．84％。共检测120名孕妇、哺乳期妇女及400名8～10岁儿童的尿碘,其中孕妇尿碘中位数345．23μg／L,哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数245．07μg／L,8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数328．3μg／L。共抽检3963名8—10岁学龄儿童,检出甲状腺肿大106名,肿大率2．67％。结论通辽地区碘缺乏病防治工作取得了明显成效,各项指标均达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准。     

铁岭县碘缺乏病调查

为了全面了解我县碘缺乏病防治现状，为今后防治措施提供依据，作者于１９９８年７月～１０月采用概率抽样（ＰＰＳ）法，对８～１０岁儿童进行了甲状腺肿大率、尿碘水平及儿童家中食盐含碘水平进行了调查。现将调查结果报告如下。１调查地点与对象 地点为铁岭县已供应碘盐２０余年的农村，调查对象为在校的８～１０岁儿童。２结果２．１碘盐合格率 共检测小学生家中盐样６３７份，其盐碘≥２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ为５９９份，合格率９４．０％，其精盐、洗盐合格率明显高于原盐，见表１。不合格３８份盐样，不合格率仅为６％。２．２尿碘检测小学生…     

2001-2005年山西省忻州市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的 了解山西省忻州市实现消除碘缺乏病（IDD）阶段目标后，IDD病情的消长趋势，干预措施落实情况和防治效果。方法根据《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》中的监测指标，采用重点人群碘营养状况的一次性调查方法，2001—2005年在全市14个县（市、区）进行抽样监测，包括儿童甲状腺肿大率（简称甲肿率）、尿碘水平、居民盐碘、IDD健康教育知识及儿童智商水平。结果5年儿童甲肿率在5．38％～7．97％；儿童尿碘中位数在225．48～334．54斗g,／L；居民合格碘盐食用率均〉90％；IDD健康教育知识问卷调查，5年级学生平均得分60．2分，及格率55.3％，家庭主妇平均得分83．2分，及格率92．7％；儿童智商为中等水平。结论忻州市8～10岁儿童甲肿率、尿碘水平和居民合格碘盐食用率3项指标继续保持在消除IDD阶段目标水平；IDD健康教育宣传不到位．知识普及率呈下滑趋势：儿童智商水平经全民食盐加碘后得以提高。     

1997-2005年重庆市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的掌握重庆市居民食用碘盐质量和碘缺乏病病情变化。方法监测居民食用碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率；采用人口比例概率抽样法（PPS）进行抽样，用触诊法和B超法同时检查8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大情况，儿童尿碘测定采用砷铈催化分光光度法。结果1997～2005年，碘盐覆盖率为90．08％～98．17％，合格碘盐食用率为83．00％～92．37％；儿童甲状腺肿大率触诊法由18．33％（220／1200）下降至10．45％（132／1263）．B超法由17．42％（209／1200）下降至9．90％（125／1263）；尿碘中位数稳定在238．75～266．65μg/L。结论重庆市普供碘盐8年来防治碘缺乏病的效果显著。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.