Metastatic breast cancer from gastric and ovarian cancer,mimicking inflammatory breast cancer: report of two cases

Breast metastases from extra-mammary malignancies, especially those mimicking primary inflammatory breast carcinoma, are extremely rare. We report here two cases of inflammatory breast metastases from gastric or ovarian cancer. Both patients, who had prior advanced malignant disease, presented with unilateral breast redness and swelling with peau d’orange sign, resembling primary inflammatory breast cancer or acute mastitis. Breast biopsy revealed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with signet-ring cells or clear cell carcinoma in the lymphatic vessels and the parenchyma without an in situ lesion, similar to primary lesions of the stomach or ovary, respectively. Immunohistochemical staining for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 was of value for correct diagnosis. Since breast metastasis is a sign of poor prognosis of the primary malignant disease, the possibility of breast metastasis should be considered in appropriate patients to preclude unnecessary major surgery.     

Second primary cancer among 217702 colorectal cancer survivors: An analysis of national German cancer registry data

With improvements in survival after colorectal cancer (CRC), more survivors are at risk of developing a second cancer, particularly in younger populations where CRC incidence is increasing. We estimated the incidence of second primary cancer (SPC) in CRC survivors and its potential risk factors. We identified CRC cases diagnosed between 1990 and 2011 and SPCs until 2013 from nine German cancer registries. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and absolute excess risk (AER) per 10 000 person-years were calculated and were stratified by index site: colon cancer (CC) and rectal cancer (RC), age and sex. Cox regression assessed potential SPC risk factors, including primary tumor-related therapy considering death as a competing risk. We included 217 202 primary CRC cases. SPC occurred in 18 751 CRC survivors (8.6%; median age: 69 years). Risk of cancer was significantly higher in CRC survivors than in the general population (SIR males 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.17, AER = 24.7; SIR females 1.20, 95% CI 1.17-1.23, AER = 22.8). Increased risks of SPCs were observed for the digestive system, urinary system and female and male reproductive organs. CRC incidence increased in younger persons (<50 years) and SPC incidence was 4-fold in this group (SIR males 4.51, 95% CI 4.04-5.01, AER = 64.2; SIR females 4.03, 95% CI 3.62-4.48, AER = 77.0). Primary tumor-related factors associated with SPC risk were right-sided cancer and smaller primary tumor size. Treatment and risk of SPC differed for CC (no effect) and RC (lower risk after chemotherapy). CRC survivors have excess risk of developing SPC, with particular characteristics that could guide targeted surveillance.     

Impact of radiotherapy in the risk of esophageal cancer as subsequent primary cancer after breast cancer

PURPOSE: To assess the risk of esophageal cancer as second cancer among breast-cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The records of the Finnish Cancer Registry from 1953 to 2000 were used to assess the risk of esophageal cancer as second cancer among 75,849 breast-cancer patients. Patients were treated with surgery (n = 33,672), radiotherapy (n = 35,057), chemotherapy and radiotherapy (n = 4673), or chemotherapy (n = 2,447). The risk of a new primary cancer was expressed as standardized incidence ratio (SIR), defined as the ratio of observed to expected cases. RESULTS: By the end of 2000, the number of observed cases esophageal cancers was 80 vs. 72 expected cases (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.1, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.9 to 1.5). Among patients followed for 15 years and treated with radiotherapy, the SIR for esophageal cancer was 2.3 (95% CI = 1.4 to 5.4). No increase in risk was seen for patients treated without radiotherapy. The risk of esophageal cancer was increased among patients diagnosed during 1953 to 1974, although age at the treatment did not have marked effect on the risk estimate. CONCLUSION: Increased risk of second cancer in the esophagus was observed for breast-cancer patients in Finland, especially among patients with over 15 years of follow-up and treated in the earliest period, which may relate to the type of radiotherapy.     

萝卜硫素在乳腺癌、卵巢癌及宫颈癌中的潜在作用

随着医学对硫代葡萄糖苷在植物中积累的遗传和环境因素的了解以及对这些化合物及其衍生物作用认识的增加，人们对硫代葡萄糖苷及其产物可能的作用研究也有了重大进展，作为饮食的一部分时，其可以降低肿瘤和心脏病的风险。研究发现，这些生物活性物质与传统的抗肿瘤治疗方法结合起来，可以提高抗肿瘤治疗的效果。萝卜硫素是一种同源异硫氰酸酯，主要存在于芸薹属蔬菜中，其摄入与乳腺癌、卵巢癌等肿瘤的发生呈显著负相关，可能是通过提高细胞的解毒能力和抗氧化能力外，萝卜硫素还可以调节细胞的生长，这对于肿瘤预防尤其重要。萝卜硫素的细胞抑制和细胞毒性作用机制包括诱导细胞凋亡、抑制细胞周期进程和抑制血管生成，靶向肿瘤细胞关键细胞信号通路的多个位点，发挥类似靶向药物的抗肿瘤作用。本篇综述通过介绍萝卜硫素在乳腺癌、卵巢癌及宫颈癌辅助化疗和放疗疗效的可能机制，为其在乳腺癌、卵巢癌及宫颈癌临床上的应用提供理论线索。     

单克隆抗体检测大便样品诊断大肠癌的研究

目的应用抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体对正常人群进行筛选和大肠癌诊断的研究.方法采用ELISA法对正常人群和病理切片确诊为大肠癌的患者以及大肠癌患者手术前后的大便样品进行对比研究.结果应用本抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体(Anti-colorectalcancerantibody,Anti-Cca)可以通过检测大便进行正常人群的筛查;对大肠癌患者手术前后的大便进行对比性研究发现,手术前大便的检测结果呈强阳性,手术后为阴性.对临床病理检查已经确诊为大肠癌的患者,再采用抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体检测大便诊断大肠癌,两者的吻合率为100%.结论本实验所使用的大肠癌单克隆抗体可用于从大便中检测大肠癌的脱落细胞,可用于正常人群的筛查和进行大肠癌的诊断研究.     

Underuse of colorectal cancer screening among men screened for prostate cancer

BACKGROUND:

Evidence suggests that colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces disease‐specific mortality, whereas the utility of prostate cancer screening remains uncertain. However, adherence rates for prostate cancer screening and CRC screening are very similar, with population‐based studies showing that approximately 50% of eligible US men are adherent to both tests. Among men scheduled to participate in a free prostate cancer screening program, the authors assessed the rates and correlates of CRC screening to determine the utility of this setting for addressing CRC screening nonadherence.

METHODS:

Participants (N = 331) were 50 to 70 years old with no history of prostate cancer or CRC. Men registered for free prostate cancer screening and completed a telephone interview 1 to 2 weeks before undergoing prostate cancer screening.

RESULTS:

One half of the participants who underwent free prostate cancer screening were eligible for but nonadherent to CRC screening. Importantly, 76% of the men who were nonadherent to CRC screening had a regular physician and/or health insurance, suggesting that CRC screening adherence was feasible in this group. Furthermore, multivariate analyses indicated that the only significant correlates of CRC screening adherence were having a regular physician, health insurance, and a history of prostate cancer screening.

CONCLUSIONS:

Free prostate cancer screening programs may provide a teachable moment to increase CRC screening among men who may not have the usual systemic barriers to CRC screening, at a time when they may be very receptive to cancer screening messages. In the United States, a large number of men participate in annual free prostate cancer screening programs and represent an easily accessible and untapped group that can benefit from interventions to increase CRC screening rates. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

Association between endometrial cancer and tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer

A retrospective cohortstudy in 4109 breast cancer patients was undertaken to determine how tamoxifen affected the risk of endometrial cancer. Data on 1701 tamoxifentreated women were analysed. Two thousand four hundred and eight nontamoxifen users served as control group. The occurrence of new primary uterine cancers was assessed by computerized linkage to the Austrian Cancer Registry. Twentyfive women who subsequently developed endometrial cancer were identified. Eight uterine cancers occurred in the tamoxifen group, whereas 17 uterine cancers were found in the control group. The estimate of the relative risk (RR) showed an increased risk to develop endometrial cancer for the tamoxifen group RR 1.136 (95% CI 0.71; 1.80). Analysis of relevant confounding variables did not show any differences in the two groups.In conclusion, this retrospective study demonstrated a nonsignificant increased risk of endometrial cancer in women receiving tamoxifen as treatment for breast cancer. However, the magnitude of RR and the absolute number of endometrial cancer cases in this long term observation demonstrate clearly that the clinical benefit of tamoxifen therapy greatly outweighs the risk.     

The impact of bilateral breast cancer on the prognosis of breast cancer: a comparative study with unilateral breast cancer

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of bilateral breast cancer is unclear and its influence on prognosis is controversial. We assessed the impact of synchronous and metachronous bilateral breast cancer on the prognosis compared with unilateral breast cancer. METHODS: Between January 1, 1960 and December 31, 2001, 1,214 women were treated for primary operable breast cancers. Thirteen (1.1%) had synchronous bilateral breast cancer; 33 (2.7%) had a metachronous contralateral breast cancer. We compared age at operation, menopausal status, clinical stage, tumor size and histology, lymph node status, hormone receptor status, and use of adjuvant chemotherapy or hormone therapy, and we analyzed the impact of these factors on recurrence and survival in the 46 patients with bilateral breast cancer and the 1,168 patients with unilateral breast cancer. RESULTS: The 5-and 10-year disease-free survival rates, respectively, were 65% and 65% in metachronous cases, 85.7% and 64.3% in synchronous cases, and 77.9% and 72.1% in unilateral cases. There was no significant difference in overall survival among the three groups. On multivariate analysis, metachronous bilaterality, tumor size, lymph node status and adjuvant hormone therapy were each independent risk factors for recurrence, whereas bilaterality of breast cancer did not influence overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that metachronous bilateral breast cancer is associated with shorter disease-free survival than synchronous bilateral or unilateral breast cancer, although overall survival does not differ among the 3 groups. Patients with metachronous bilateral breast cancer should be followed particularly closely in order to detect recurrence early and maximize quality of life.     

Rapid reporting of cancer incidence in a population-based study of breast cancer: one constructive use of a central cancer registry

Summary To support a study of genetic risk factors for breast cancer, the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry has implemented a rapid reporting procedure for hospitals in the study area. This system permits the identification of newly diagnosed breast cancer cases within a very short time period (less than one month). The procedures are straightforward, cost-effective, and greatly benefit the objectives of tissue collection and interviews with the cases. This article describes the rapid reporting procedures and their potential impact for population-based research. For the objective of making generalizable risk statements, the necessity of population-based research is stressed; participation with central cancer registries is endorsed for this and other molecular epidemiologic applications.     

乳腺与肺双原发性癌的临床病理特征分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌合并原发性肺癌患者的临床病理特征及同时手术的安全性。方法:回顾性收集1999 年1月至2017年12月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院收治的乳腺癌合并肺癌患者共计94例,经病例筛选后共71例纳入本研究,对纳入研究的双原发性癌患者临床病理特点进行分析。结果:71例患者中,乳腺癌作为首发癌合并肺癌 63例,肺癌作为首发癌合并乳腺癌 8例,两组患者在乳腺肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移数目、临床分期、病理类型、ER表达、Ki-67指数、HER-2表达、手术方式及有无放化疗史方面的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但乳腺癌首发组患者无进展生存期优于肺癌首发组（P<0.05）。在同时性双原发性癌 28 例中,6 例患者（21.4%）同时接受乳腺癌及肺癌手术,围手术期无并发症发生,术后病情平稳。以乳腺癌作为首发癌的41例异时性双原发性癌中,中位间隔为57.3个月,肺结节平均观察时间为10个月。肺癌临床分期Ⅰ期以下占82.9%,病理类型中93%为腺癌。发现肺结节的早晚与乳腺癌术后复查及随访有关。结论:乳腺癌首发的双原发性癌患者预后较好;同时手术治疗乳腺癌及肺癌是安全可行的;在异时性双原发性癌中,肺癌一般是在乳腺癌术后 5 年内发现的,乳腺癌术后规律及时的随访有助于肺癌早期发现。     

Survival of patients with primary liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and biliary tract cancer in Europe

The EUROCARE Study is a European Union project to assemble survival data from population-based cancer registries and analyse them according to standard procedures. We investigated and compared liver, pancreatic and biliary tract cancer survival in 17 countries from 1985 to 1989. Time trends in survival over the 1978–1989 period were also investigated in 12 countries. The overall European mean 1 year relative survival was 16% for primary liver cancer, 26% for biliary tract cancer and 15% for pancreatic cancer. The corresponding 5-year relative survival was 5, 12 and 4%, respectively. Taking the European average as the reference, the relative risk (RR) of death was at least 20% higher for the three cancers in Denmark and Estonia. Survival tended to be higher in Spain for primary liver cancer and biliary tract cancer. Gender had little influence on survival whilst age at diagnosis was inversely related to prognosis. There was an improvement in 1-year relative survival rate for primary liver cancer: relative risk (RR) of 0.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.60–0.77) for 1987–1989 versus 1978–1980 and biliary tract cancer (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68–0.87). There was less variation in 5-year relative survival rate over time. Some intercountry survival differences for primary liver, biliary tract and pancreatic cancers exist over Europe. Differences in quality of care, in particular treatment aggressiveness, may explain some of these differences in survival. New approaches to the management of these cancers need to be found.     

Long-term population-based risks of breast cancer after childhood cancer

Previous studies have reported substantially increased risks of breast cancer among survivors of childhood cancer at 10-20 years posttreatment. Whether these excess risks are sustained beyond 40 years of age when general population incidence of breast cancer begins its steep increase is largely unknown. We quantified the risk of breast cancer in adult female survivors with considerably more survivors followed-up beyond 40 years of age than previously available. Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR), Excess Absolute Risks (EAR), and cumulative incidence were calculated within a population-based cohort of 8,093 female survivors of childhood cancer. Poisson regression models were used to model SIRs and EARs in a multivariable setting. Eighty-one survivors developed a primary breast cancer, where 37.5 were expected (SIR= 2.2, 95% CI: 1.7-2.7). SIRs decreased significantly with increasing attained age (p(trend) < 0.001) to an SIR of 0.9 (95% CI: 0.5-1.8) at ages beyond 50 years; EARs increased significantly to about 40 years of age (p(trend) < 0.001) but then plateau. Between 30 and 49 years of age survivors experienced approximately 1 extra breast cancer per 1,000 survivors per year. Overall, 3% developed breast cancer by the age of 50. The substantially increased relative risks of breast cancer observed at 10-20 years postdiagnosis are not sustained into ages at which the risk of breast cancer in the general population becomes substantial. Among women who survived to an age of at least 50 years there is currently no evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer.     

Risk of second primary cancer after breast cancer treatment

Technological advances in both diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer lead to early detection and better treatment management. Consequently, the population of long‐term survivors is on the rise. The risk of developing second cancers among breast cancer survivors was shown to be higher than that for the general population. The aim of this work was to review the literature on the risk of second primary cancer (SPC) after breast irradiation. Pubmed search of population‐based studies on SPC after breast irradiation was conducted and the findings (in terms of Standardised Incidence Ratio) were collated and discussed. Several studies confirmed the link between breast tumour irradiation and risk of SPC, showing a small, but valid risk. There are, however, confounding factors that can either underestimate or overestimate risks: misclassification of tumour status, genetic inheritance, smoking, environmental factors, and the lack of accurate data in cancer registries. While isolating these potential triggers might be difficult, this approach would allow better discernability between radiotherapy‐related risks and those generated by other factors. It is also important to evaluate the current status of treatment‐related late effects and to lower such risks by minimising the dose delivered to normal tissues.     

乳腺癌患者再发甲状腺癌9例临床分析

目的：探讨乳腺癌患者再发甲状腺癌的潜在关系。方法：对2000-2008年收治9例乳腺癌患者再发甲状腺癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：9例患者中,乳腺癌雌激素受体（ER）阳性7例,阴性2例;甲状腺癌ER阳性4例,阴性5例。4例ER阳性的甲状腺癌全来自于ER阳性的乳腺癌患者。结论：雌激素很可能对甲状腺癌的发生和发展起重要作用。临床上对激素依赖性乳腺癌患者要常规检查甲状腺。甲状腺癌的治疗原则是手术切除,预后良好。雌激素治疗ER阳性的甲状腺癌有可能成为一种新的手段。     

乳腺癌患者再发甲状腺癌9例临床分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌患者再发甲状腺癌的潜在关系。方法:对2000-2008年收治9例乳腺癌患者再发甲状腺癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:9例患者中,乳腺癌雌激素受体(ER)阳性7例,阴性2例;甲状腺癌ER阳性4例,阴性5例。4例ER阳性的甲状腺癌全来自于ER阳性的乳腺癌患者。结论:雌激素很可能对甲状腺癌的发生和发展起重要作用。临床上对激素依赖性乳腺癌患者要常规检查甲状腺。甲状腺癌的治疗原则是手术切除,预后良好。雌激素治疗ER阳性的甲状腺癌有可能成为一种新的手段。     

肿瘤的过诊断和过治疗

长期以来,为减少肿瘤的死亡率一直强调“早期诊断和早期治疗”。但迄今病理学并不能够回答多早期的“癌”性病变一定会不可逆的向前发展,恶性生长、转移,直至夺人性命。很多看似“癌”性的病变可长期稳定,甚至消退,在患者因其它原因死亡前不因“癌”而就诊。医学影像技术的进步和医疗福利的提高,很多人群经常进行体检和肿瘤的筛查,从而查出很多早期癌患。本文以乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌和甲状腺癌为例,就这种筛查导致的多诊断出的“癌”和由其导致的不必要的治疗,做一简要回顾分析。     

Risk of prostate, breast and colorectal cancer after skin cancer diagnosis

Ultraviolet radiation is the major cause of skin cancer, but promotes vitamin D synthesis, and vitamin D has been inversely related to the risk of several common cancers including prostate, breast and colorectum. We therefore computed the incidence of prostate, breast and colorectal cancer following skin cancer using the datasets of the Swiss cancer Registries of Vaud and Neuchatel. Between 1974 and 2005, 6,985 histologically confirmed squamous cell skin cancers, 21,046 basal cell carcinomas and 3,346 cutaneous malignant melanomas were registered, and followed up to the end of 2005 for the occurrence of second primary cancer of the prostate, breast and colorectum. Overall, 680 prostate cancers were observed versus 568.3 expected (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.29), 440 breast cancers were observed versus 371.5 expected (SIR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.08-1.30) and 535 colorectal cancers were observed versus 464.6 expected (SIR = 1.15; 95% CI: 1.06-1.25). When basal cell, squamous cell and skin melanoma were considered separately, all the SIRs for prostate, breast and colorectal cancers were around or slightly above unity. Likewise, the results were consistent across strata of age at skin cancer diagnosis and location (head and neck versus others), and for male and female colorectal cancers. These findings, based on a population with a long tradition of systematic histologic examination of all surgically treated skin lesions, do not support the hypothesis that prostate, breast and colorectal cancer risk is decreased following skin cancer.