舒林酸纳米混悬剂的制备及其体内外抗肿瘤作用研究

目的制备舒林酸纳米混悬剂,并考察其对肿瘤组织的抗肿瘤作用。方法以油酸钠为稳定剂,通过反溶剂沉淀法制备舒林酸纳米混悬剂,考察其粒径大小、分散指数、电位及颗粒形状,采用MTT比色法使用乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、4T1进行体外抗肿瘤药效评价,采用4T1荷瘤小鼠进行体内抗肿瘤评价。结果舒林酸纳米粒形状为球形,分散指数值小于0.3,平均粒径为(264.1±2.9)nm。相比较于游离药物,纳米粒显著提高了舒林酸对乳腺癌细胞的抑制作用,对MCF-7、4T1的IC50值分别为(22.1±4.6)、(19.2±1.2)μg/m L,体内抑瘤率为(35.4±18.8)%。结论将舒林酸制备成纳米粒后,拓宽了舒林酸的给药途径,显著增强其抗肿瘤作用。     

取代肉桂酸苯乙酯的抗肿瘤活性研究

设计、合成了咖啡酸苯乙酯及 16个取代肉桂酸苯乙酯化合物 ,并用MTT法或SRB法对其抗肿瘤活性进行了体外筛选。结果显示咖啡酸苯乙酯对HL 6 0、Bel 74 0 2、Hela细胞有较好的抑制活性 ;3,4 二甲氧基肉桂酸苯乙酯对Hela细胞有非常好的抑制活性 ;而 4 丙酮氧基肉桂酸苯乙酯对Bel 74 0 2细胞有非常好的抑制活性。     

漆黄素纳米混悬剂和冻干粉末的制备及体外评价

目的:制备漆黄素纳米混悬剂及其冻干粉末,提高药物溶解度及溶出度.方法:高压均质法制备漆黄素纳米混悬剂.以粒径为评价指标,单因素考察聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30 (PVP K30)用量、有机相与水相体积比、均质压力和次数的影响.采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化漆黄素纳米混悬剂的处方工艺,并制备成冻干粉.扫描电镜观察纳米混悬...     

异硫氰酸苯乙酯对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡作用及机制研究

目的探讨异硫氰酸苯乙酯诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用及其可能的机制。方法以不同浓度异硫氰酸苯乙酯处理人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞,应用MTS法观察异硫氰酸苯乙酯对MCF-7细胞的抑制率,流式细胞术检测异硫氰酸苯乙酯对细胞凋亡、细胞周期以及活性氧表达的影响。结果将不同浓度的异硫氰酸苯乙酯作用于MCF-7细胞72h后,抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖,其IC50为15.2μmol.L-1;以10和20μmol.L-1的异硫氰酸苯乙酯作用MCF-7细胞24h后,细胞出现凋亡现象,细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期,并造成细胞氧化损伤。结论异硫氰酸苯乙酯能够促进人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡,影响细胞周期,其作用机制可能与异硫氰酸苯乙酯可造成肿瘤细胞氧化损伤有关。     

紫杉醇纳米混悬剂的制备与表征

目的 制备紫杉醇纳米混悬剂,并表征其理化性质.方法 采用重结晶结合高压均质法制备紫杉醇纳米混悬剂,以纳米粒的粒径和Zeta电位为指标,考察紫杉醇纳米混悬剂的影响因素,并对制得的纳米混悬剂进行表征.结果 紫杉醇纳米混悬剂的粒径为214.4 nm,跨距为0.46,平均Zeta电位为-22.7 mV,体系稳定.结论 制备的纳...     

番荔枝总内酯纳米混悬剂的制备及其体外抗肿瘤作用研究

目的制备番荔枝总内酯纳米混悬剂,并对其体外抗肿瘤作用进行研究。方法使用反溶剂沉淀法中的超声法制备番荔枝总内酯纳米混悬剂,考察其处方和制备工艺参数;动态光散射法测定其粒径和电位,透射电镜考察其粒径分布和形态;并对其人工胃肠液稳定性进行考察;采用MTT比色法比较番荔枝总内酯纳米混悬剂和溶液对HepG2细胞毒性差异。结果制备方法为将10 mg番荔枝总内酯与1 mg PGDA共溶于1 mL有机溶剂中,超声(250 W)快速注入到5 mL水中,减压旋转蒸发除去有机溶剂,调整总体积至5 mL。番荔枝总内酯纳米混悬剂平均粒径为(146.0±2.4)nm,多分散指数(PDI)为0.184±0.02,Zeta电位(26.0±2.0)mV,纳米混悬剂几乎呈类球型,粒径分布接近于正态分布,分布比较均匀;人工胃肠液内4 h稳定存在,粒径基本不发生变化;对HepG2细胞增殖均有一定的抑制作用,番荔枝总内酯纳米混悬剂组的细胞增殖抑制效果均优于溶液组。结论制备了以PGDA为载体的番荔枝总内酯纳米混悬剂,解决了药物的难溶和给药问题,为番荔枝总内酯的纳米剂型研究提供了参考。     

番荔辛纳米粒与儿茶素联用对小鼠乳腺癌4T1细胞的协同抑制作用

目的:本研究以聚乙二醇2000(PEG2000)为载体制备番荔辛纳米混悬剂(K19 NPs),对其体外理化性质进行考察,并联合儿茶素(EGCG)进行体内外药效评价.方法:以bottom-up法制备K19 NPs,并考察其粒径分布、介质稳定性、包封率与载药量以及体外释放情况;同时采用小鼠乳腺癌4 T1细胞进行体内外抑制作...     

西瑞香素纳米混悬剂的制备及其体外抗肿瘤作用研究

目的制备西瑞香素纳米混悬剂,并考察其对多种肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用。方法以粒径、Zeta电位、多分散性指数(PDI)为指标,考察稳定剂、药载比、超声温度、均质温度、均质次数对西瑞香素纳米混悬剂反溶剂沉淀法制备的影响,优化最佳处方和工艺条件。观察西瑞香素纳米混悬剂的透射电镜表征,并进行X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析,考察其在血浆、PBS中的稳定性以及载药量、体外释放情况,采用MTT法比较其对BT474、SKBR-3、A549、He La、Hep G2细胞的体外细胞毒性。结果最佳处方和工艺条件:TPGS为稳定剂,药载比1∶1,共同溶解于DMSO中,在超声(25℃,250 W)条件下,缓慢滴注于去离子水中,透析除去有机溶剂,高压均质(25℃,150 MPa)20次,即得西瑞香素纳米混悬剂,其平均粒径为(163.1±5.4)nm,Zeta电位为(-11.4±0.7)m V,PDI为0.15±0.04。西瑞香素纳米混悬剂近乎为球形,大小较均匀;在血浆中稳定存在,不存在溶血现象,满足静脉注射需求,平均载药量为(39.16±1.09)%。西瑞香素纳米混悬剂对5种受试细胞的生长抑制作用显著提高,并呈现剂量相关性,尤其是对SKBR-3、A549、He La、Hep G2细胞,IC_(50)在2.1~3.4μg/m L。结论西瑞香素纳米混悬剂具有小粒径、高载药量、显著肿瘤细胞毒性等优点,在抗肿瘤研究方面具有良好的应用前景。     

雷公藤红素纳米混悬剂的制备及其抗肿瘤作用研究

目的制备雷公藤红素纳米混悬剂,并进行体内外抗肿瘤作用研究。方法采用超声注入联合旋转蒸发法制备雷公藤红素纳米混悬剂,以粒径大小为指标,筛选合适的稳定剂;采用动态光散射法、透射电镜考察粒径和形态,并对其不同介质稳定性、体外释放、溶血性、体外抗肿瘤活性进行研究;建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,以雷公藤红素注射液为对照组,2 mg/kg iv给药,考察体内抗肿瘤作用。结果聚乙二醇-聚己内酯(m PEG2000-PCL2000)为雷公藤纳米混悬剂的优良的稳定剂,所制备的纳米混悬剂粒径为(67.1±3.0)nm,Zeta电位为(-10.4±1.45)m V,多分散性指数为0.232±0.08,近乎为球形,分布比较均匀。在磷酸缓冲液(PBS)、血浆、生理盐水、5%葡萄糖中均稳定;体外缓慢释放,在144 h累积释放率达到74.04%;MTT结果显示雷公藤红素纳米混悬剂对HepG2细胞的毒性强于溶液(IC50,1.179μg/m L vs 2.377μg/m L,P0.05)。体内研究中雷公藤红素纳米混悬剂对H22荷瘤小鼠的的抑瘤率显著高于注射液组(70.36%vs 51.1%,P0.05)。结论制备的雷公藤红素纳米混悬剂粒径小、载药量高、稳定性好,显著提高了雷公藤红素的抗肿瘤效果,可以作为雷公藤红素作为抗肿瘤药物应用的合适剂型。     

卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂的制备与质量评价

摘 要 目的：制备卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂,并考察其理化性质。方法: 采用高压均质法制备卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂,以粒径分布作为评价指标,均质压力（X1）和均质次数（X2）为考察对象,利用Box Behnken效应面法优化卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂的制备工艺;考察卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂的外观、微观形态、平均粒径、Zeta电位等理化性质,比较卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂与市售卡巴他赛注射液的体外释药行为。结果: 卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂最优制备工艺为：850 bar均质压力下均质处理6次,制备的卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂在扫描电镜下呈大小均匀分布,平均粒径为（208.6±33.6）nm,PdI为（0.179±0.015）,Zeta电位为（-32.4±0.3）mV,将卡巴他赛制备成纳米混悬剂可提高其体外溶出速率。结论: 高压均质法制备卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂工艺简单易行,卡巴他赛纳米混悬剂能够加快药物释放,提高药物体外溶出速度。     

Cytotoxic constituents of propolis inducing anticancer effects: a review

Objectives Propolis is a honeybee product used extensively in traditional medicine for its antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer effects. Propolis exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities because it is a complex mixture of natural substances. In this review, the antitumour effects of propolis extracts and its constituents (e.g. flavonoids, terpenes and caffeic acid phenethyl ester) are discussed. Key findings The effect of propolis on experimental carcinogenesis is discussed, as well as its possible mechanisms of action against tumours, involving apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and interference on metabolic pathways. Propolis seems to be efficient against different tumour cells both in vitro and in vivo, which suggests its potential in the development of new anticancer drugs. Summary Propolis extracts may be important economically and would allow a relatively inexpensive cancer treatment. Preclinical investigations are needed to further elucidate the benefits of propolis and its antitumour properties.     

Caffeic acid improves locomotor activity and lessens inflammatory burden in a mouse model of rotenone-induced nigral neurodegeneration: Relevance to Parkinson’s disease therapy

BackgroundCaffeic acid phenethyl ester is found in honey bee propolis. It has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Rotenone is a pesticide commonly used for inducing experimental Parkinson’s disease (PD) due to complex I inhibition and microglia activating properties. The current study examined neuroprotective effect of caffeic acid against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in groups of seven mice.MethodsMice received protective doses of caffeic acid (2.5, 5 or 10 mg/kg) daily and nine injections of rotenone (1 mg kg, subcutaneously) - every 48 h. Behavioral evaluation of motor function was done by a battery of tests including open-field test, cylinder test, pole test and rotarod test; all these tests showed motor impairment.ResultsAssay of striatal dopamine highlighted a significant decrease and increases in inflammatory markers. In addition, histopathological assessment of substantia nigra neurons demonstrated low immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in rotenone treated mice. PCR analysis highlighted upregulation for genes encoding CD₁₁b (a microglia surface antigen), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). Treatment with caffeic acid (5 or 10 mg/kg) amended most of rotenone-induced motor deficits, lessened microglia expression and inflammatory mediators and improved the nigral TH immunostaining.ConclusionThese results confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of caffeic acid and highlighted its neuroprotective activity against rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in mice.     

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of caffeic acid encapsulated by β-cyclodextrins

Abstract

Context: Caffeic acid is described as antibacterial, but this bioactive molecule has some issues regarding solubility and stability to environmental stress. Thus, encapsulation devices are required. Objective: The aim of this work was to study the effect of the caffeic acid encapsulation by cyclodextrins on its antibacterial activity. Materials and methods: The interactions between the caffeic acid and three cyclodextrins (β-cyclodextrin (βCD), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were study. Results and discussion: The formation of an aqueous soluble inclusion complex was confirmed for βCD and HPβCD with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The βCD/caffeic acid complex showed higher stability than HPβCD/caffeic acid. Caffeic acid antibacterial activity was similar at pH 3 and pH 5 against the three bacteria (K. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis and S. aureus). Conclusions: The antibacterial activity of the inclusion complexes was described here for the first time and it was shown that the caffeic acid activity was remarkably enhanced by the cyclodextrins encapsulation.     

Development and characterization of a novel antiacne niosomal gel of rosmarinic acid

Abstract

The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of rosemarinic acid (ROA), a naturally occurring ester of caffeic acid has been well reported. Antibacterial effect of ROA is attributed to nucleoid damage with an increase in spatial division and condensation of genetic material. ROA has been found dynamic against many human pathogenic bacterial strains but its inhibitory prospective has never been established against skin inflammations caused by Propionibacterium acne. The skin surface in acne prone areas is colonized with Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes which contribute to inflammation and acne. Resistance to current antimicrobial therapies suggested the need to explore new antimicrobial agents against acne. Present work included the preparation of ROA-loaded niosomes and their in vitro antimicrobial evaluation against P. acne and S. aureus. This work also included the development of niosomal gel of rosmarinic acid for sustained delivery to bacteria infected cells. Niosomes of rosmarinic acid were formulated by reverse phase evaporation method using different ratio of span 85 and cholesterol. The prepared formulations were evaluated for its vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release study and antibacterial activity. In vivo study of developed formulation was conducted on Swiss albino mice in comparison with solution of plain drug and a marketed formulation of benzoyl peroxide. It was evident that niosomes are novel carrier for delivery of naturally occurring antimicrobial agents, in deeper tissues of skin. The results showed that drug-loaded niosomes dispersed in the gelling agent are an effective delivery system for treatment of acne vulgaris.     

Propolis inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition in human alveolar epithelial cells via PPARγ activation

Emerging evidence suggests that the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) may contribute to airway remodeling in severe asthma and fibrotic lung diseases. Studies have shown that extracts from propolis protect chemical-induced cardiac and liver fibrosis in animals. This study assesses the inhibitory effect of propolis on TGF-β1-induced EMT in serum-deprived A549 cells (human AECs). Experimental results show progressive cell morphological changes, decreased E-cadherin, increased N-cadherin production, intracellular F-actin rearrangement, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and increased cell motility with increasing TGF-β1 concentration. A549 cells pretreated with propolis and then treated with TGF-β1 for 24 h regained epithelial cell morphology, decreased the production of N-cadherin and ROS, and had reduced motility. Propolis prevents the effects of TGF-β1-induced Smad2 and AKT activation pathways and Snail expression. Moreover, propolis pretreatment may prevent the TGF-β1-induced down-regulation of nuclear hormone receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) protein in A549 cells, whose effect was blocked by adding PPARγ antagonist, GW9662. Two active components of propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and pinocembrin (PIN), only had partial effects on TGF-β1-induced EMT in A549 cells. The results of this study suggest that natural propolis extracts may prevent TGF-β1-induced EMT in immortalized type II AECs via multiple inhibitory pathways, which may be clinically applied in the prevention and/or treatment of EMT-related fibrotic diseases as well as airway remodeling in chronic asthma.     

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester modulates methotrexate-induced oxidative stress in testes of rat

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on testicular toxicity of methotrexate in rats. Nineteen male rats were divided into three groups as follows: group I, control; group II, methotrexate-treated; group III, methotrexate + caffeic acid phenethyl ester-treated. In the second day of experiment, a single dose of methotrexate was intraperitoneally administered to groups II and III, although a daily single dose of caffeic acid phenethyl ester was intraperitoneally administered to group III for 7 days. At the end of the experiment, the testes of the animals were removed and weighed. In the tissue, the level of lipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde and activities of superoxide dismutase were higher in the methotrexate group than in the control group. Lipid peroxidation levels and superoxide dismutase activities were decreased in caffeic acid phenethyl ester + methotrexate group compared with methotrexate group. The activities of catalase in the methotrexate group decreased insignificantly although its activities were significantly increased by caffeic acid phenethyl ester administration. The activity of glutathione peroxidase did not change in the groups. There was significant difference in body weight between control and methotrexate-induced groups. In conclusion, the administration of methotrexate causes elevation of oxidative stress although treatment with caffeic acid phenethyl ester has protective effects on the oxidative stress in testes.     

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) analogues: potent nitric oxide inhibitors from the Netherlands propolis

The MeOH and water extracts of the Netherlands propolis were tested for their inhibitory activity toward nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells. Both of the extract possessed significant NO inhibitory activity with IC(50) values of 23.8 and 51.5 microg/ml, respectively. Then 13 phenolic compounds obtained from the MeOH extract showing stronger NO inhibition were examined on their NO inhibitory activities. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) analogues, i.e., benzyl caffeate, CAPE and cinnamyl caffeate, possessed most potent NO inhibitory activities with IC(50) values of 13.8, 7.64 and 9.53 microM, respectively, which were two- to four-fold stronger than the positive control N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; IC(50), 32.9 microM). Further study on the synthetic analogues of CAPE revealed that both of 3-phenylpropyl caffeate (18; IC(50), 7.34 microM) and 4-phenylbutyl caffeate (19; IC(50), 6.77 microM) possessed stronger NO inhibitory activity than CAPE (10) and that elongation of alkyl side chain of alcoholic parts of caffeic acid esters enhance the NO inhibitory activity. In addition, it was found that CAPE analogues having longer carbon chain (>C(5)) in alcoholic part showed toxic effects toward J774.1 cells. This NO inhibitory effect may directly correlate with antiinflammatory properties of the Netherlands propolis.     

Absorption properties and effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and its p-nitro-derivative on P-glycoprotein in Caco-2 cells and rats

Context: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), isolated from honeybee propolis, has pharmacological applications. A synthesized CAPE derivative, p-nitro-caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE-NO₂), showed similar activities with CAPE. The pharmacological activities of CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ are related to their absorption properties.

Objective: To understand the pharmacokinetic profiles of CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ in rats and investigate the absorption mechanisms and effects on P-glycoprotein in Caco-2 cells.

Materials and methods: The pharmacokinetic profiles of CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ were obtained after oral administration (10?mg/kg) to rats. Transport studies of CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ (5, 10, 20?μM) were performed in Caco-2 cell model. P-gp activities were assayed by rhodamine 123 cellular retention. Expression of P-gp was determined after the cells were administrated with CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ (5, 20?μM) for 48 and 72?h.

Results: The AUC_(0?t) of CAPE-NO₂ (3239.9?±?352?ng?×?h/mL) was two-time greater than CAPE (1659.6?±?152?ng?×?h/mL) in rats. The P_app values of CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ were (4.86?±?0.90)?×?10^?6?cm/s and (12.34?±?1.6)?×?10^?6?cm/s, respectively. The accumulation of rhodamine 123 was increased by 1.3- to 1.9-fold and 1.4- to 2.3-fold in CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ groups after 1?h administration, respectively. However, CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ increased the P-gp levels by 2.1- and 1.7-fold, respectively.

Conclusion: The absorption of CAPE-NO₂ can be enhanced in rats and Caco-2 cells compared with CAPE. The two compounds are potential inhibitors of P-gp. The increased P-gp levels generated by CAPE and CAPE-NO₂ played a role as a defense mechanism by limiting intracellular xenobiotic levels.