以喉梗阻为症状的巨淋巴结增生症1例

巨淋巴结增生症由Castleman等(1956)首次报道,又称Castleman病(Castleman′s diesase,CD)或血管滤泡性淋巴组织增生病,是一种罕见的淋巴细胞增生性疾病。CD病变可发生于任何有淋巴结存在的部位,但多见于胸腔内,特别是纵隔区域〔1〕。CD发生于头颈部者较少见,且易被误诊误治,我科收治1例以喉梗阻为主要临床表现的CD患者,现报告如下。     

咽旁间隙Castleman病1例

Castleman病是一种少见的淋巴组织增殖性疾病,又名血管滤泡性淋巴组织增生或者巨大淋巴结病。临床根据肿大淋巴结的分布和器官受累情况分为单中心型和多中心型;病理可分为透明血管型、浆细胞型和混合型。我科收治1例咽旁间隙单中心型Castleman病患者,现报道如下。     

颈部Castleman病二例

Castleman病又称巨淋巴结增生,是一种少见、原因不明的淋巴结增生性疾病,1956年首先由Castleman报道并命名,临床上较少见,现报道经治2例的临床资料.     

以颈部淋巴结肿大为首发症状的局灶型Castleman病诊治体会

目的 总结颈部Castleman病的临床特征与诊治体会.方法 回顾性分析2000年5月至2008年10月期间8例以颈部淋巴结肿大为首发症状的Castleman病患者临床资料.肿物位于颈部Ⅰ区1例,Ⅱ区3例,Ⅲ区3例,Ⅳ区1例.8例病例均行常规CT检查表现为类圆形软组织肿块影,其中4例增强扫描后周围可见环性增强区.8例血常规检查大致正常,其中6例患者轻度贫血.结果 本组病例均为局灶型Castleman病,手术完整切除肿大淋巴结,肿大淋巴结呈椭圆形,大小约(2 cm×2 cm×3 cm)～(4 cm×3 cm×2 cm),界限清楚,与周围组织无明显粘连.病理类型为透明血管型.术后随访7～30个月未见复发.结论 局灶型Castleman病表现为单一部位的淋巴结肿大,CT等影像榆查可以提示诊断,手术切除疗效好.     

鼻咽及双侧颈部罗道病1例

罗道病（Rosai-Dorfman病）又称窦组织细胞增生伴巨大淋巴结病（sinus hisliocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy,SHML）是一种良性淋巴组织增生性疾病,1966年Azoury和Reed首先报道,1969年Rosai和Dorfman对其做了详细研究,并正式命名。     

累及儿童多部位的浆细胞型Castleman病1例并文献复习

目的 探讨多中心型Castleman病的临床表现、诊断依据、鉴别诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析1例病理类型为浆细胞型的多中心型Castleman病患儿的临床资料,并对相关文献进行总结。结果 多中心型Castleman病的发病机制尚不明确,通常无典型临床表现及病理特征,诊断极为困难。患儿治疗采用利妥昔单抗静滴,期间辅以地塞米松、抗生素和丙种球蛋白控制鼻部感染和渗出。治疗28 d后全身病损明显消退,血生化指标逐渐恢复,但嗜酸性粒细胞及炎症因子仍维持较高水平。随访13个月,患儿恢复良好,无不良反应及后遗症发生。结论 多中心型Castleman病是一种罕见的淋巴增生性疾病,发生于鼻部的极为少见,目前的治疗方案主要针对于成人,儿童方面鲜有报道,仍需个性化制定治疗措施。对于难以手术切除和治疗效果不佳的患儿,利妥昔单抗是安全有效的治疗药物。     

155 耳廓木村(Kimura)病

木村病是一种主要发生于年轻东方人男性的良性、慢性血管淋巴样增生性病变，典型表现为头颈部肿块，可累及皮下组织，大唾液腺及淋巴结，双耳廓受累者极罕见。……     

与爱滋病有关的颈淋巴结肿大 组织学研究进展及其诊断与预后评价

作者分析了获得性免疫缺陷综合症(AIDS,爱滋病)及其有关疾病淋巴结的病理组织学表现,并着重探讨了淋巴结肿大期颈淋巴结活组织检查对诊断和预后的价值。作者详细阐述了淋巴结滤泡增生(I型)的特点,代表最初病变并具有可逆性;Ⅱ型为Castleman氏综合征类血管免疫母细胞性淋巴结肿大,其预后不良。作者认为在增生的淋巴结内出现假血管免疫母细胞性均质化病灶,出现纤维水肿伴淋巴细胞缺失或结膜血管增生,可能是转向淋巴结萎缩(Ⅲ型)或Kaposi氏肉瘤的最初征兆,这都是爱滋病的特点。在突然出现爱滋病的地区,对有持续性颈淋巴结肿大的人普遍进行活检是最基本的措施。在     

儿童鼻腔鼻窦非何杰金氏淋巴瘤

原发于淋巴结以外其他部位的恶性淋巴瘤在儿童中罕见,且常以其他疾病形式表现。分析29例非何杰金氏淋巴瘤和淋巴组织增生性疾病中,仅3例是原发于鼻腔鼻窦的非何杰金氏淋巴瘤。儿童非何杰金氏淋巴瘤有59％原发于淋巴结外,而成人约为10～34％;其中发生于鼻腔、鼻窦、口腔和口咽部者占有16.4％,成     

耳廓木村(Kimura)病

木村病是一种主要发生于年轻东方人男性的良性、慢性血管淋巴样增生性病变 ,典型表现为头颈部肿块 ,可累及皮下组织 ,大唾液腺及淋巴结 ,双耳廓受累者极罕见。病因不明 ,有过敏反应、寄生虫感染等学说一般倾向于过敏说。诊断常困难 ,主要靠病变组织活检。病理特征为 :受累的淋巴样组织含有细胞、纤维和血管性成分的生发中心 ,大量嗜酸粒细胞浸润于淋巴滤泡间区 ,滤泡溶解 ,微脓肿形成 ,也可表现为嗜酸粒细胞、淋巴细胞、浆细胞、组织细胞的浸润性肉芽肿。外周血涂片白细胞分类中嗜酸细胞增多 ,血清总 Ig E量增高是其特点。无恶性变报道。治…     

A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure,as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection,Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to-4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 &#45 15 to 316 &#45 19 ppb ( n =13, p <0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 &#45 21 ppb; p <0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2 tot ) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 &#45 2° before to 21 &#45 3° after; p <0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 &#45 6 before and 265 &#45 9 ppb after; n =6, p <0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 &#45 22 to 241 &#45 17 ppb; n =10, p <0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.     

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing?

One‐stop neck lump clinic: phase 2 of audit. How are we doing? Regular monitoring and audit of a service are integral to ensuring maintenance of efficiency and standards. This is particularly important where the quality of the service is operator dependent, as is the case in the clinical diagnosis of neck lumps and fine needle aspiration cytology. The one‐stop neck lump clinic has now been running in the department for more than 20 months. A previous article described the results of the first phase audit carried out at 6 months and had identified a waiting time to be seen that was longer than that recommended by the British Association of Otorhinolaryngologists, Head and Neck Surgeons. Measures were implemented to reduce this waiting time and a second audit was carried out after another 10 months with the aims of assessing if modification of the means of referral reduces waiting time and if the outcomes of clinical performance in phase 1 could be maintained or improved. We discuss the results of phase 2 in the audit spiral.     

Physiologische Grundlagen einer Hörprothese

Zusammenfassung Im Bemühen, eine Hörprothese zu entwickeln, die ein Sprachverständnis erlaubt, erscheint es zumindest fürs erste am zweckmäßigsten, durch künstliche elektrische Reizung des Hörnerven die natürlichen Verhältnissen so gut als möglich zu imitieren. Der normale Hörnerv enthält etwa 30000 Nervenfasern, die sich qualitativ gleich, quantitativ jedoch unterschiedlich verhalten, wobei über die Eigenschaften der von den ÄHZ kommenden Spiralfasern im Augenblick sichere Aussagen nicht möglich sind (siehe 2.3). Die quantitativen Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Hörnervenfasern beziehen sich auf deren Frequenzabstimmung, Frequenzselektivität, Schwellen, Intensitätsfunktionen und — wichtig insbesondere für das Vorhaben einer künstlichen elektrischen Reizung — in Zeitunterschieden in den Aktivitätsmustern, die durch Laufzeitunterschiede auf der Basilarmembran bedingt sind (2.3). Diese Zeitunterschiede in der Aktivität einzelner Fasern liegen im Bereich mehrerer ms (2.3.6; 2.3.7). Die durch Schallreize im normalen Hörnerven ausgelösten Aktionspotentiale haben überdies einen probabilistischen Charakter, d. h. ihr Auftreten ist keineswegs streng determiniert. Es versteht sich von selbst, daß man bei künstlicher, elektrischer Reizung nicht alle verbliebenen Nervenfasern selektiv reizen kann. Somit wird eine Reizelektrode immer eine Gruppe von Nervenfasern erregen müssen. Bei jeder denkbaren elektrischen Reizung wären alle Fasern im Reizbereich einer Elektrode synchron und streng deterministisch aktiviert, was einen außerordentlich ernstzunehmenden Unterschied zu natürlichen Verhältnissen darstellt (3.2).Um die Zahl der zum Sprachverständnis mindestens notwendigen Reizkanäle abzuschätzen, wird man, in Ermangelung anderer experimenteller Daten, von psychoakustischen Untersuchungen an Normalhörenden auszugehen haben. Diese haben gezeigt, daß das Gehör neben einer außerordentlichen Fähigkeit verschiedene Tonhöhen zu unterscheiden, andererseits die Fähigkeit besitzt, bestimmte Frequenzgebiete zu sogenannten Frequenzgruppen zu integrieren. Die in eine solche Frequenzgruppe fallende Schallenergie wird zu einem einheitlichen Höreindruck verarbeitet. Es scheint also sinnvoll, die für einen Prothesenbau notwendige Zusammenfassung von Gruppen von Fasern des Hörnerven in verschiedene Reizkanäle entsprechend diesen Frequenzgruppen vorzunehmen (3.1). Demnach müßte der Sprachbereich in 15 Reizkanäle aufgeteilt werden, was wiederum, wenn man in der Cochlea reizen will, 1,2 mm Abstand von Kanal zu Kanal erlauben würde. Dabei müßte der Reizerfolg sauber auf die einzelnen Kanäle beschränkt bleiben, d.h. eine optimale Kanaltrennung erreicht werden. In Anbetracht der groben Abweichungen der neuronalen Aktivität vom normalen Verhalten, die bei künstlicher, elektrischer Reizung unvermeidlich sind, ist freilich unsicher, ob die angegebene Zahl ausreichen würde. Andererseits ist es in Anbetracht der zu erwartenden Stromverteilung im Sprachbereich kaum vorstellbar, mehr als die angegebene Zahl von Kanälen realisieren zu können.Was die Kodierung der Schallparameter innerhalb eines Elektrodenkanals betrifft, wird vorgeschlagen, die Frequenzkodierung nach dem Ortsprinzip optimal auszunutzen, und im Hinblick auf die Periodizitätsanalyse und die Lautheitskodierung sich soweit als möglich den natürlichen Verhältnissen anzunähern (3.3). Dabei wären Laufzeitunterschiede zwischen den Kanälen und der probabilistische Charakter der neuronalen Entladungen soweit als möglich einzuführen, um die Dominanz eines periodicity pitch zu vermeiden.Eine für Sprachverständnis ausreichende Prothese ist auch nur denkbar, wenn eine Prothese die zur Sprachübertragung notwendige Übertragungskapazität besitzt. Ergebnisse der Kanal-Vocoder-Technik zeigen, daß Sprache noch mit 1500 bit/s befriedigend übertragen werden kann. Eine Abschätzung der möglichen Leistungsfähigkeit einer 15-kanaligen Prothese (3.4), basierend auf der Zahl der möglichen unterscheidbaren Unterschiedsstufen der Hörempfindung, ergibt, daß diese Übertragungskapazität knapp erreicht werden könnte. Allerdings ist damit noch nicht gesagt, daß das Zentralnervensystem die angebotene Information auch im Sinne einer Phonemanalyse auswertet und damit für ein Sprachverständnis maximal ausschöpft. Nur für diesen Fall wäre ein Sprachverständnis zu erwarten.Als Reizort erscheint in erster Linie die Cochlea (5.1) geeignet. Für den Fall einer Degeneration der primären afferenten Fasern des Hörnerven ist aufgrund physiologischer Überlegungen auch der Nucleus cochlearis ventralis (5.5) interessant, allerdings würde so nur der ventrale Anteil der Hörbahn stimuliert. Doch besitzen auch andere Reizorte spezifische Vorteile (5.2–5.4).Theoretische Überlegungen (6.1) und experimentelle Messungen an implantierten Elektrodensätzen (6.3) zeigen, daß die Forderung der Kanaltrennung nur schwer zu erreichen sein wird. Deswegen wird der dynamische Bereich (im Hinblick auf Veränderung des Reizstromes) eines nach den obigen Kriterien konstruierten Reizkanals auf maximal 3 dB zu beschränken sein, so daß Erregungsausbreitung auf weitere Bereiche der Cochlea durch Ansteuerung von mehreren Reizkanälen zu imitieren wäre.Die Chancen, eine Prothese zu verwirklichen, die befriedigendes Sprachverständnis auf der Basis einer quasinatürlichen Reizung des Hörnerven erlaubt, wird von uns in Anbetracht der geschilderten mannigfaltigen Schwierigkeiten als sehr niedrig angesehen. In Anbetracht des großen Nutzens, der andererseits eventuell resultieren könnte, halten wir die Erforschung des Problems jedoch für angebracht.Es wird von uns vorgeschlagen, auch zu untersuchen, ob sich für eine prothetische Versorgung vorverarbeitete Sprache besser eignet (7.). Für Prothesen, die ein Sprachverständnis nicht anstreben, halten wir eine Implantation in die Cochlea für überflüssig. Hier erscheint uns die Implantation von Reizelektroden am runden Fenster (Douek et al., 1977; Fourcin et al., 1978; s. a. 1. und 7.) wegen des geringeren Risikos der überlegenere Weg.Die zitierten eigenen Arbeiten der Autoren wurden mit Unterstützung der DFG durchgeführt (DFG-K1 219).     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Limited Surgery for Cancer of the Larynx and Hypopharynx: Options and Consequences

We reviewed surgical options for laryngeal preservation (limited surgery) in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers and the consequences of the options. Of 44 patients with laryngeal cancer, 11 (25%) received limited surgery and 33 (75%) received total laryngectomy. The survival rates were 91% for the limited surgery group and 73% for the total (radical) surgery group. Of 31 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer, 7 (23%) received limited surgery and 24 (77%) received total laryngopharyngectomy. The survival rates were 53% for the limited surgery group and 40% for the total (radical) surgery group. The survival rates associated with limited surgery were thus better than those for total (radical) surgery for cancers of both the larynx and hypopharynx. This was attributed to the limited surgery group comprising well-selected patients with confined lesions. Organ preservation surgery should be technically simple, reliable in terms of its functional impact and, above all, should not jeopardize the patient's survival. Supracricoid subtotal laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy or cricohyoido-pexy has great potential for laryngeal preservation and will become the major limited surgery modality for treating cancer of the larynx. Limited surgery, however, needs to be performed with great care and is indicated only for very well-selected patients with cancer of the hypopharynx.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

A simple objective evaluation and grading for facial paralysis outcomes

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 degrade type IV collagen, which is one of the major components of the basement membrane in normal tissue and expressed in the surroundings of the cancer nest in squamous cell carinoma. The degeneration of type IV collagen is an essential step in the metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. In this study, we examined MMP-2 and -9 levels of cancer tissue and serum obtained from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in order to evaluate the relationship between the clinicopathologic features and MMPs. We examined the production of MMP-2 and -9 in cancer tissue homogenates of 73 patients who had HNSCC and the serum MMP levels of 16 patients with HNSCC and 8 healthy volunteers. We also studied the localization of MMP-2 in the carcinoma using an immunohistochemical approach. The concentrations of MMP-2 and -9 in the tissue homogenates and serum were measured by means of a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed with monoclonal antibody to MMP-2. The concentration of MMP-2 in the tumor tissue homogenates was unrelated to tumor size, but that in patients with lymph node metastases was significantly higher than in those without lymph node metastases. The concentration of MMP-9 was unrelated to lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The levels of both MMP-2 and -9 in serum were unrelated to lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemistry indicated that MMP-2 was mainly expressed in cancer cells. Because MMP-2 degrades type IV collagen, the level of MMP-2 in carcinomas may be a useful indicator of the degree of invasion and metastasis.     

A case of cortical deafness and anarthria

The nasal epithelium protects the underlying tissue from damage. Epithelial cell growth is controlled by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and is possibly affected by toxic proteins, e.g. eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). The aims of this study were to examine nasal fluid epithelial cell counts and their relations to EGF, eosinophils and ECP in 23 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and 20 healthy controls. Nasal fluid epithelial cell counts were lower in patients than in controls. EGF levels did not differ between patients and controls, and correlated with epithelial cell counts in controls but not in patients. Eosinophils and ECP were higher in patients than in controls, but did not correlate with epithelial cell counts. The role of growth factors, such as EGF, in regulating epithelial cells merits further study.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.