清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗中的价值

目的 评价清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗巾的临床意义.方法 脊髓栓系综合征患儿64例.男49例,女15例,年龄3～13岁.均已行脊髓栓系松解手术.临床表现为尿失禁,611例合并大便失禁.52例合并足畸形.就诊时和就诊后1年分别行尿动力学和排泄件膀胱尿道造影以及超声检查,治疗期间36例坚持间歇导尿.28例未能坚持间歇导尿.结果 导尿组开始有9例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流.4例为单纯肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(176±34.5)ml、(3.5±0.6)ml/cmH2O、(54.6±13.2)cmH2O.1年后3例输尿管反流消失,2例肾积水减轻,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(188±30.3)ml、(3.7±0.9)ml/cmH2O、(50.6±11.8)cmH2O,4例发生尿路感染(11.1%).未导尿组开始有7例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流,5例为单纯肾积水,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(168±37.2)ml,(3.2±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(59.6±15.6)cmH2O.1年后13例合并输尿管反流.9例合并肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(142±23.6)ml,(1.6±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(72.4±9.3)cmH2O.3例发生尿路感染(10.7%).结论清洁间歇导尿可保护膀胱功能.避免或减轻上尿路功能的损害,并不增加尿路感染的发生率.对于神经源性膀胱治疗有重要的应用价值.     

CIC联合膀胱内灌注RTX治疗儿童神经源性膀胱并逼尿肌过度活动疗效观察

目的 探讨清洁间歇导尿(clean intermittent self-catheterization,CIC)联合膀胱灌注辣椒辣素类似物(resiniferatoxin,RTX)治疗儿童神经源性膀胱(neurogenic bladder,NB)并逼尿肌过度活动(detrusoroveractivity,DO)的疗效.方法 将NB并DO患儿38例,按随机数字表法分为CIC联合RTX灌注组(实验组,20例)和CIC联合30％乙醇灌注组(对照组,18例).采用前瞻性双盲平行对照试验,所有患儿在CIC期间每4周行1次灌注治疗,每3个月行尿动力学检查随访,治疗1年后对比两组患儿尿动力学参数异同.结果 治疗后3个月及12个月实验组患儿逼尿肌过度活动的发生率(40.0％和10.0％)明显低于对照组(94.4％和88.9％),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).治疗12个月后实验组首次过度活动膀胱容量明显增大[(107.8±46.3)ml vs (68.2±31.5)ml,膀胱安全容量明显增多[(206.8±50.6)ml vs (166.3±54.2)ml],与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).但实验组和对照组比较,膀胱顺应性[(20.8±11.5)ml/cmH2O vs (24±15.4) ml/cmH2O],最大尿流率[(9.5±5.1)ml/s vs (8.2±3.2) ml/s]差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 CIC联合RTX膀胱灌注能显著控制神经源性膀胱患儿的逼尿肌过度活动,改善神经源性逼尿肌过度活动患儿的生活质量.     

小儿膀胱输尿管反流87例相关尿动力学因素研究

目的 探讨小儿膀胱输尿管反流(vesicoureteric reflux,VUR)的尿动力学表现特点,为小儿VUR的诊断和治疗提供临床参考.方法 选取在郑州大学第一附属医院小儿尿动力学中心就诊的VUR患儿87例(男58例,女29例);年龄4～12岁,平均6岁.另选取因下尿路症状就诊而尿动力学检查无异常且无VUR小儿60例(男38例,女22例)作为对照组;年龄4～12岁,平均6岁.将VUR患儿依据反流的程度分为轻度(Ⅰ度,15例)、中度(Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度,33例)、重度(Ⅳ度和Ⅴ度,39例).尿动力观察参数包括:最大尿流率、残余尿量、最大逼尿肌收缩压力、最大膀胱容量和膀胱顺应性.结果 VUR组的最大尿流率和最大膀胱容量分别为(6.8±6.3)ml/s和(138.5±73.9)ml,均明显低于对照组(16.1±6.7)ml/s和(285.5±107.5)ml,组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).VUR组残余尿量为(95.9±103.4)ml明显高于对照组(9.6±13.9)ml,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).VUR组最大逼尿肌压力为(41.6±22.2)cmH2O与对照组(35.1±13.0) cmH2O比较,差异无统计学意义(P-0.229).VUR组男、女童尿动力学参数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).VUR组轻度反流(15例)、中度反流(33例)和重度反流(39例)的最大膀胱容量分别为(121.83±69.94) ml、(163.73±80.81)ml和(123.58±68.70) ml,组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).轻度反流组顺应性正常12例(80％),中度反流组12例(36.4％),重度反流组9例(23.1％),三组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 最大尿流率降低、最大膀胱容量减少、残余尿量增多和膀胱顺应性差可能是VUR发生的相关因素.     

托特罗定在小儿神经原性膀胱的应用评价

目的 评价托特罗定治疗小儿神经原性膀胱的有效性和安全性.方法 随访126例2002年1月至2009年9月收治的神经原性膀胱患儿,男71例,女55例,年龄(6.2±3.1)岁,全部病例行清洁间歇导尿,81例同时服用托特罗定(0.1 mg·kg-1·d-1,2次/d),45例未服用托特罗定.就诊时和治疗3个月后分别行尿动力学和临床评价.结果 导尿+药物组中8例因副作用终止治疗,其中3例出现口干,2例头晕,3例便秘加重,73例坚持服用托特罗定.就诊时导尿组膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(119.3±19.6)ml、(4.0±1.1)ml/cmH2O、(56.7±10.4)cmH2O.3个月后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压压分别为(122.0±20.1)ml、(4.1±1.1)ml/cmH2O、(55.8±10.9)cmH2O,无明显变化.11例(24.4%)逼尿肌过度活动减轻,13例(28.9%)漏尿分数下降.药物+导尿组就诊时膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(119.8±17.6)ml、(4.4±1.3)ml/cmH2O、(55.1±11.7)cmH2O,3个月后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(149.6±23.1)ml、(7.5±2.3)ml/cmH2O、(38.4±11.6)cmH2O,膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性明显增加,膀胱内压降低.58例(79.5%)逼尿肌过度活动减轻,53例(73%)漏尿分数下降及家长表示满意.结论 托特罗定可抑制逼尿肌过度活动,降低膀胱内压,增加膀胱顺应性和膀胱容量,较少有副作用,有利于保护上尿路功能,并可减轻尿失禁的程度,对于反射亢进型小儿神经原性膀胱的治疗是安全、有效的.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tolteroding to treat neurogenic bladder in children. Methods 126 patients (71 boys and 55 girls of 6. 2 ± 3. 1 years old) with hyperreflexia neurogenic bladder who were treated during January 2002 to September 2009 were followed up. All patients were performed clean intermittent catheterization. 81 patients took tolterodine(0. 1mg· kg-1 ·d-1 ,2 times/d) and 45 patients did not use tolterodine. Urodynamic and leakage score were evaluated before the treatment and 3 months later. Results 8 patients stopped tolterodine due to side effect,such as dry mouth in 3, dizziness in 2, sever constipation in 3. 73 patients took tolterodine all the time. Before treatment, the bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure in catheterization group were 119. 3 ± 19. 6 ml、4. 0 ± 1. 1ml/cmH2O 、56. 7 ± 10. 4 cmH2O, respectively. Three months after the treatment, bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure were 122. 0 ± 20. 1 ml、4. 1 ± 1. 1ml/cmH2O 、 55. 8 ± 10. 9 cmH2O, respectively. There was no significant difference. Detrusor overactivity in 11 patients(24. 4％)and leakage score in 13 patients (28. 9％)decreased. Bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure in catheterization + tolterodine group in the beginning were 119. 8 ± 17. 6ml、4. 4 ± 1.3ml/cmH2O 、 55. 1 ± 11.7 cmH2O, respectively. 3 months later, bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure were 149. 6 ± 23. 1 ml、7. 5 ± 2. 3ml/cmH2O 、38. 4 ± 11.6 cmH2O, respectively. Bladder volume and compliance increased and detrusor pressure decreased significantly. Detrusor overactivity in 58 patients(79. 5％)and leakage score in 53 patients(73％)decreased. The parents satisfied with this result. Conclusions Tolterodine could inhibit the detrusor overactivity, so it could decrease detrusor pressure and increase bladder volume and compliance and protect kidney. It was effective to the children with hyperreflexia nerurogenic bladder.     

膀胱自体扩大术在神经性膀胱患儿中的应用评价

目的评价逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱自体扩大术的临床疗效。方法选择脊髓脊膜膨出患儿6例,其中男性3例,女性3例,年龄18个月至9岁。患儿均口服索利那新和行清洁间歇导尿3个月后无好转而行逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱自体扩大术,术后予清洁间歇导尿,手术前及术后1年行泌尿系超声、排泄性膀胱尿道造影,并行尿动力评价,评价指标为膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性和充盈末逼尿肌压。结果术前尿动力学检查显示6例患儿膀胱容量减小、膀胱顺应性下降及逼尿肌压升高,其中5例膀胱容量低于预期容量的50%。排泄性膀胱造影4例合并膀胱输尿管反流,其中左、右侧Ⅳ°反流各1例,双侧Ⅳ°反流2例。6例患儿手术后恢复顺利,无穿孔、感染发生。术后1年尿动力学检查显示6例患儿膀胱容量略有增加,但膀胱容量与预期膀胱容量(年龄×30+30)、膀胱顺应性及逼尿肌压力无明显变化,VCUG显示4例输尿管反流无减轻。结论对于膀胱容量明显变小的神经性膀胱患儿,逼尿肌部分切除、膀胱扩大术不能有效增加膀胱容量和顺应性,降低逼尿肌压,临床不能取得满意的效果。     

瓣膜膀胱综合征尿动力学研究

目的　探讨瓣膜膀胱综合征(VBS)患儿的尿动力学表现及其意义。方法　16 例男性后尿道瓣膜电切术后患儿,年龄平均(3.2±1.8)岁。分为2组,全部患儿均在2岁前行后尿道瓣膜电切术。第一组7例,平均年龄(1.6±0.3)岁,术后至尿动力学检查间隔时间小于1 年。第二组9 例,平均年龄(4.5±1.2)岁,间隔时间大于1年,平均(3.5±1.3)年。对比两组尿动力学结果。结果　第二组最大逼尿肌收缩压(Pdet.max)和膀胱顺应性(BC)分别为(56.2±14.1) cmH2 O和(12.5±7.4)ml/cmH2O,低于第一组Pdet.max(95.1±18.3 ) cmH2 O和BC(52.4±26.9) ml/cmH2 O;第二组残余尿量(PVR)和最大膀胱容量(MBC)分别为(96.6±52.4) ml 和(217.4±61.7) ml,大于第一组PVR(42.8±38.9) ml和MBC(138.1±20.1) ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组分别有4 例和2例有逼尿肌不稳定(DI),Fisher’s精确概率检验两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在第二组中2例逼尿肌无收缩,有4 例出现较特殊的排尿,表现为逼尿肌收缩波不光滑, 该4 例Pdet.max平均(62.3±9.1) cmH2O,PVR平均(87.5±41.9) ml。结论　VBS膀胱功能异常多发.年龄较大患儿逼尿肌功能较年龄较小患儿差。尿动力学检查能及时发现膀胱功能异常和指导下一步治疗。因此,所有PUV患儿均应行该检查以了解膀胱功能,     

膀胱顺应性对神经源性膀胱活动低下儿童清洁间歇导尿的影响

目的 初步探讨膀胱顺应性对神经源性膀胱活动低下(NUB)儿童自我清洁间歇导尿(CISC)的并发症和膀胱功能发育影响.方法 选取经尿动力学证实为NUB的学龄儿童109例进行CIFCS治疗,最终成功对93例(85%)进行2年随访.依据开始CISC膀胱顺应性(BC)分为正常顺应性组[49例,男30例,女19例,平均年龄(6.3±0.9岁)]和低顺应性组[44例,男29例,女15例,平均年龄(7.0±1.0岁)].比较二组随访2年后尿动力学参数和随访过程中并发症发生情况.结果CISC 2年随访时正常顺应性组最大膀胱压测定容量(MCC)和相对安全容量(RSCC)显著高于CISC治疗前,而低顺应性组RSCC显著低于治疗前.逼尿肌漏尿点压(DLPP)显著高于治疗前(P<0.05).同时,随访时低顺应性组BC、MCC和RSCC显著低于正常顺应性组,DLPP显著高于正常顺应性组(P<0.05).随访时菌尿和膀胱输尿管反流以及随访过程中出现发热性泌尿系感染和肉眼血尿发生率分别为33.3%(31例)、12.9%(12例)、24.7%(23例)和15.1%(14例).其中,低顺应性组发热性泌尿系感染和膀胱输尿管反流发生率均显著高于正常顺应性组(P<0.05).结论 膀胱顺应性可以影响NUB患儿CISC的并发症和膀胱发育,低顺应性患儿膀胱发育多进行性恶化,应进行严密随访监测.     

清洁间歇导尿联合睡眠时留置导尿对神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路影响的研究

目的 探讨清洁间歇导尿(CIC)联合睡眠时留置导尿对神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路的影响.方法 选取2007年3月至2008年2月我院尿动力学中心确诊为神经原性膀胱的患儿53例,随机分为CIC组(对照组27例)和CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管组(睡眠时留置尿管组26例).比较两组随访2年后膀胱尿路X线造影或影像尿动力学参数、尿路感染、肾积水的发生情况.结果 两组治疗后膀胱安全容量(SBC)分别为(213±24) ml和(190±21)ml、膀胱顺应性(BC)分别为(8.21±0.8)ml／cm H2O和(5.13±0.9) ml/cm H2O均有增加,膀胱漏尿点压(DLPP) (36.5±10.2)cm H2O和(42.9±11.3)cm H2O有所降低;CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管组随访时在SBC、BC和DLPP的改善方面明显高于单纯CIC组,差异有统计学意义.两组菌尿及尿路感染发生率差异无明显统计学意义(P＞0.05);肾积水、膀胱输尿管反流的改善差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管未见增加尿路感染机会,有助于改善神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路损害,对上尿路有保护作用.     

脊髓脊膜膨出患儿尿动力学改变与上尿路损害的关系探讨

目的探讨脊髓脊膜膨出患儿尿动力学改变与上尿路损害的关系。方法对36例脊髓脊膜膨出患儿行泌尿系彩超、静脉肾盂造影及尿动力学检查,根据检查结果分析与上尿路损害密切相关的尿动力学危险因素。结果36例患儿中,泌尿系彩超检查提示15例存在上尿路损害,21例无上尿路损害。尿动力学检查提示上尿路损害组中逼尿肌漏尿点压（47．2±21．9）cm H3O,显著高于未损害组（15．7±9．6）cmH2O;逼尿肌漏尿点压〉40cmH2O的发生率为66．7％（10／15）,显著高于未损害组中发生率0．0％（0／21）;膀胱顺应性（4．5±2．4）mL／cmH2O,显著低于未损害组（12．8±13．2）mL／cmH2O;残余尿量（137．8±99．7）mL,显著高于未损害组（32．3±36．7）mL;残余尿量≥50mL的发生率为93．3％（14／15）,显著高于未损害组中的发生率19．0％（4／21）;排尿期逼尿肌反射低下或无反射的发生率为66．7％（10／15）,显著高于未损害组中的发生率14．1％（3／21）。差异均具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论膀胱漏尿点压升高、膀胱顺应性降低、排尿期逼尿肌反射低下或无收缩以及残余尿量增多与上尿路损害关系密切;逼尿肌漏尿点压〉40cmH2O、残余尿量〉150mL、排尿期反射低下或无反射的发生可有效提示上尿路损害。     

小儿后尿道瓣膜切除后合并排尿异常的尿动力学研究

目的 探讨经尿道镜后尿道瓣膜切除术后伴有排尿异常患儿上尿路、膀胱功能及预后.方法 回顾性分析2002年7月至2012年2月收治的行尿道镜电灼后尿道瓣膜术后获得随访的58例患儿的病例资料,归纳总结其存在的临床症状、影像学异常以及尿动力学检查结果,并将其分为排尿正常组(10例)和排尿异常组(48例),对其年龄分布、上尿路情况、尿动力学参数进行比较分析.结果 术后仍存在的临床症状有:尿失禁18例(31.0％),反复泌尿系感染8例(13.8％),排尿费力、滴尿15例(25.9％),尿频4例(6.9％),尿不尽5例(8.6％),无明显症状10例(17.2％),肾功能衰竭3例(5.2％).影像学检查示:术后仍存在双肾积水者50例91侧(86.2％),存在膀胱输尿管反流23例27侧(39.7％).58例患儿中56例(96.6％)存在不同程度的尿动力学异常.逼尿肌不稳定者占16例(27.6％％);逼尿肌收缩无力者6例(10.3％);残余尿量＞10 ml者25例(43.1％);腹压参与排尿者23例(39.7％).比较排尿正常组与排尿异常组单侧肾输尿管积水比例(11.1％ vs 88.9％)、双侧肾输尿管积水比例(9.8％ vs 90.2％)、单侧膀胱输尿管反流比例(6.7％ vs 93.3％)、双侧膀胱输尿管反流比例(12.5％ vs 87.5％),差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).排尿正常组与排尿异常组逼尿肌漏尿点压力[(29.1±5.5)CmH2O vs (50.4±4.8)CmH2O]、膀胱顺应性[(12.1±3.8)ml/cmH2O vs (4.0±0.1)ml/cmH2O]、残余尿量比较[(21.3±8.1)ml vs (45.7±9.6)ml],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 后尿道瓣膜患儿解除梗阻后多数患儿仍存在不同程度膀胱功能问题,排尿异常组膀胱功能及上尿路情况明显差于排尿正常组.后尿道瓣膜患儿术后应注意排尿情况,定期做尿动力学检查,对症处理,以更好的保护肾功能.     

神经源性膀胱扩大术远期疗效观察

目的 评价保留膀胱黏膜的双层肠管浆肌层膀胱扩大术的远期疗效.方法 病例选择条件:术前有明确支配膀胱的神经性损害,膀胱容量明显小于同龄儿童的正常值,同时伴有Ⅳ度以上膀胱输尿管反流,经过一段时间的口服抗胆碱能药物、清洁间歇导尿等保守治疗后,膀胱内压仍然较高,输尿管反流无明显改善,我们对符合上述条件的75例神经源性膀胱患儿行切除部分逼尿肌保留膀胱黏膜的双层肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术,同时根据患儿的具体情况选择性联合应用膀胱输尿管移植抗反流、膀胱颈紧缩、膀胱颈悬吊等手术方式,术后对患儿进行长期随访,对手术前后临床症状、肾脏功能、尿流动力学(膀胱容量、残余尿、逼尿肌压和顺应性)等方面进行评价.结果 75例手术患儿中68例获得随访,随访时间平均4.3年,术后无一例发生肾脏功能衰竭,45例获得一定的临床治疗改善.23例术后在尿流动力学、临床症状方面无明显改善.结论 术后膀胱容量不能有效扩大是导致术后疗效不理想的重要原因,保留膀胱黏膜的双层肠浆肌层膀胱扩大术是治疗神经源性膀胱的一种方法,但该方法有待改进.     

Treatment with modified intravesical oxybutynin chloride for neurogenic bladder in children

ObjectiveWe have previously reported that intravesical oxybutynin chloride with hydroxypropylcellulose (modified intravesical oxybutynin) is an effective therapeutic agent for patients with detrusor overactivity. In this study, we report on the efficacy, safety and side effects of modified intravesical oxybutynin administration in children with neurogenic bladder.PatientsModified intravesical oxybutynin (1.25 mg/5 mL, twice a day) was administered to four children (three males and one female) with neurogenic bladder (detrusor overactivity and/or low compliance bladder), who were previously unresponsive to or experienced intolerable side effects from oral medications. A cystometrogram was obtained before, 1 week after, and 1 year after the first intravesical instillation of modified oxybutynin. We also carefully observed anticholinergic side effects, occurrence of urinary tract infection and degree of incontinence during this treatment.ResultsAfter 1 week, both cystometric bladder capacity and compliance were improved in all patients, and detrusor overactivity was undetectable in three of four patients. At 1 year, there was further improvement in bladder compliance in three patients, and detrusor overactivity was not observed in two patients. Significant improvement in the degree of incontinence was achieved. No systemic anticholinergic side effects were observed in any of the patients. One patient with vesicoureteral reflux discontinued the therapy after 2 months due to upper urinary tract infections.ConclusionModified intravesical oxybutynin is an effective and relatively safe therapeutic option for children with neurogenic bladders.     

Pseudoreflux and detrusor overactivity due to accidental ureteral catheterization during cytometry in a pediatric patient

We present the case of a 9-year-old girl with a neurogenic bladder who had accidental ureteral cannulation with the vesical catheter during cytometry. This is the first reported pediatric case described of this complication, the four prior cases all being in adults. The signs and symptoms of ureteral catheterization differed significantly in this patient from the adult cases. In our patient, malpositioning of the vesical catheter yielded a misleading pressure profile of primarily rhythmic pressure increases suggestive of severe detrusor overactivity and vesicoureteral reflux on fluoroscopy. The reading, however, actually reflected ureteric filling and peristalsis, and these findings resolved when the catheter was properly repositioned. This case highlights the possibility of inadvertent ureteral catheterization, and that, while rare, this complication should be kept in mind when new or unexpected DO or VUR is observed upon filling cystometry.     

大鼠获得性漏斗胸形成过程中肺功能的观察

目的 观察获得性漏斗胸形成过程中肺功能的变化.方法 4周龄SD大鼠40只按数字随机法分为实验组和对照组各20只.实验组行经胸骨旁切断下位三对肋软骨观察漏斗胸形成,对照组不做任何干预,于术后3d和4周测定动物肺功能指标,包括:吸气阻力(Ri)、呼气阻力(Re)、肺的顺应性(Cl)、每分钟通气量(MVV)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第0.2s用力呼气容积(FEV0.2)、FEV0.2/FVC%、呼出50%FVC量时的流速(FEF50%)及用力最大呼气流速(PEF)等,检测结果在组间进行比较分析.结果 造模术后1周内动物呼吸频率增快,其后漏斗胸逐渐形成并稳定.肺功能检测:术后3d测得Ri在实验组和对照组分别为(1.16±0.21)cmH2O·ml-1·s-1和(0.73±0.26)cmH2O·ml-1·s-1 (P=0.00),Re分别为(0.86±0.30)cmH2O·ml-1·s-1和(0.58±0.16)cmH2O·ml-1·s-1 (P=0.01),Cl分别为(0.05±0.01)cmH2O/ml和(0.09±0.02)cmH2O/ml(P=0.00),FVC分别为(3.69±0.10)ml和(3.89±0.19)ml (P=0.00),FEV0.2分别为(3.28±0.40) ml和(3.58±0.15)ml(P=0.02);术后4周测得Ri在实验组和对照组分别为(0.88±0.17) cmH2O·ml-1·s-1和(0.66±0.10)cmH2O·ml-1·s-1 (P=0.00),FVC分别为(5.76±0.52)ml和(5.47±0.20) ml(P=0.05).Ri在术后3d和4周的检测结果在同龄动物组间比较差异均有显著性,造模术后动物的吸气阻力增加(P<0.05);Re、Cl、FEV0.2和FVC等指标在术后3d的测得值组间差异有显著性,实验组Re增加而另3个指标减小(P<0.05),FVC在术后4周时组间比较P=0.05,而MVV 、FEV0.2/FVC%、PEF25%~75%和PEF等指标不论在术后3d还是4周的检测结果组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 通过胸骨旁切断下位三对肋软骨造成模型漏斗胸的形成过程中,幼鼠吸气和呼气阻力增加,胸壁和肺的顺应性均降低,随着漏斗胸的形成和稳定,肺功能重新建立适应,但胸廓的顺应性仍较正常降低.     

Management of vesicoureteral reflux secondary to neurogenic bladder

The authors encountered 108 cases of vesicoureteral reflex (VUR) in 231 cases of neurogenic bladder complicating spina bifida. Bladder compliance and percent volume (% vol.) were measured pre- and postoperatively and the patients were divided into four groups retrospectively according to the treatment. Ninety-five percent of low-grade VUR (grades I and II) disappeared spontaneously with conservative therapy or after augmentation cystoplasty without antireflux surgery; 92% of high-grade VUR (grade III or more) required ureteral reimplantation with or without bladder augmentation. Reflux did not recur in any case of ureteral reimplantation with bladder augmentation, however, it did recur in 20.4% of the cases of simple ureteral reimplantation without bladder augmentation. Percent volume and bladder compliance in cases of recurrence following simple ureteral reimplantation were significantly lower than in the successful cases. This study suggests that low-grade VUR can resolve spontaneously with conservative therapy or with a suitable maneuver to improve bladder compliance. High-grade reflux in cases of preserved bladder volume (% vol.>75%) and compliance (>7 ml/cmH₂O) can be treated successfully with simple ureteral reimplantation, however, in cases of low volume (% vol.<60%) and low compliance (<4 ml/cmH₂O), reimplantation with bladder augmentation is recommended. Accepted: 6 January 1998     

Botulinum toxin type A for neurogenic detrusor overactivity due to spinal cord lesions in children: A retrospective study of seven cases

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness and safety of intradetrusor injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTA) used to treat neurogenic detrusor overactivity in children.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records of seven children treated at least once (7/7: one injection; 4/7: two and three injections; 2/7: four injections; 1/7: five injections) with intradetrusor BTA injections in 2005–2008, for neurogenic detrusor overactivity with incontinence despite timed bladder catheterizations and anticholinergic agents. Clinical, urodynamic, and imaging study data at baseline were collected. Clinical efficacy criteria were the urinary tract infection (UTI) rate, continence, and need for anticholinergic agents. The following urodynamic data were assessed: maximum catheterized volume without leakage, reflex volume, maximum detrusor pressure, and bladder compliance.ResultsSeven children received 18 injections. Social continence was achieved from the first injection. No further recurrent lower UTIs occurred. Maximum catheterized volume and reflex volume increased, and maximum detrusor pressure decreased. Detrusor compliance became interpretable and increased. Grade II right vesicoureteral reflux, present at baseline in one patient, resolved after BTA therapy. UTIs were the only adverse effects.ConclusionInjection with BTA proved effective and safe in the short term. This may be an alternative to surgery in children with neurogenic detrusor overactivity.     

小儿神经源性膀胱伴膀胱输尿管反流临床特点分析

目的 探讨神经源性膀胱（NB）患儿伴膀胱输尿管反流（VUR）的临床特征,为其临床早期诊断及治疗提供参考依据。方法 收集2014年1月至2019年12月于儿童肾内科收治并诊断为NB伴尿路感染的26例患儿的临床资料,根据有无VUR分为反流组（11例）与无反流组（15例）,分析比较两组的临床特点。结果 相比无反流组,反流组患儿更易出现非大肠杆菌性尿路感染、肾积水（反流等级越高肾积水越严重）、锝[^99mTc]二巯丁二酸肾脏核素扫描异常（P < 0.05）。反流组患儿尿白蛋白/肌酐、尿IgG/肌酐、尿转铁蛋白/肌酐高于无反流组（P < 0.05）。与无反流组比较,反流组患儿残余尿量增多,逼尿肌漏尿点压力升高（P < 0.05）。结论 当NB患儿出现非大肠杆菌性尿路感染、肾积水、锝[^99mTc]二巯丁二酸肾脏核素扫描异常、肾小球性蛋白尿、膀胱残余尿增多及逼尿肌漏尿点压力升高等临床表现时,患儿可能已出现VUR,应及早明确诊断与干预治疗。