大学生自我价值感与应对方式的相关研究

目的探讨大学生的自我价值感与应对方式的特点及关系。方法采用青少年自我价值感量表和应对方式问卷对231名大学生进行调查。结果(1)自我价值感的各个维度与解决问题、求助等应对方式呈显著正相关,与自责、幻想、退避、合理化呈显著负相关。(2)高、低自我价值感组在应对方式的各个因子上差异显著。(3)除社会取向的特殊自我价值感外．自我价值感的其他维度对应对方式有直接的预测作用。结论大学生自我价值感与应对方式各因子存在显著相关。     

大学生一般自我效能感、应对方式及主观幸福感的相关研究

目的探讨大学生一般自我效能感、应对方式及主观幸福感的特点以及相互关系,为高校大学生心理健康教育提供依据.方法采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、简易应对方式量表(SCSS)和Campbell幸福感量表对大学生266名进行测评.结果不同性别和专业大学生的一般自我效能感、消极应对和主观幸福感差异无显著性,文科大学生的积极应对明显高于理科大学生;大学生一般自我效能感与积极应对及主观幸福感存在显著正相关,积极应对与主观幸福感有显著正相关,消极应对与主观幸福感之间存在显著负相关;一般自我效能感、积极应对和消极应对对主观幸福感的解释量分别为13.4%,5.4%和4.0%.结论一般自我效能感与应对方式及主观幸福感存在显著的相关关系.一般自我效能感和应对方式是影响主观幸福感的重要变量.     

大学生自我价值感在父母教养方式与积极品质间的中介作用

探究大学生积极品质与自我价值感、父母教养方式间的关系,为大学生积极品质培养和发展提供依据.方法 采用青少年学生自我价值感量表、父母教养方式问卷和大学生积极品质问卷,对分层抽取的重庆4所高校的1 698名在校大学生进行调查,用SPSS 21.0和AMOS 21.0进行统计分析和中介效应检验.结果 关怀、自主性的父母教养方式与大学生自我价值感所有维度均呈正相关(P值均<0.05);冷漠拒绝的父母教养方式与大学生自我价值感所有维度均呈负相关(P值均<0.05);过度保护的父母教养方式与大学生除社会取向的道德自我价值感、个人取向的生理自我价值感外的各维度均呈负相关(P值均<0.05);大学生积极品质的智能与知识、正直与勇气、人性与爱、正义与合作、自我管理与谦逊、灵性与超越6个维度均与大学生自我价值感各维度呈正相关(P值均<0.01).大学生自我价值感在父母教养方式与积极品质间的中介效应有统计学意义(a=0.504,b=0.426,a×b=0.215,c=0.508,P值均<0.01),中介效应量占总效应的42.3%.结论 大学生自我价值感在父母教养方式与积极品质间有中介作用.     

体育与非体育专业大学生身体自我和应对方式对比研究

目的探讨体育与非体育专业大学生身体自我和应对方式的差异及关系,为大学生心理健康干预研究提供依据。方法采用身体自尊量表和应对方式问卷对802名大学生进行调查。结果大学生身体自我的各分量表得分有显著的专业主效应,身体自我价值感存在专业和性别交互作用;运动能力、身体状况、身体吸引力和身体自我价值感有显著的性别主效应。解决问题和求助应对方式存在显著的专业主效应,解决问题有专业和性别的交互作用;求助有显著的性别差异。身体自我与应对方式显著相关。结论体育锻炼经历既对身体自我和应对方式有积极影响,又影响身体自我与应对方式的关系。     

大学生大五人格自我评价、反思评价与心理健康的关系研究

目的探讨大学生大五人格自我评价、反思评价与心理健康的关系,为解决大学生心理健康问题提供新的思路与方法。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和大五人格问卷(BFI-44)对232名大学生进行问卷调查,并对结果进行统计分析。结果不同性别大学生SCL-90各因子得分比较发现,女大学生在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌意、恐怖、神经病性和其他因子上的得分均高于男大学生,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。自我评价形式与反思评价形式BFI-44大学生各维度得分比较发现,在外向性维度上大学生自我评价形式问卷得分为25.45±3.98,低于反思评价形式问卷的25.98±4.49,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);在神经性及开放性维度上大学生自我评价形式问卷得分分别为23.26±4.32及33.43±4.37,高于反思评价形式问卷的22.44±4.01及32.81±4.81,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。采用Pearson积差相关探讨大学生大五人格各维度与SCL-90各因子的关系,发现大学生在大五人格的外向性维度上的自我评价与SCL-90中的抑郁因子呈显著相关(P0.05);在宜人性维度上的自我评价、反思评价与SCL-90中的抑郁、敌意、偏执因子均呈显著负相关(P0.05);在神经性维度上的自我评价、反思评价与SCL-90中除偏执、强迫、人际敏感、精神病性外的各个因子均呈现显著相关(P0.05);在尽责性维度上的自我评价、反思评价与SCL-90中除敌意、精神病性、其他3个因子外的各个因子均呈显著负相关(P0.05)。结论大学生大五人格反思评价与大学生心理健康存在相关关系。因此,高校在对大学生进行心理健康教育时,有必要重视反思评价的相关内容,并应积极引导大学生重视自我评价及反思评价。     

重庆大学生时间自我与自我价值感的相关分析

目的 探究大学生时间自我比较与自我价值感的关系,为今后的实践提供指导.方法 使用<大学生自我概念自评量表>和<青少年自我价值感量表>对重庆5所大学的495名学生进行调查.结果 时间自我评价与自我价值感各维度均呈显著正相关(P值均＜0.01),个体的自我价值感越高,对现在和将来自己的评价就越高;时间自我比较与自我价值感各维度均呈显著负相关(P值均＜0.05),个体的自我价值感越高,对现在与将来自我评价的差异越小.结论 大学生自我价值感与时间自我密切相关.     

地震灾区大学生心理应激特征与援助策略

目的:探讨来自灾区大学生的心理健康情况,为开展震后心理援助提供科学依据.方法:采用特质应对方式问卷、一般自我效能感问卷和90项症状自评量表,对50名大学生进行测评.结果:①重灾区组的SCL-90各项因子得分高于非灾区和轻灾区组,轻灾区和非灾区间无统计学差异;②SCL-90各因子与消极应对呈高度正相关,与积极应对呈高度负相关;③一般自我效能感与积极应对方式呈正相关,与消极应对方式呈负相关,与SCL90的抑郁和焦虑因子相关显著.结论:来自灾区大学生普遍存在心理应激反应.采取提升自我效能感,促发积极应对方式预防发生心理应激性障碍.     

大学生自尊与孤独的相关研究

目的探讨大学生孤独与自我价值感之间的关系。方法采用自尊量表和状态与特质性孤独量表对330名大学生的自尊和孤独进行了测量,对测量结果进行统计分析。结果大学生自尊与状态性孤独和特质性孤独具有显著的负相关(状态性孤独r=0.416,特质性孤独r=0.423,p<0.01);特殊自我价值感和个人取向一般自我价值感对状态性孤独的回归效应显著(R=0.262);特殊自我价值感和社会取向一般自我价值感对特质性孤独的回归效应显著(R=0.283)。结论自尊量表各因子与状态、特质性孤独之间的关系存在差异。     

苗族、土家族高三学生自我价值感与时间管理倾向的调查研究

目的探讨渝东南少数民族地区高三学生自我价值感、时间管理倾向的特点及其与学业成绩之间的关系。方法采用自我价值感和时间管理倾向量表,对土家族、苗族和汉族293名高三学生进行团体施测。结果时间价值感、时间监控和大学生有显著差异;除社会生理价值感低于常模外,自我价值感其余各维度都显著高于常模;只在总体自我价值感和个人取向一般自我价值感有显著性别差异,其余各维度均无显著差异。两个量表得分的民族差异不显著;自我价值感和时间管理倾向各维度之间显著相关,但只有总体自我价值感和社会取向一般自我价值感与学业成绩显著相关。结论苗族、土家族高三学生自我价值感、时间管理倾向同常模有显著差异,但与学业成绩关系不大。     

苗族、土家族高三学生自我价值感与时间管理倾向的调查研究

目的 探讨渝东南少数民族地区高三学生自我价值感、时间管理倾向的特点及其与学业成绩之间的关系.方法 采用自我价值感和时间管理倾向量表,对土家族、苗族和汉族293名高三学生进行团体施测.结果 时间价值感、时间监控和大学生有显著差异;除社会生理价值感低于常模外,自我价值感其余各维度都显著高于常模;只在总体自我价值感和个人取向一般自我价值感有显著性别差异,其余各维度均无显著差异.两个量表得分的民族差异不显著;自我价值感和时间管理倾向各维度之间显著相关,但只有总体自我价值感和社会取向一般自我价值感与学业成绩显著相关.结论 苗族、土家族高三学生自我价值感、时间管理倾向同常模有显著差异,但与学业成绩关系不大.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.