Drug policy research at the Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research

The Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research (CRF) has since its foundation in 1991 had a strong tradition for research in drug control. However, researchers at CRF have also started to study drug policy not only from a control perspective but also from a perspective of health and welfare issues. From 2005, CRF has developed a particular interest in how welfare policies related to drug issues come into being and how they are implemented in practice in different welfare institutions. These studies, in opposition to more established drug policy studies based primarily on quantitative and statistical data, use a broader variety of empirical data collected using qualitative interviews and ethnographic observations. The article investigates the development of drug policy studies at CRF and discusses the theoretical and analytical implications of this development. The development is related to, first that the organization of the Danish drug field has changed and a variety of new social and health initiatives have emerged, necessitating a thorough investigation; and, second that more anthropologists and sociologists have been employed at CRF, complementing researchers trained primarily in legal studies.     

References used in a Drug Information Centre

The literature sources used in 461 consecutive problem-oriented questions submitted during 1993 to a Drug Information Centre were reviewed retrospectively. Journals were the most frequently used literature source (36% of all quotations). Commonly used medical and clinical pharmacology journals, together with standard textbooks, provided the necessary information to solve more than 50% of drug information requests. Most questions could be answered by including the complementary use of the question/answer database Drugline. Drug information access is important for the improvement of rational use of drugs. According to the present study, this activity is possible with a fairly limited number of sources.     

我院器官移植中心住院患者用药分析

目的：评价我院器官移植中心住院患者用药情况。方法：利用合理用药监测系统（PASS）对我院移植中心住院患者2007年12月7日-2008年1月6日用药情况进行同步监测。结果：共监测移植中心住院患者208例，医嘱数4814条，问题医嘱805条，不合理用药371条，占医嘱总数的7．7067％。结论：PASS系统在馥植中心住院患者医嘱审查中起到重要作用。     

Westmead Centre Drug and Alcohol Unit: The first 12 months

The establishment and development of the Drug & Alcohol Unit at the Westmead Centre is described in this review. A summary of the experiences of the first 12 months is presented.     

Research in substance abuse treatment: Contributions by the Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research

This article describes contributions from the Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research (CRF), Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, within treatment for alcohol and drug problems. This article focuses on three key research areas: evaluation research and development of monitoring systems/registers, development of screening and treatment methods, and treatment system research. Some of the important findings from the studies conducted within these three areas will be presented and the impact that these findings have had on Danish treatment policy will be described.     

Adverse Drug Reactions Causing Hospital Admissions in Childhood: A Prospective,Observational, Single‐Centre Study

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common problems in both paediatric and adult medicine. The aim of this study was to prospectively identify the ADRs causing hospital admission of children and identification of the risk factors and involved drugs. The study was performed at the University Hospital in Olomouc, Czech Republic. All patients aged 19 years or under admitted to hospital were included in the study, and all admissions for ADRs were prospectively screened for a period of 9 months. Suspected ADRs were subsequently evaluated in detail, and causality assessment was undertaken to determine whether each suspected reaction was possible, probable or definite. The assessment of ADR causality was performed using the Naranjo algorithm, the Liverpool ADR Causality Assessment Tool and the Edwards and Aronson causality assessment method. During the study period, 2903 admissions were identified; of these, there were 143 admissions of patients with an oncological disease. Sixty‐four admissions (2.2%) were caused by an ADR. Anticancer chemotherapy accounted for 35% of the cases, followed by antibiotics (18%), immunosuppressants and vaccines (9% each). The use of different scoring systems does not lead to the differences in the numbers of ADR‐diagnosed patient but may result in differences in the determination of the level of certainty. ADRs cause a substantial proportion of children's hospital admissions. The majority of the ADR‐diagnosed patient affected the hematopoietic and gastrointestinal systems; the drugs most frequently involved were cytotoxic agents and antibiotics. The most important risk factors identified were female sex and oncological disease.     

Student Drug Use and the Perceived Peer Drug Environment

The psychopharmacological rationale and clinical effectiveness of the methadone maintenance treatment program was subjected to critical theoretical and methodological analysis. It was concluded (1) that the MMTP constitutes and perpetuates an immature coping mechanism; i.e., “subliminal euphoria”—pervasive pharmacological shielding of addicts from the inevitable discomforts attending adaptation to the real world; (2) that it does not satisfy so-called tissue craving for florid euphoria because most “stabilized” clients actively seek and obtain same from heroin, methadone itself, and/or other potentially euphorogenic drugs; (3) that the source of this craving resides in the addict's personality rather than in his tissues; (4) that official evaluation studies of the MMTP grossly exaggerate its clinical effectiveness; and (5) that the MMTP has inadvertently created incomparably more primary methadone addicts than it has cured heroin addicts.     

实施药品召回制度,保障公众用药安全

药品召回（Drug Recall）是一种国际通行的制度，当某药品经广范应用后发现存在严重缺陷或即使正确使用也可能出现严重安全隐患时，生产企业和经销商有责任对该药品撤回或改正。在召回制度成熟的国家，药品召回的程序、监督和赔偿等均有明确的规定。目前，我国的药品召回工作尚处于起步阶段，具体实施无法律依据，使得具有潜在不安全因素的药品在使用中缺乏监管。     

强化戒毒药品管理 防止药物滥用

探讨自愿戒毒所如何提高医务人员的法制观念，强化依法管理戒毒药品的意识；发挥医院药事管理委员会的作用；建立医、护、药三者间的制约机制；加强药师对临床戒毒的用药咨询；完善戒毒药品的安全管理措施，以强化戒毒药品的使用管理，防止医源性药物滥用。     

"创建药品放心区"保障公众用药安全

为保障公众用药安全,北京市药品监督管理局丰台分局提出"创建药品放心区"。从提出"创建药品放心区"的背景、特点、存在问题和解决办法等方面探讨该项措施。"创建药品放心区"进社区工作成效显著,应加以推广。     

Aspects of the Relationship Between Drug Dose and Drug Effect

It is generally assumed that there exists a well-defined relationship between drug dose and drug effect and that this can be expressed by a dose-response curve. This paper argues that there is no such clear relation and that the dose-response curve provides only limited information about the drug effect. It is demonstrated that tolerance development during the measurement of the dose-response curve may cause major distortion of the curve and it is argued that the curve may only be used to indicate the response to the first administration of a drug, before tolerance has developed. The precise effect of a drug on an individual depends on the dynamic relation between several variables, particularly the level of tolerance, the dose anticipated by the organism and the actual drug dose. Simulations with a previously published mathematical model of drug tolerance demonstrate that the effect of a dose smaller than the dose the organism has developed tolerance to is difficult to predict and may be opposite to the action of the usual dose.     

假劣药定义的探讨

对《药品管理法》规定的假劣药定义的不足之处进行了探讨,提出如何修正假劣药定义的建议。     

假劣药定义的探讨

对〈药品管理法〉规定的假劣药定义的不足之处进行了探讨,并提出如何修正假劣药定义的建议.