红藻氨酸所致癫痫大鼠海马神经元脱抑制特征的研究

实验利用大鼠侧脑室注射红藻氨酸致痫模型,向背海马微电泳GABA及荷苞牡丹硷(Bic)以探索癫痫大鼠海马内神经元脱抑制的特征。所记录的全部22个正常单位放电均对泳入GABA有非常显著的抑制反应,Bic可拮抗GABA的作用。单独电泳Bic可兴奋全部22个单位。而记录的40个痫性单位放电对电泳GABA及Bic的反应与正常单位放电明显不同:(1)16个单位(40％)对GABA和     

电泳纳络酮对痫性海马单位放电的影响

实验共记录海马正常单位放电39个,它们对泳入NLX40～80nA均无明显反应。大鼠腹腔注射KA12mg/kg致痫后,共记录痫性单位放电71个,其中39个(54.9％)对泳入NLX呈抑制反应,另外30个(42.13％)无明显反应,有2个(2.8％)呈兴奋反应。实验结果表明:电泳NLX对正常海马单位放电无明显影响,而对痫性单位放电明显抑制。提示纳络酮(NLX)可能具有选择性保护异常神经元的作用。同时,     

几种神经递质对大鼠丘脑底核神经元自发放电活动的影响

采用微电泳法观察了谷氨酸（Glu）、乙酰胆碱（Ach）、多巴胺（DA）和γ－氨基丁酸（GABA）等药物对大鼠STN神经元自发放电活动的影响。结果表明：Ach、Glu和DA分别使67．05％（59／88），92．94％（79／85），90．02％（80．06）神经元自发放电频率加快，它们的作用依赖于电流强度。GABA抑制所有神经元的自发放电活动，其作用也依赖于电流强度。在微电泳Ach或Glu过程中，给予GABA可拮抗其兴奋作用。双钴碱（Bic）可使78．79％）（52／66）的神经元自发放电频率加快，阿托品（ATR）可使60％（15／25）神经元自发放电减少，给药前后放电频率差异显著（P＜0．05）。而MK－801对STN自发放电影响较小，但能拮抗Glu的兴奋作用。结果表明：GABA、Ach、Glu和DA等递质活动在同一STN神经元有重要会聚作用，GABA和Ach分别对STN神经元有紧张性抑制性及兴奋作用。     

乙酰胆碱和谷氨酸对碘缺乏大鼠海马单位放电活动的影响

目的：探讨地方性克汀病智力低下与神经元电活动及神经递质的关系。方法：采用多管玻璃微电极微电泳技术，观察乙酰胆碱和谷氨酸对碘缺乏子代大鼠海马神经元单位自发放电活动的影响。结果：泳入乙酰胆碱和谷氨酸后，对照组海马神经元单位自发放电频率均显著增多，呈兴奋性反应。而碘缺乏子代大鼠均无明显变化，且抑制性反应也较对照组多。结论：碘缺乏子代大鼠学习记忆力低下与海马结构存在胆碱能和谷氨酸能系统的功能障碍有关     

COX-2抑制剂对幼鼠痫性发作海马神经元突触活动的影响

目的：观察环氧合酶-2（cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）抑制剂硝基苯-甲磺酸（NS-398）对幼鼠痫样放电的作用及其对海马CA1锥体神经元突触电活动的影响,研究NS-398在幼鼠痫性发作中的作用。方法：用生后第14天龄SD大鼠制作海马组织脑切片,记录其CA1区锥体神经元场电位,以群峰电位（PS）个数和波幅作为指标来评价脑片放电的变化。给脑片用不同浓度青霉素,建立离体海马脑片痂样放电模型,在脑片灌流液中用不同浓度NS-398,观察对PS个数和波幅的影响。全细胞记录模式下,观察NS-398对海马CA1锥体神经元递质释放和突触活动的影响。分别记录自发性兴奋性突触后电流（sEPSC）和自发性抑制性突触后电流（sIPSC）,观察NS-398对其波幅和频率的影响。结果：NS-398浓度为10μmol／L时,对青霉素诱发的痼样放电没有多大的抑制效应;当浓度为20gmol／L时,有明显的抑制作用;为30μmol／L时抑制作用很强,明显降低PS的波幅和减少其频率。NS-398能明显抑制致痴大鼠海马锥体神经元sEPSC的频率,但是对其波幅及衰减时间没有明显的影响;同时NS-398能明显增强致痫大鼠海马脑片锥体神经元sIPSC的频率,明显延长sIPSC的衰减时间,对波幅影响不大。结论：COX-2抑制剂NS-398能减少sEPSC的放电和增强sIPSC的抑制功能,导致兴奋性神经递质的释放减少,降低神经元的兴奋性,从而抑制神经元异常放电。     

银杏内酯B对大鼠海马CA1区神经元自发放电的影响(英文)

为了研究银杏内酯B(Ginkgolide B,BN52021)对静息状态下的海马脑片神经元活动的影响。本研究应用细胞外记录单位放电技术观察了银杏内酯B对海马神经元电活动的影响,并分析了相关机制。结果显示:(1)在43个CA1区神经元放电单位给予银杏内酯B(0.1,1,10μmol/L)2min,有42个放电单位(97.67%)放电频率明显降低,且呈剂量依赖性;(2)预先用0.2mmol/L的L-glutamate(L-Glu)灌流海马脑片,10个放电单位放电频率明显增加,表现为癫痫样放电,在此基础上灌流银杏内酯B(1μmol/L)2min,其癫痫样放电全部被抑制;(3)预先用L型钙通道开放剂BayK8644灌流8个海马脑片神经元,8个单位(100%)放电全部增加,在此基础上灌流银杏内酯B(1μmol/L)2min,7个放电单位(87.5%)放电频率明显减低;(4)在8个CA1区神经元,银杏内酯B(1μmol/L)对单位放电的抑制效应可被1mmol/L广泛钾通道阻断剂(tetraethylammonium,TEA)完全阻断。上述结果提示,银杏内酯B可抑制海马CA1区神经元的自发放电,这种作用可能与银杏内酯B抑制L型钙通道有关,而且可能与延迟整流型钾通道(delayed rectifier potassium channel,KDR)有关。银杏内酯B通过降低神经元的活动而发挥对中枢神经元的保护作用。     

脑啡肽、纳络酮对红藻氨酸在海马中兴奋作用的调制

红藻氨酸(KA)可作用于海马内KA受体引起大鼠痫样活动。脑啡肽是脑内重要调质,参予痫样活动发生。本实验拟观察甲啡肽(ME)及纳络酮(NLX)对KA兴奋作用的调制。实验在17只大鼠进行。ME,NLX、KA均经7管微电极电泳给药,共记录背海马单位放电57个,单独泳入KA可使全部单位呈兴奋反应。单独泳入ME未见明显效应。     

平行绑定多电极技术研究大鼠基底核毁损对海马自发放电的影响

目的:研究应用平行绑定多电极细胞外记录技术探讨海人藻酸(KA)注射毁损Meynert基底核(NBM)后海马CA1区自发放电活动的改变。方法:雄性SD大鼠在水合氯醛麻醉和脑立体定位仪引导下,KA注射后破坏双侧NBM,一周后用改装的平行绑定多电极记录大鼠海马CA1区自发放电活动。结果:(1)与传统的细胞外单电极或多电极记录相比,本方法电极制备简单、灵活、造价低廉,细胞损伤小,可同时记录单个核团内多个神经元或相邻脑区多个神经元的活动,便于进一步对神经元环路活动进行分析。结合锋电位分类技术,可对单一通道获得的多个神经元活动进行甑别,大大提高实验精度和效率;(2)比较NBM毁损组和对照组核团放电发现:NBM毁损组大鼠CA1区自发放电频率明显减少,其中单个放电与爆发式(burst)放电类型的平均放电频率同时降低;NBM毁损组自发放电类型发生改变,burst数量增加,但burst内发放频率下降,burst间隔延长。结论:(1)平行绑定多电极技术简便、易行、灵活,结合多通道记录技术可为开展神经元环路活动研究提供有力工具;(2)NBM毁损可致大鼠海马CA1区自发放电频率减少和放电模式改变,提示NBM胆碱能系统参与海马环路的神经活动调控,NBM损伤所致海马自发放电活动的改变可能有助于解释阿尔茨海默病认知功能的下降。     

脑室注射γ—氨基丁酸对大鼠尾核痛反应神经元放电的影响

本文在32只大鼠上,用玻璃微电极引导神经元放电,观察了脑室注射γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)后,尾核痛反应神经元电活动的规律和印防已毒素(picrotoxin,PIX)对GABA的阻断效应。研究所见:当脑内GABA含量增加时,尾核痛兴奋神经元(pain excitation neurons,PEN)电活动受到抑制,表现为痛诱发放电频率下降,潜伏期延长;痛抑制神经元(pain inhibition neurons,PIN)电活动加强,表现为抑制时程缩短,痛诱发放电频率增加。PIX可阻断这种效应。综上表明,GABA通过同时影响尾核PEN和PIN的电活动而产生镇痛效应。     

催产素抑制大鼠海马CA1神经元电活动

应用细胞外记录单位放电技术,观察催产素(oxytocin,OT)对大鼠左背侧海马CA1神经元自发和诱发电活动的作用以及酚妥拉明对OT作用的影响。侧脑室注射1,10和100ng／5μLOT分别使海马CA1内60％(9／15)、73．3％(11／15)和75％(9／12)的神经元自发放电频率降低;不同剂量OT也可抑制神经元对电刺激坐骨神经产生的诱发放电且剂量依赖关系明显。侧脑室预先注射催产素受体拮抗剂[d(CH2)5-OVT](200ng／2．5μL)能阻断OT(10ng,5μL)对CA1神经元自发和诱发放电的抑制作用。酚妥拉明(10ng／2．5μL)可明显减弱OT(10ng,5μL)的作用。结果表明OT对海马CA1神经元自发和诱发电活动的抑制作用是通过OT受体介导的,也与α-肾上腺素能受体有关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.