广东省腹泻病例非伤寒沙门菌耐药谱和PFGE分型研究

目的 了解广东省腹泻病例非伤寒沙门菌的耐药状况,并对多重耐药菌株进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型研究.方法 利用血清学方法对2009-2011年广东省腹泻病例分离的非伤寒沙门菌进行分型,并用CLSI( Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)推荐的纸片法对分离的沙门菌株进行抗生素敏感性检测,采用PFGE进行分型研究.结果 91.76％ (256/279)的鼠伤寒沙门菌对3种及以上抗生素耐药,40株鼠伤寒沙门菌同时对9种及以上抗生素耐药,其中有3株对全部12种抗生素耐药.96.91％ (94/97)的I4,5,12:i:-沙门菌对3种及以上抗生素耐药,9株14,5,12:i:-沙门菌同时对9种及以上抗生素耐药,其中有1株对全部12种抗生素耐药.47％(47/100)的肠炎沙门菌对3种及以上抗生素耐药,其中1株对9种及以土抗生素耐药.环内沙星的耐药率为4.27％( 27/632),其中,17株为鼠伤寒沙门菌,6株为14,5,12:i:-沙门菌.31.96％( 202/632)的沙门菌对环丙沙星显示为中介敏感性.这些多重耐药的菌株和具有相同耐药谱的菌株PFGE指纹图谱不完全一致,PFGE型别存在明显的遗传多样性.结论 广东省非伤寒沙门菌多重耐药现象严重.多重耐药菌株的PFGE型别多样,存在明显的遗传多样性.继续加强耐药监测和控制抗生素的合理使用刻不容缓.     

脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌对青霉素耐药性监测及其机理的初步研究

对１９６６年～１９９３年２１个省分离的２１８株Ａ、Ｂ和Ｃ群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌（Ｎｍ）检查对青霉素的耐药情况及其机理，耐药菌株和敏感菌株的ｐｅｎＡ基因扩增后经ＨｐａⅡ消化并比较了它们的酶切图谱。１０８株Ａ群Ｎｍ中有２株耐药，它们是１９８７年和１９８８年分离的；１０１株Ｂ群Ｎｍ中有６株耐药，１９８３年以前仅１株，其余５株是以后的，耐药菌株从３．８％上升到６．７％；９株Ｃ群Ｎｍ中分离出１株耐药菌株，为７０年代分离的。上述耐药菌株中，１株Ａ群和５株Ｂ群为病人菌株，其余皆为携带者菌株。耐药的Ａ群和Ｃ群Ｎｍ与其敏感菌株ｐｅｎＡ基因的ＨｐａⅡ酶切图谱相同，但耐药的Ｂ群Ｎｍ的ｐｅｎＡ基因酶切图谱显出５种谱型，它们与敏感菌株的图谱明显不同。实验结果初步表明我国所分离的少数Ｎｍ对青霉素耐药，Ｂ群Ｎｍ较Ａ群耐药明显些，前者对青霉素耐药可能是ｐｅｎＡ基因的改变所致，关于Ａ群和Ｃ群Ｎｍ对青霉素的耐药机理尚需进一步探讨。     

脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌对青霉素耐药性监测及其机理的初步…

对１９６６年～１９９３年２１个省分离的２１８株Ａ、Ｂ和Ｃ群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌（Ｎｍ）检查对青霉素的耐药情况及其机理，耐药菌株和敏感菌株的ｐｅｎＡ基因扩增后经ＨｐａＩＩ消化并比较了它们的酶切图谱。１０８株Ａ群Ｎｍ中有２株耐药，它们是１９８７年和１９８８年分离的；１０１株Ｂ群Ｎｍ中有６株耐药，１９８３年以前仅１株，其余５株是以后的，耐药菌株从３．８％上升的６．７％；９株群Ｎｍ中分离出１株耐药菌株，为７０年     

广州市市售食品沙门菌污染状况及耐药性分析

目的按国家食源性致病菌监测项目要求,对广州市市售食品的沙门菌污染状况以及对抗生素的药物敏感性进行调查。方法采集广州肉菜市场、大型超市、饭店提供的肉、水产品、凉拌菜及沙拉冷饮食品,按国标方法进行沙门菌检测,并用纸片法进行抗生素敏感性测定。结果 413份食品中有41份检出沙门菌,检出率为9.9%,其中生肉类食品的污染状况最为严重,检出率达18.8%,其次是生吃水产品为14.0%,熟肉和凉拌菜较低分别为4.5%和3.9%。在检出的17种血清型中德尔卑沙门菌比例最高为29.3%。对16株抗生素的药敏试验结果显示,对四环素耐药率最高,达61.0%;并且发现有6株多重耐药菌株以及对头孢类耐药的菌株。结论广州市市售食品中存在沙门菌污染,并存在有多重耐药和对头孢类抗生素耐药的现象。     

重症监护病房多重耐药菌感染分析及控制措施

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)多重耐药菌感染分布特点,为临床治疗和ICU预防控制多重耐药菌感染提供科学的依据.方法 使用商品诊断试剂做细菌鉴定及药物敏感试验,药物敏感试验为微量肉汤稀释法;耐药性数据用LIS系统统计.结果 共分离216株多重耐药菌中,178株分离自痰标本,占82.73％,其次是尿标本占15.27％,其中G-杆菌190株,占87.96％,G+杆菌仅26株,占12.04％.排在前三位的分别为大肠埃希菌(36.11％)、肺炎克雷伯菌(21.76％)、铜绿假单胞菌(18.06％).结论 分离的多重耐药菌主要来自痰标本,以革兰阴性杆菌分离率高,临床应合理使用抗生素,加强院内感染预防及控制措施,降低多重耐药菌院内感染发生率.     

沙门氏菌单克隆抗体的制备和在快速检出中的应用——Ⅰ.杂交瘤细胞系的建立及单克隆抗体的鉴定

通过细胞融合技术筛选出了八株分泌抗沙门氏菌属的单克隆抗体细胞系,其中的3A_3—1细胞系所分泌的抗体能与所试验的79个血清型181株沙门氏菌中的175株起反应,复盖率达96.7％,其中A～F群的各型沙门氏菌共110株,检出108株,复盖率达98.2％,而与其它肠道菌呈阴性或仅有个别微弱交叉反应,从而为沙门氏菌的检验提供了一种优良的广谱特异试剂。     

食源性沙门氏菌血清分型及分子分型分析

目的:对贵阳市2015年至2020年33株食源性沙门氏菌进行血清分型和PFGE分子分型,评价不同血清型沙门菌的亲缘性,为贵阳市沙门菌感染的防控提供参考数据.方法:对目标沙门氏菌进行血清凝集确定其血清型,并使用脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)进行分子分型.结果:血清分型共分出5种血清型,其中优势血清型为鼠伤寒沙门(46％)与德尔卑沙门(21％).分子分型33株菌株中4株分型失败,剩余29株共获得24种带型,相似性达100％ 的有4组(有一组为不同年份肠炎沙门),鼠伤寒优势带型为P15(25％),德尔卑沙门氏菌优势带型为P20(33.3％).结论:本实验沙门菌PFGE分型总体呈多态性,不同年份肠炎沙门分型一致提示存在污染源清除不彻底问题.     

沙门氏菌属特异性单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

本文报道提取鼠伤寒和乙型副伤寒沙门氏菌鞭毛聚合蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾脏和Sp 2/0骨髓瘤细胞融合,从中筛选出八株分泌抗沙门氏菌属单克隆抗体杂交瘤。其中的3A_3-1杂交瘤细胞株分泌的抗体同国内79个血清型共18l株常见沙门氏菌株进行酶联反应,检出175株,复盖率达96.7％。其中A～F群共110株沙门氏菌,检出108株,复盖率达98.2％。     

医院感染革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性监测

目的：监测我院病房分离的100株革兰阴性杆菌对12种抗生素的耐药率,以指导临床用药。方法：采用Etest药敏试验测定我院分离的100株革兰阴性杆菌对12种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：这12种抗生素中总耐药率最低的是亚胺培南（7％）,头孢吡肟（13％）,舒普深（14％）．阿米卡星（14％）;49株大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌中,超广普β-内酰胺酶的发生率为43％;大肠杆菌对环丙沙星的耐药率高达76．5％;大肠埃希菌,肠杆菌属,不动杆菌,克雷伯菌属对亚胺培南的耐药率小于等于5．0％。结论：亚胺培南,头孢吡肟,舒普深,阿米卡星对革兰阴性杆菌的耐药率最低。     

288例慢性前列腺炎患者病原学检查与药敏分析

目的了解引起慢性前列腺炎的常见致病菌的分布及其耐药性状况，为系统、规范地综合治疗慢性前列腺炎提供可靠依据。方法对288例慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液进行细菌培养，分离致病细菌，并用12种抗生素进行药敏分析。结果共分离出149株细菌，其中革兰阳性球菌105株，占总分离株的70．40％，是最主要的致病菌；革兰阴性杆菌38株，占总分离株的20．50％，各病原菌对临床常用抗生素呈不同程度耐药。结论对慢性前列腺炎的治疗关键是在正确的病原学诊断和药物敏感试验指导下合理使用抗生素。     

Antibiotic resistance in Enterotoxigenic and non-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Antibiotic disk susceptibility tests were done on 220 strains of Escherichia coli belonging to serotypes reported in the literature to be associated with the production of enterotoxin. A total of 128 (58%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics, sulfa drugs, or chemotherapeutic agents. An analysis of these strains revealed primary, secondary, and tertiary drug resistance patterns that indicated a selective pattern in the formation of multiple drug resistance in E. coli. Resistances to certain antibiotics were more likely to occur in pairs and triads (secondary resistance patterns) that were often combined or coexisted in a single strain of E. coli to produce tertiary drug resistance patterns, conferring drug resistance to five or six different antibiotics. Among enterotoxin-associated serotypes, single and multiple drug resistance was less frequently associated with enterotoxin-produced strains than with strains from the same serotype that were not enterotoxigenic. Within the enterotoxigenic E. coli, single and multiple resistance to antibiotics was more frequent in strains producing only heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) than in strains producing only heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or both. The number of resistances to different antibiotics per resistant strain averaged approximately 1.4 for LT plus ST or LT strains, and 3.9 for ST strains and nonenterotoxigenic strains. Phenotypic characterization of 170 strains for four usually plasmid-mediated characteristics showed that the number of antibiotics to which a strain was directly resistant varied with the type and number of plasmid-mediated characteristics present.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Shiga toxin (verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and non-O157 strains isolated from humans, cattle, sheep and food in Spain

A total of 722 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates recovered from humans, cattle, ovines and food during the period from 1992 to 1999 in Spain were examined to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles and their association with serotypes, phage types and virulence genes. Fifty-eight (41%) out of 141 STEC O157:H7 strains and 240 (41%) out of 581 non-O157 STEC strains showed resistance to at least one of the 26 antimicrobial agents tested. STEC O157:H7 showed a higher percentage of resistant strains recovered from bovine (53%) and beef meat (57%) than from human (23%) and ovine (20%) sources, whereas the highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in non-O157 STEC was found among isolates recovered from beef meat (55%) and human patients (47%). Sulfisoxazole (36%) had the most common antimicrobial resistance, followed by tetracycline (32%), streptomycin (29%), ampicillin (10%), trimethoprim (8%), cotrimoxazole (8%), chloramphenicol (7%), kanamycin (7%), piperacillin (6%), and neomycin (5%). The multiple resistance pattern most often observed was that of streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Ten (7%) STEC O157:H7 and 71 (12%) non-O157 strains were resistant to five or more antimicrobial agents. Most strains showing resistance to five or more antimicrobial agents belonged to serotypes O4:H4 (4 strains), O8:H21 (3 strains), O20:H19 (6 strains), O26:H11 (8 strains eae-beta1), O111:H- (3 strains eae-gamma2), O118:H- (2 strains eae-beta1), O118:H16 (5 strains eae-beta1), O128:H- (2 strains), O145:H8 or O145:H- (2 strains eae-gamma1), O157:H7 (10 strains eae-gamma1), O171:H25 (3 strains), O177:H11 (5 strains eae-beta1), ONT:H- (3 strains/1 eae-beta1) and ONT:H21 (2 strains). Interestingly, most of these serotypes, i.e., those indicated in bold) were found among human STEC strains isolated from patients with hemolytic uremic-syndrome (HUS) reported in previous studies. We also detected, among non-O157 strains, an association between a higher level of multiple resistance to antibiotics and the presence of the virulence genes eae and stx(1). Moreover, STEC O157:H7, showed an association between certain phage types, PT21/28 (90%), PT23 (75%), PT34 (75%), and PT2 (54%), with a higher number of resistant strains. We conclude that the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance detected in our study is a source of concern, and cautious use of antibiotics in animals is highly recommended.     

The isolation of antibiotic-resistant salmonella from retail ground meats

BACKGROUND: Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant salmonella is associated with the use of antibiotics in animals raised for food; resistant bacteria can be transmitted to humans through foods, particularly those of animal origin. We identified and characterized strains of salmonella isolated from ground meats purchased in the Washington, D.C., area. METHODS: Salmonella was isolated from samples of ground chicken, beef, turkey, and pork purchased at three supermarkets. The isolates were characterized by serotyping, antimicrobial-susceptibility testing, phage typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing were used to identify resistance integrons and extended spectrum beta-lactamase genes. RESULTS: Of 200 meat samples, 41 (20 percent) contained salmonella, with a total of 13 serotypes. Eighty-four percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 53 percent were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Sixteen percent of the isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, the drug of choice for treating salmonellosis in children. Bacteriophage typing identified four isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104), one of DT104b, and two of DT208. Five isolates of S. enterica serotype agona had resistance to 9 antibiotics, and the two isolates of serotype typhimurium DT208 were resistant to 12 antibiotics. Electrophoretic patterns of DNA that were indistinguishable from one another were repeatedly found in isolates from different meat samples and different stores. Eighteen isolates, representing four serotypes, had integrons with genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and beta-lactams. CONCLUSIONS: Resistant strains of salmonella are common in retail ground meats. These findings provide support for the adoption of guidelines for the prudent use of antibiotics in food animals and for a reduction in the number of pathogens present on farms and in slaughterhouses. National surveillance for antimicrobial-resistant salmonella should be extended to include retail meats.     

Resistance to antibiotics of Salmonellae other than typhi and paratyphi isolated in Algeria from 1979 to 1985

Monitoring of the antibiotic resistance patterns of non typhoid Salmonella is needed. In this paper, we report the results of our study of strains isolated in Algeria from 1979 through 1985. Studied strains were isolated in our laboratory from stool or blood samples or sent to us for confirmation of the diagnosis. We used agar diffusion with IPA 20 medium (Mueller-Hinton medium with tryptophan). Of 3,072 strains tested, 2,467 (80.3%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics. For the most frequent serotypes, the resistance was about 99% whereas, for less frequent ones, it was about 51%. The most part of strains were found to be resistant to more than two antibiotics. The strains showed high rate of resistance to (in decreasing order): ampicillin, sulfamides, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and tetracycline.     

Activities in the Senegalese National Center of Enterobacteria in 1980, 1981 and 1982

1,589 strains of Salmonella and 192 strains of Shigella have been studied in the Senegalese National Center of Enterobacteria during 1980, 1981 and 1982. By the side of typhoid fever which remains the most frequent salmonellosis in Senegal (51.4% of human isolates), hospital-acquired salmonellosis have to be separately dealt with ( S. ordonez in 1980, S. chester in 1981, S. ibadan in 1982), characterized by high infantile mortality and constant multiple resistance to antibiotics. A country investigation showed the carriage of numerous and different serotypes in men and animals. Shigella strains isolated in Senegal keep yearly a similar antigenic distribution. On the other hand, occurrence of resistant strains (to ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole) seems to be increasing.     

Antimicrobial resistance and serotype prevalence of Salmonella isolated from dairy cattle in the southwestern United States

Mature dairy cattle were sampled over a 2-year period (2001-2002) on six farms in New Mexico and Texas. Fecal samples (n = 1560) were collected via rectal palpation and cultured for Salmonella, and one isolate from each positive sample was serotyped. Three isolates of each serotype, with the exception of Salmonella Newport (n = 12), were examined for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobial agents. Twenty-two different serotypes were identified from a total of 393 Salmonella isolates. Montevideo was the predominant serotype (27%) followed by Mbandaka (15%), Senftenberg (11.4%), Newport (6.4%), Anatum (4.8%), and Give (4.8%). Salmonella Typhimurium and Dublin, two frequently reported serotypes, accounted for only 1% of the observed serotypes in this study. Sixty-four percent of the serotypes were susceptible to all 17 antimicrobials, 14% were resistant to a single agent, and 22% were multiresistant (2-11 types of resistance). All isolates tested were susceptible to amikacin, apramycin, imipenem, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The most frequent types of resistance were to sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin (ranging from 8.9 to 22.4%). Serotypes demonstrating multiple resistance included Dublin and Give (resistant to three or more antibiotics), Typhimurium (resistant to five antibiotics), and Newport (four and two isolates resistant to six and nine antibiotics, respectively). Class 1 integrons were present in only two Salmonella Dublin isolates and one Salmonella Newport isolate. The most prevalent resistance patterns observed in this study were toward antimicrobial agents commonly used in cattle, while all Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, antibiotics used in human medicine.     

社区获得性泌尿系统感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析社区获得性泌尿系统感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据, 减少耐药菌株的产生。方法 收集2015年1月~2019年1月绵阳科学城医院门诊疑似泌尿系统感染患者中段尿标本分离培养的病原菌及其体外药敏试验结果,并对结果进行统计分析。结果 共分离187株泌尿系统感染细菌,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肠球菌、葡萄球菌为主,其中革兰阴性杆菌148株,占79.14%,检出产ESBLs大肠埃希菌82株,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌13株;革兰阳性球菌37株,占19.78%。药敏结果分析显示大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类和头霉素类抗菌药物高度敏感,其次为哌拉西林+他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因（平均耐药率＜10.00%）;粪肠球菌、葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因完全敏感。结论 社区泌尿系统感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,大肠埃希菌产酶率高,耐药现象较严重;临床应根据当地病原菌构成特点及药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物,避免经验性用药,控制耐药性菌株的播散,提高治疗效果。     

Multiple drug resistance in salmonellae in England and Wales: a comparison between 1981 and 1988.

Each year from 1981 through to 1988 the most common serotypes isolated from man in England and Wales and identified at the Division of Enteric Pathogens were S typhimurium, S enteritidis, and S virchow. In 1981 these three serotypes accounted for 45%, 12%, and 7% of isolations. The remaining 35% comprised strains belonging to a further 188 different serotypes, none of which accounted for more than 1% of the total. In 1988 S typhimurium accounted for 24% of isolations, S enteritidis 57%, and S virchow 4%. The remaining 15% comprised strains of a further 184 serotypes. The resistances to the common antimicrobial drugs in non-typhoidal salmonellas isolated in England and Wales in 1981 and 1988 were reported with particular reference to resistance to four or more antimicrobial drugs (multiple resistance). For S typhimurium the overall percentage of resistant strains varied little, but multiple resistance more than doubled from 5% to 12%; in S enteritidis the incidence remained the same. In S virchow the percentages of strains resistant to all the antimicrobial drugs and in particular, to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, trimethoprim and furazolidone, rose from 0.2% to 10.4%. Salmonella enteritis in man is usually a self limiting disease and antimicrobial treatment is seldom required; but should spread beyond the intestine occur, effective antimicrobial treatment is essential. Under these circumstances a knowledge of the likelihood of resistances to commonly available drugs could be of considerable value to the clinician.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes isolated from slaughter-age pigs and environmental samples

The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella strains isolated from slaughter-age pigs and environmental samples collected at modern swine raising facilities in Brazil. Seventeen isolates of six serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were isolated out of 1,026 collected samples: Salmonella Typhimurium (1), Salmonella Agona (5), Salmonella Sandiego (5), Salmonella Rissen (1), Salmonella Senftenberg (4), and Salmonella Javiana (1). Resistance patterns were determined to extended-spectrum penicillin (ampicillin), broad-spectrum cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone), aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin), narrow-spectrum quinolone (nalidixic acid), broad-spectrum quinolone (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin), tetracycline, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol. Antimicrobial resistance patterns varied among serotypes, but isolates from a single serotype consistently showed the same resistance profile. All isolates were resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and nalidixic acid. One isolate, Salmonella Rissen, was also resistant to cefotaxime and tobramycin. All serotypes were susceptible to ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. The high resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin may be linked to their common use as therapeutic drugs on the tested farms. No relation was seen between nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolone resistance.