十三种国产牙膏抑菌试验结果比较

菌斑是龋病和牙周病的主要致病因素。机械性的菌斑去除是最早的菌斑控制方法。此方法基于非特异性菌斑假说(Nonspecific Plaque Hypothesis),即假定龋齿和牙周病是由于全部口腔细菌及其产物所致。此法的成功率涉及到各种措施如牙刷、牙线、牙签     

固定矫治对龋活性的影响及预防

目的 :研究固定矫治对正畸儿童龋活性的影响及预防。方法 :固定正畸患者 4 0人 ,随机分为两组 ,每组 2 0人。第一组为对照组 ,在矫治过程中未进行特殊口腔卫生措施 ,第二组为实验组 ,在矫治过程中进行口腔卫生宣教、龈上洁治 ,使用奥丽汀健齿露等口腔卫生措施。在矫治前及戴用固定矫治器后每二个月检测唾液中及菌斑中变形链球菌占总厌氧菌的百分率 ,检测共 3次 ,对检测结果进行统计分析。结果 :戴用矫治器后对照组唾液与菌斑中变形链球菌占总厌氧菌百分率均有明显升高 ,在实验组菌斑中此百分率有显著的升高 ,唾液中第一次检测没有显著的变化 ,第二次有显著的升高。实验组与对照组比戴用前没有显著的差别 ,戴用后每次检测均有显著差异。结论 :戴用固定矫治器后会造成菌斑中变形链球菌的数量升高 ,龋活性上升。但如在矫治过程中 ,注意进行口腔卫生保健 ,则能降低龋活性 ,取得较好的预防作用     

影响儿童牙齿酸蚀症的唾液因素

本研究的目的是测量酸蚀症儿童的唾液流率、缓冲力和变形链球菌的数目,并与同年龄、性别的无龋和龋活跃个体比较,以确定酸蚀症的重要危险因素。 材料和方法 实验组选择3～16岁常规检查出酸蚀症的103个儿童,对照组为年龄、性别匹配的儿童组成的无龋组和龋活跃组。所有试验对象唾液收集均在早晨及相对安静的环境中进行,采集前2h禁食禁饮,测定唾液变链菌数、菌斑pH值、唾液流率和唾液pH值、缓冲力。变链菌用压舌板法采集后接种于培养皿,以Joyce Loebel Magiscan分析系统计数。非刺激性唾液收集时,儿童取坐位,低头流入     

变形链球菌特异性单克隆抗体的临床初步应用

目的:分析2～4 岁儿童唾液变形链球菌水平和患龋状况的关系. 方法:选取84 名平均年龄3.8 岁的儿童进行口腔检查;采用变形链球菌特异性单克隆抗体技术检测受试儿童唾液中的变形链球菌水平,分析变形链球菌水平和患龋情况的关系;比较25 名儿童接受干预治疗前后单克隆抗体技术检测的唾液变形链球菌水平的变化. 结果:84 名受试儿童变形链球菌检出率为100%,平均密度为1.0×106/ml.25 名儿童治疗后变形链球菌水平为2×105/ml, 低于治疗前,有统计学差异(P<0.05). 结论:变形链球菌特异性单克隆抗体技术可有效观察唾液中变形链球菌水平和龋齿的变化关系,以及追踪高水平变形链球菌儿童的龋齿发展情况.     

儿童使用声波震动牙刷清除牙菌斑的效果观察

目的:观察儿童使用声波震动牙刷清洁牙及控制菌斑的效果。方法:选择年龄6～7岁的儿童50例,实验组使用声波震动牙刷,对照组使用儿童保健牙刷。采用菌斑染色法记录刷牙前后的菌斑牙面数及菌斑指数(PLI),采用SPSS10.0统计软件包对相关组间数据进行t检验与χ2检验。结果:实验组菌斑清除率为70.22%,对照组为39.08%,声波震动牙刷去除舌面、近中颊面菌斑的能力是手动刷牙的2倍。刷牙前后菌斑指数和菌斑清除率在2组间有高度显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论:声波震动牙刷能有效帮助儿童清除牙面菌斑,是儿童口腔护理的有效工具。     

奥丽汀健齿露防龋的临床实验研究

目的 :研究奥丽汀健齿露对菌斑中变形链球菌的作用。方法 :自愿受试者 41名 ,随机分为对照组和实验组。分别给予奥丽汀健齿露和非特异性IgY喷雾剂 ,每日 2次 ,共 4周。实验前、实验后 1周、实验后 4周分别取口腔菌斑培养 ,计算变形链球菌菌落数及变形链球菌占总厌氧菌的百分率。结果 :使用奥丽汀健齿露 1周后变形链球菌计数和变形链球菌占总厌氧菌的百分率均下降 ,用 4周后变形链球菌占总厌氧菌的百分率也明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :奥丽汀健齿露对菌斑中变形链球菌有明显的抑制作用 ,具有防龋作用     

氟化泡沫和洗必泰漱口液对12岁儿童牙菌斑变形链球菌的影响

目的 观察和探讨氟化泡沫和洗必泰漱口液对于儿童牙面菌斑内的变形链球菌的影响.方法 选择80名12岁儿童分为A、B两组,每组根据DMFT的不同分为无龋组和有龋组.A组使用1.23%氟化泡沫,分别测干预前、1h、24h和1周的菌斑内变形链球菌数;而B组则使用0.2%的洗必泰漱口,测干预前和1周的菌斑内变形链球菌数.采集右上颌第一磨牙颊面的菌斑接种于MSA培养基进行细茵培养.结果 牙面菌斑内的变形链球菌数在使用氟化泡沫后1h、24h和1周均明显低于干预前水平(P<0.05);使用洗必泰漱口液漱口1周变形链球菌数也明显低于干预前水平.1周在B组的无龋组和有龋组中检出的变形链球茵数下降了57.94%和52.91%,A组中则下降了31.86%和33.77%,B组下降比例明显大于A组.结论 氟化泡沫和洗必泰漱口液都可以明显抑制儿童牙菌斑中的变形链球菌数,可作为儿童龋病预防的方法.     

菌斑pH转化试验与菌斑中变形链球菌感染水平的相关性研究

目的　探讨菌斑 pH转化试验 (Cariostat)与菌斑中变形链球菌感染水平之间的相关性。 方法　对 6 0名儿童 (乳牙列组儿童 35名 ,混合牙列组儿童 2 5名 )分别取左、右上后牙颊面牙菌斑 ,用右侧上后牙菌斑做Cariostat试验给出龋活性得分。同时将左侧上后牙颊面菌斑涂于TYCSB培养基 ,厌氧培养 48小时后计数菌落数。采用Spearman相关分析进行统计。 结果　乳牙列组儿童和混合牙列组儿童菌斑pH转化试验与菌斑中变形链球菌感染水平相关系数分别为r =0 .412 (P <0 .0 5 )和r =0 .6 5 1(P <0 .0 1)。结论　菌斑pH转化试验与菌斑中变形链球菌感染水平呈正相关。     

控制菌斑对防治龈炎的疗效观察

作者对临床 10 0例龈炎患者 ,在施行洁治术手 ,将其分为菌斑控制训练实验组及对照组 ,分别观察治疗前、后临床各项指数及微生物组成变化。结果表明 :两组术后一周较术前临床各项指数均明显下降 ,随着时间推移 ,临床各项指数逐渐回升。但经过菌斑控制 ,训练组病人的各项指数回升不及对照组明显 ,且两组间有着明显差异。同时微生物组成亦相应变化。结果提示 :有效的机械性控制菌斑、细菌是防治龈炎、牙周炎的主要措施     

含抗变形链球菌IgY抗体的溶液对菌斑的作用

目的　观察含 0 1%抗变形链球菌IgY抗体的溶液对变形链球菌及菌斑量的作用效果。方法　采用双盲法 ,试验组 4 4名小学三年级学生使用含IgY抗体的溶液 2 1d ,对照组 4 1人使用安慰剂。试验前后对所有学生的菌斑指数、菌斑量、唾液和菌斑中的变形链球菌进行了检测。结果　试验组学生试验前的菌斑重量是 (46 4± 31 2 )mg ,试验后的菌斑重量是 (36 6± 2 5 6 )mg ,试验前后的差异有极显著性 (P =0 0 0 7) ,与试验前相比菌斑量减少了 2 1 1%。对照组学生的菌斑重量在试验前后分别是 (45 0± 2 3 8)mg和 (41 2± 2 5 9)mg ,二者差异无显著性 (P =0 2 86 )。唾液和菌斑中的变形链球菌量没有显著变化。结论　含 0 1%抗变形链球菌IgY抗体的溶液有减少菌斑形成的作用。     

A comparison of proximal plaque removal using floss and interdental brushes

The removal of interproximal plaque was compared using a standard toothbrush alone, a toothbrush with unwaxed dental floss and a toothbrush with an interdental brush. 30 previously treated periodontal patients were given the cleaning aids in a three-way crossover study design. After each 1 month trial period, scores for gingivitis, buccal/lingual plaque and proximal plaque were recorded. Mean GI scores for subjects were 0.37 using the toothbrush only, 0.36 using the toothbrush with floss and 0.32 using the toothbrush with the interdental brush. Mean buccal/lingual plaque scores were 0.64 using the toothbrush only, 0.62 using the toothbrush with floss and 0.51 using the toothbrush with the interdental brush. Mean plaque scores were 2.32 with the toothbrush only, 1.71 using the toothbrush with floss and 1.22 using the toothbrush with the interdental brush. Statistically significant differences were seen in proximal plaque scores between the 3 treatment groups. The results indicate that the interdental brush used in combination with a toothbrush is more effective in the removal of plaque from proximal tooth surfaces than a toothbrush used alone or in combination with dental floss.     

Plaque-removal efficacy of four types of dental floss

BACKGROUND: Effective plaque removal is essential for gingival health, and dental floss is used to augment plaque removal achieved with a toothbrush. METHODS: This randomized, controlled, examiner-masked, five-period crossover study examined plaque removal in 25 subjects following single use with an American Dental Association reference manual toothbrush alone and in combination with four floss products: three traditional (unwaxed, woven, and shred-resistant) and one powered flosser. Plaque was scored before and after brushing for 1 minute. The Rustogi modified Navy plaque index was used to focus scores on tooth areas contacted during the proper use of dental floss. RESULTS: Mean plaque reductions (baseline minus postbrushing) in floss contact areas were as follows: 0.181 with the toothbrush alone; 0.228, 0.217, and 0.210 for the toothbrush in combination with the three traditional flosses, unwaxed, woven, and shred-resistant, respectively; and 0.252 for the toothbrush plus powered flosser. No statistically significant differences were found between the three traditional floss treatments. All four floss treatments showed greater (P <0.05) mean plaque removal than the toothbrush alone. Mean plaque removal with the powered flosser combination was greater than for the woven combination and shred-resistant combination (both P < or =0.006) and fell just short of significance compared to the unwaxed combination (P = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS: All four floss products in combination with a manual toothbrush removed plaque significantly better than the toothbrush alone. Among floss types, there was evidence of superiority for the powered flosser, but there were no significant treatment differences between the three traditional floss products.     

A 30-day clinical comparison of a novel interdental cleaning device and dental floss in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety and efficacy of a novel battery-operated interdental cleaning device (Oral-B Hummingbird) [ID], fitted with either a flossette or pick attachment, versus hand-held dental floss in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis when combined with manual tooth brushing over a 30-day period. METHODOLOGY: This randomized, examiner blind, parallel group study assessed three treatment groups: ID/flossette (ID/F), ID/pick (ID/P), and unwaxed manual dental floss. All groups used the same soft manual toothbrush and toothpaste. The 84 subjects were stratified to treatment groups based on initial whole mouth mean plaque scores, gingivitis scores, and gender. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily and use their assigned interdental method once daily in the evening before brushing. Gingivitis, gingival bleeding, and plaque were evaluated at baseline and Day 30. RESULTS: A total of 78 subjects completed all aspects of the study and were included in the analyses. There was no significant difference between treatment groups in baseline plaque, gingivitis, and bleeding scores. After 30 days, statistically significant reductions from baseline gingivitis and bleeding scores were found for all groups (p < 0.0001), but there were no significant statistical differences among groups. Whole mouth and approximal plaque scores were significantly reduced from baseline in the manual floss and ID/F groups after 30 days of product use, with no significant difference between groups. Plaque reduction for both the manual floss and ID/F groups was significantly greater than the ID/P group. All interdental cleaning methods were safe as used in the study, with no evidence of oral hard or soft tissue trauma. CONCLUSION: The Oral-B Hummingbird was safe and effective in reducing approximal plaque and gingival inflammation, and provides a useful alternative device for interdental cleaning.     

异型孔牙刷清除菌斑效果的临床试验评价

目的采用临床试验对异型孔牙刷刷牙清除菌斑的效果进行评估。方法通过口腔健康检查筛选合适的志愿者共30名,志愿者在1周和2周后复查,复查前24h内禁用各种口腔清洁措施。每次复查时,志愿者分别使用异型孔牙刷和普通牙刷刷牙,刷牙时间为60s,分别在刷牙前后用Rustugi等改良的修改Navy菌斑指数的方法进行检测,并记录牙颊舌面菌斑指数。结果使用异型孔牙刷对全口菌斑的清除率比普通牙刷要高11.89%(P<0.05),对龈缘菌斑的清除率比普通牙刷要高9.66%(P>0.05),对邻间隙菌斑的清除率比普通牙刷要高11.95%(P>0.05),对光滑面菌斑的清除率比普通牙刷要高23.11%(P>0.05)。结论异型孔牙刷比普通牙刷对全口牙菌斑的清除效果更好。     

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in dental plaque samples and its association with early childhood caries

Background.  Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are closely associated with the development of early childhood caries (ECC). Recently, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) has been used for rapid and accurate quantification of these bacterial species.
Aim.  This study aims to detect quantitatively the levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in plaque samples by qRT-PCR, and to assess their association with the prevalence of ECC in Korean preschool children.
Design.  One hundred and five children (71 months old or younger) were examined and classified into three groups (caries-free, ECC, severe ECC). Dental plaque samples were collected and qRT-PCR was conducted using oligonucleotide primers specific for glucosyltransferase gene ( S. mutans-gtfB , S. sobrinus-gtfU ) and universal primer. Pearson's correlation test was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the dmfs (decayed, missing, or filled surfaces primary teeth) scores and the microbiological findings.
Results.  There was a significant difference between the levels of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in the plaque samples of the three groups ( P  < 0.05). The proportion of S. sobrinus to S. mutans showed strong correlation to the dmfs scores ( r  = 0.748, P  < 0.05).
Conclusions.  The qRT-PCR results of this study showed that children with ECC had higher level of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in their dental plaque samples. The children with higher ratio of S. sobrinus to S. mutans in their dental plaque showed higher incidence of ECC.     

Effect of multiple dental floss-SnF2 treatment on Streptococcus mutans in interproximal plaque.

Samples of dental plaque obtained from the interproximal tooth surfaces of seven young men showed considerable variation in the prevalence and anatomic site distribution of the potentially cariogenic microorganism S mutans. Multiple application of 10% SnF2 topical solution and saline solution delivered to interproximal test sites with dental floss were evaluated as short-term measures for eliminating S mutans from these surfaces. A greater overall reduction in the number of positive S mutans sites was observed for the SNF2-treated sites than the saline solution-treated sites. Long term studies are required to evaluate the effect of the treatments on the incidence of dental caries.     

Plaque removal efficacy of a prototype manual toothbrush versus an ADA reference manual toothbrush with and without dental floss

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the plaque removal efficacy of a prototype manual Deep Clean toothbrush versus an American Dental Association (ADA) manual toothbrush and the ADA manual toothbrush in conjunction with floss. METHODS: This study was a randomized, examiner-blind, six-period cross-over, single-center study conducted in 60 adult subjects that examined plaque removal with a prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush, an ADA reference manual toothbrush, and an ADA reference manual toothbrush followed by floss. During the course of this study, subjects used each treatment two times. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index. A mixed model analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for a crossover design with baseline plaque score as the covariate was applied to the baseline minus one-minute post-brushing differences in average whole-mouth plaque scores. Supplemental analyses were also performed using the ANCOVA model separately for average gingival margin scores and for average interproximal scores, using the appropriate baseline score as the covariate. All comparisons were two-sided at the 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush delivered an adjusted (via ANCOVA) mean difference between baseline and post-brushing plaque scores of 0.245, while the ADA manual toothbrush plus floss delivered an adjusted mean difference of 0.207 versus 0.196 for the ADA manual toothbrush alone. The prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush demonstrated a statistically significantly greater reduction in plaque than the ADA manual toothbrush plus floss (p<0.001), which in turn had a statistically significantly greater reduction in plaque than the ADA manual toothbrush alone (p<0.001). The prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush group had, on average, 25.2% and 18.3% greater plaque removal scores than the ADA manual toothbrush alone and the ADA manual toothbrush plus floss groups, respectively. Results for the interproximal and gingival margin regions also demonstrated statistically significantly (p<0.001) greater plaque removal for the prototype Deep Clean manual toothbrush group relative to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prototype manual Deep Clean toothbrush was found to deliver greater plaque removal by 25.2% and 18.3% compared to the control manual toothbrush group (ADA reference manual toothbrush) and ADA manual toothbrush plus floss group.     

A short-term clinical and microbial evaluation of periodontal therapy associated with amalgam overhang removal

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of periodontal therapy plus amalgam overhang removal (PT+AOR) on periodontal status and the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Streptococcus mutans and compared two microbiological sampling techniques. METHODS: Molar teeth with Class II overhang restorations were selected as the test group, and homologous sound teeth were selected as the control group. Periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and plaque and gingival indices were measured, and restorations were evaluated using radiographs and clinical exploration at baseline (T1) and 90 days after PT+AOR (T2). Microbial samples were taken with dental floss and paper points at T1 and T2. S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans were detected using culture and commercial kits. RESULTS: Mean values of plaque and gingival indices did not show statistically significant differences between test and control teeth between T1 and T2. At T2, the mean CAL decreased among test teeth, and the number of test teeth positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a decrease, whereas positive samples for S. mutans increased. At T1, an association between the two sampling techniques for both bacteria was found. At T2, dental floss presented low sensitivity values for A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas paper points showed low sensitivity for S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS: PT+AOR showed a beneficial effect on clinical parameters and a decrease of A. actinomycetemcomitans. At T1, both sampling techniques showed appropriate results. At T2, the use of paper points was a more sensitive sampling technique for isolate A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas dental floss was found to be an alternative sampling method for isolate S. mutans.     

The effect of oral health education on dental plaque development and the level of caries-related Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of oral hygiene instruction (OHI) on oral hygiene status and on the reduction of inducing bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp.) in 30 subjects (12 males and 18 females) with an age range from 10 to 14 years. The patients were instructed on how to carry out effective oral hygiene close to brackets and ligatures, and in the use of dental floss for cleaning spaces around brackets, between the teeth and under archwires. The plaque index (PI) was used to measure oral hygiene status, and the level of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. was determined using the colour reaction time test before and after 1 month of OHI. Statistical analysis included a Student's t-test and chi-square test. The results showed that OHI significantly improved oral hygiene. The percentage of patients with a PI exceeding 1 decreased from 23.3 to 10 per cent and for those with a PI below 0.1 it increased from 20 to 60 per cent. The level of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp. was not reduced. The percentage of subjects with excessive levels of S. mutans (above 10(6) bacteria in 1 ml of saliva) decreased after OHI but only from 73.3 to 70 per cent. For Lactobacillus spp., a level above 10(5) of bacteria in 1 ml of saliva was found for all subjects at both time points. Patients with fixed appliances, trained in scrupulous tooth cleaning, remain at risk of developing caries and should be carefully monitored.