Partial splenic embolization in children with hypersplenism

Partial splenic embolization (PSE) was successfully accomplished in 10 of 11 children, aged 2-9, who had portal hypertension or variceal bleeding. Nine of the 11 children had undergone portoenterostomy (Kasai operation) for biliary atresia, and two had portal vein thrombosis. After embolization these children had a longer period of fever (mean = 23.7 days) and elevated white blood cell (WBC) count (above 10,000, mean = 13.6 days) than adults who have undergone the same procedure. The leukopenia and thrombocytopenia of hypersplenism were corrected by PSE in seven of eight children, and the condition of the eighth child improved. Among ten patients who had experienced episodes of variceal hemorrhage, the frequency of bleeding episodes was reduced from an average of 2.87 per year before PSE to 0.67 per year after PSE. There were no splenic abscesses and no other significant complications of the treatment. Ultrasound (US) evaluation after embolization demonstrated hypoechogenicity of the infarcted areas and tiny, linear echoes scattered throughout the spleen typical of postinfarction intravascular gas. All nine children who underwent follow-up Tc-99m sulfur colloid scanning showed evidence of splenic regeneration, though none has had recurrence of clinical symptoms. Splenic regeneration following PSE may occur more frequently in children than in adults.     

部分脾栓塞术的临床应用

目的：探讨部分脾栓塞术（PSE）的临床应用。方法：采用PSE治疗肝癌伴脾亢（HCC－HS）86例,其它继发性脾亢（SHS）26例,原发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）5例,其中20例行2次以上PSE。结果：平均栓范围HCC－HS组为36％,SHS组为60％,ITP组为74％,临床有效率分别为84．8％、88．5％、100％。HCC－HS组因单次栓塞范围较小,约20．9％（18／86）病人需行再次栓塞。全部病例均未发生严重并发症。结论PSE是安全有效,可作为外科脾切除的替代疗法,HCC－HS组为了减轻术后并发症PSE可分次进行。     

Splenic embolization prior to myelosuppressive treatment in hepatocarcinoma and active chronic hepatitis.

In the treatment of active chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma some effective drugs can produce myelosuppression. Hypersplenism may considerably limit the dosage of such drugs. Splenectomy is an effective treatment for hypersplenism, although it is not without complications. Partial splenic embolization is a good and safe procedure; 15 patients were treated in order to achieve higher platelet and leukocyte counts. Embolization has been performed with gelfoam with local and systemic antibiotics (Spigos' protocol) and 50-75% of the splenic parenchyma was infarcted. All patients could be treated for the underlying hepatopathy with adequate dosages of interferon or chemotherapeutic drugs.     

三丙烯微球在部分性脾栓塞治疗继发性脾功能亢进中的临床应用

目的 评价三丙烯微球在部分性脾动脉栓塞(PSE)治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进(脾亢)中的临床疗效.方法 30例肝硬化合并脾肿大、脾亢患者行PSE,16例使用明胶海绵,14例使用三丙烯微球.栓塞面积一般在40% ～ 80%.术后随访观察患者外周血白细胞、血小板计数变化及不良反应.结果 6个月后28例患者血白细胞、血小板恢复正常,...     

经皮胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合部分脾栓塞术在门静脉高压症治疗中的应用

目的探讨一种联合介入术式在治疗门脉高压症中的地位与作用。方法对30例高危门脉高压患者随机分组,A组15例行经皮胃冠状静脉栓塞术(PTVE)联合部分脾栓塞术(PSE),B组15例行单纯PSE术,术前、术后分别采用多普勒超声检查门静脉侧支循环情况,对两组进行比较。结果两组脾功能亢进均得到缓解,联合术式患者曲张静脉全部得到栓塞,A组术前、术后门脉内径无明显变化,术后血流速度减慢,血流量降低(P<0.05),奇静脉内径变小(P<0.01),血流量下降(P<0.01),血流速度降低(P<0.01);B组门脉管径变小,流速降低,流量下降(P<0.01),但奇静脉管径无明显改变,流速降低,流量下降。两组奇静脉血流量下降幅度有明显差异(P<0.01),两组随访13～16个月,B组出现食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血2例,继发性门脉血栓形成1例,而A组未再出现食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血,但出现门脉高压性胃肠病(PHG)2例(均有胃镜证实)。结论联合术式能有效治疗门脉高压食管胃底曲张静脉破裂出血和脾功能亢进,该方法操作相对简单,侵袭性小,尤其适用于肝功能差难以耐受外科分流及断流手术的患者,具有临床推广价值。     

部分性脾栓塞术治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进的远期疗效观察

目的　目的评价部分性脾栓塞术 (Partialsplenicembolization ,PSE)治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进的远期疗效。方法　对 1998年 5月以前采用PSE治疗的 6 2例肝硬化脾功能亢进患者进行长期随访 ,随访指标主要为外周血白细胞、血小板和红细胞计数。选取术后 1～ 5年资料完整的 38例进行分析 ,其中栓塞程度≥ 6 0 %者 2 3例 ,5 0 %～ 5 9%者 9例 ,<5 0 %者 6例。结果　白细胞和血小板计数分别于术后第 3天和 2周达到峰值 ,然后二者逐渐下降 ,但对不同的栓塞程度其下降趋势差异具有显著性意义 (P =0 .0 0 1)。栓塞程度≥ 6 0 %者 ,术后白细胞和血小板计数均较术前显著升高并一直维持到术后第 5年 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,且第 5年时白细胞计数仍为正常 ,第 4年时血小板计数仍达正常。栓塞程度5 0 %～ 5 9%者 ,术后白细胞和血小板计数也较术前明显升高并可达到术后第 5年和第 4年 (P <0 .0 5 )水平 ,但它们分别在术后第 2年和第 1年就降至正常范围以下。而对于栓塞程度 <5 0 %者 ,术后 1个月白细胞和血小板计数都降至正常范围以下。红细胞计数在术后一直无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。随着栓塞程度的增加 ,术后反应加重 ,并发症也随之增加。结论　栓塞程度控制在 6 0 %～ 70 %可有效治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进 ,分次栓塞可减轻术后反应     

Partial splenic embolization using polyvinyl alcohol particles for hypersplenism in cirrhosis: a prospective randomized study

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of partial splenic embolization (PSE) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles for hypersplenism in cirrhosis, as compared to PSE using gelfoam particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PSE was performed in 60 consecutive patients with hypersplenism caused by cirrhosis. The patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups: gelfoam group, 32 patients received PSE using gelfoam particles as the embolic material; PVA group, 28 patients received PSE using PVA particles. The follow-up contents included peripheral blood cell counts (leukocyte, platelet and red blood cell) and complications associated with PSE. RESULTS: Prior to PSE, there was no significant difference between the two groups in sex, age, Child-Pugh grade, the extent of embolization and peripheral blood cell counts. After PSE, no matter in which group, leukocyte and platelet counts kept significantly higher than pre-PSE during the 3-year follow-up period (P<.0001), but the post-PSE improvement of leukocyte and platelet counts was significantly better in PVA group than in gelfoam group (P<.05). Red blood cell counts showed no remarkable changes after PSE (P>.05). Severe complications occurred in 8 patients (25.0%) in gelfoam group and 6 patients (21.4%) in PVA group (P>.05), but the degree of abdominal pain was higher in the latter than in the former (P<.05). Among 17 patients who received more than 70% embolization of spleen, 10 (58.8%) developed severe complications, while among 43 patients who received 70% or less embolization of spleen, only four (9.3%) had severe complications. This difference was statistically significant (P<.05). CONCLUSION: PVA particles could be used as the embolic material in PSE; in comparison with PSE using gelfoam particles, PSE using PVA particles can achieve even better efficacy in alleviating hypersplenism, but the extent of embolization should be strictly limited to not more than 70% of splenic volume.     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗脾功能亢进致血小板减少的疗效观察

目的观察部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗脾功能致血小板减少的临床疗效。方法选择2005年8月至2006年9月期间因脾功能亢进而导致血小板减少的60例患者行部分脾动脉栓塞术，观察并统计其血小板数的变化。结果所有患者术后血小板数较术前均显著上升。结论部分脾动脉栓塞术对治疗脾功能亢进致血小板减少有显著的疗效。     

PVA颗粒作为栓塞材料在部分性脾栓塞术中的应用评价

目的　评价PVA颗粒作为栓塞材料在部分性脾栓塞术 (PSE)治疗肝硬化脾功能亢进 (脾亢 )中的疗效及并发症。方法　 5 0例肝硬化脾亢行PSE患者 ,依据PSE术所采用的栓塞材料不同分为2组 :A组 2 6例 ,栓塞材料为明胶海绵颗粒 ;B组 2 4例 ,栓塞材料为 30 0～ 70 0 μm的PVA颗粒。随访观察两组外周血白细胞、血小板和红细胞计数变化及术后反应。选取术后 1年资料完整的 4 1例进行分析 ,其中A组 2 2例 ,B组 19例。结果　两组术后 1年内白细胞和血小板计数均较术前明显升高 (P <0 .0 0 1)。虽然B组术后白细胞和血小板计数较A组升高较多 ,但两组的疗效差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。两组术后红细胞计数一直无明显变化 (P >0 .0 5 )。B组疼痛的程度重、持续时间长 ,而A组发热的发生率高。较严重并发症的发生率两组无明显差异。结论　PVA颗粒可作为PSE术的栓塞材料 ,栓塞程度控制在 5 0 %～ 70 %可有效治疗脾亢、减轻术后反应。     

脾动脉栓塞与脾切除的对比分析

目的探讨脾动脉栓塞和脾切除治疗脾功能亢进的疗效及并发症,为临床治疗脾功能亢进方式提供选择依据。方法回顾分析我院近年部分性脾动脉栓塞46例和脾切除33例,比较两种方法治疗后血象改善及并发症发生情况。结果两种方法均能有效改善肝硬化继发脾肿大脾功能亢进患者血小板和白细胞计数(P<0.001),但两组患者中脾切除组术后血小板计数改善明显优于脾动脉栓塞组,而白细胞计数的改善两组无明显差异。脾动脉栓塞组术后并发症发生率明显高于脾切除组(P<0.001)。结论对于腹水较多、门脉高压明显、脾脏巨大的患者不宜行脾动脉栓塞治疗,行脾切除术较好;对于肝脏功能较差、凝血功能严重障碍、高龄和伴肝癌的脾功能亢进患者宜行脾动脉栓塞治疗。     

部分脾栓塞在继发性脾功能亢进中的应用现状

脾功能亢进(脾亢)发生于各种原因的脾淤血,是一种常见病,随着介入放射学的发展,部分脾栓塞术(PSE)在临床上已经广泛应用,其在继发性脾亢中的应用越来越多.有多种栓塞材料可用于PSE,且各有优缺点.由于脾脏血管的解剖特点,栓塞体积大小直接影响PSE治疗效果.评价PSE的疗效,可以根据外周血象、免疫功能、血流动力学指标和肝功能进行观察.由于种种原因,PSE在临床应用过程中存在一些不足,亟待加以完善.     

KMG及微导管在部分性脾栓塞中的应用价值

目的研究KMG和微导管系统在部分性脾栓塞中的应用价值。方法应用海藻酸钠微球(KMG)和微导管系统对常规导管不能超选择的18例脾功能亢进患者行部分性脾栓塞术。结果18例脾功能亢进病人均收到良好的疗效,未发生严重并发症。结论KMG配合微导管系统操作简单、方便、超选择成功率高、疗效好、副反应少,具有十分重要的临床应用价值。     

部分脾栓塞术治疗脾功能亢进36例临床分析

目的 讨论部分脾栓塞术（partial splenic embolization,PSE）治疗脾功能亢进的栓塞程度与临床疗效及并发症的关系.方法 对36例脾功能亢进患者行PSE治疗,观察术后并发症及术后3天、7天、1个月、3个月外周血白细胞、红细胞、血小板变化与栓塞程度的关系.结果 成功实施手术的36例患者术后均有不同程度的并发症,术后外周血WBC,RBC,PLT均有不同程度的升高,术前与术后1个月数值比较均有统计学意义（WBCt =2.751,P＜0.05,RBCt=1.960,P＜0.05,PLTt =3.435,P＜0.05）.并发症的程度、血细胞的改善程度与栓塞程度呈正相关.结论 PSE是治疗脾功能亢进安全、有效的方法,栓塞程度与临床疗效及并发症均呈正相关.     

部分脾栓塞术临床应用进展

部分脾栓塞术(PSE)作为一种非手术方法可规避脾切除术带来的风险。除治疗脾功能亢进、血小板减少症、脾外伤、脾动脉瘤外,还能缓解肝移植术后脾动脉盗血综合征从而改善受肝血供;减少门脉高压所致食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的风险;改善外周血象以耐受大量化疗药物或干扰素治疗;治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜等血液系统疾病。现就PSE临床应用进展作一综述。     

Partial splenic embolisation using n-butyl cyanoacrylate: intraprocedural evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging

Objectives

To evaluate the use of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for estimating infarcted splenic volume during partial splenic embolisation (PSE) using n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA).

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients (57.2?±?11.7 years) with hypersplenism underwent PSE. Intrasplenic branches were embolised using NBCA via a 2.1-French microcatheter aiming at infarction of 50 to 80 % of total splenic volume. Immediately after PSE, signal intensities (SI) of embolised and non-embolised splenic parenchyma were measured on DWI. Semi-automated volumetry (SAV) on DWI was compared with conventional manual volumetry (MV) on contrast-enhanced CT 1 week after PSE. Platelet counts were recorded before and after PSE.

Results

The SI on DWI in the embolised parenchyma decreased significantly (P?<?0.01) to 24.7?±?8.1 % as compared to non-embolised parenchyma. SAV and MV showed a strong correlation (r?=?0.913 before PSE, r?=?0.935 after PSE, P?<?0.01) and significant (P?<?0.01) reduction of normal splenic volume was demonstrated on both SAV (71.9?±?12.4 %) and MV (73.6?±?9.3 %) after PSE. Based on the initial SAV, three patients (15 %) underwent additional branch embolisation to reach sufficient infarction volume. Platelet counts elevated significantly (522.8?±?209.1 %, P?<?0.01) by 2 weeks after PSE. No serious complication was observed.

Conclusion

Immediate SI changes on DWI after PSE allowed semi-automated splenic volumetry on site.

Key Points

? Partial splenic embolisation (PSE) is an important interventional technique for hypersplenism ? Diffusion-weighted MR reveals an immediate decrease in signal in the embolised parenchyma ? Such signal reduction permits semi-automated splenic volumetry on site. ? This allows precise quantification of the amount of parenchyma infarcted, avoiding additional PSE.     

部分脾栓塞术联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进的研究进展

脾功能亢进是原发性肝癌肝硬化门静脉高压的严重并发症之一,部分脾栓塞术（PSE）在治疗脾功能亢进上具有安全、有效、可重复、微创且能保留脾脏部分免疫功能等优点,已在经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）治疗原发性肝癌伴脾功能亢进中具有举足轻重的作用。本文主要对原发性肝癌发生脾功能亢进的机制、PSE的优势、操作方法及术后常见并发症进行综述。     

Partial splenic artery embolization in portal hypertension patients with hypersplenism: Two interval-spaced sessions’ technique

Purpose

To evaluate the ability of interval spaced sessions of transcatheter partial splenic artery embolization (PSE) to avoid the potential post procedure major complications, in portal hypertension patients with hypersplenism.

Material and methods

The study included 50 patients (39 male and 11 females). All patients had liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension with hypersplenism and hyperactive bone marrow. All patients underwent PSE in two sessions separated at least by 1 month interval. Immediate, short and intermediate term follow-up for 1 year were done.

Results

We had no post procedure mortality. None of the patients developed septic shock, splenic abscess or needed emergency surgery. Ten of our patients developed subcapsular collections which were treated conservatively. All of our patients showed significant increase in the thrombocyte count after the first session which becomes remarkable after the second session and remained at appropriate levels during the follow up period.

Conclusion

PSE using two (interval-spaced) sessions with careful pre- and post procedure medications and care; is really effective non surgical minimally invasive procedure in avoiding the potential post procedure complications while achieving remarkable hematologic response on controlling hypersplenism in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension.     

部分性脾栓塞术不同栓塞方法的对比研究

目的探寻脾亢患者部分性脾栓塞(PSE)术较为合适的栓塞方法。方法78例脾亢患者中32例为脾动脉主干内PSE术(主干组),46例为脾动脉分干内PSE术(分干组)。所有患者术后观察并发症情况,第15d、30d、60d、90d分别复查白细胞和血小板计数,并与术前比较,以此评价PSE术的疗效。然后对主干组和分干组结果进行对比分析。结果78例患者术后均无严重并发症,脾外栓塞及呼吸系统并发症分干组较主干组轻而少。术后白细胞和血小板计数,第15天时主干组和分干组比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05);第30天时二者比较差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);第60天、90天时二者比较差异则均有非常显著性意义(P<0.001)。结论对于脾亢患者,脾动脉分支若呈二干型或三干型,则应尽量行分干内PSE术;分支若呈无干型或主干明显扭曲而插管困难时,则宜行主干内PSE术。     

The outcome of partial splenic embolization for hypersplenism in the cirrhotic patients

Background

Although partial splenic embolization (PSE) has been widely used for treatment of leucocytopaenia and thrombocytopaenia in cirrhosis, only few studies evaluate both benefits and complications of it.

Objective

To evaluate outcome of partial splenic embolization benefits on both platelet and leukocytes counts and its complications in treatment of cirrhotic patients.

Patients and methods

Cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism-induced thrombo-cytopenia underwent partial splenic embolization (PSE). From All patients complete history and full clinical examination were taken and subjected to Laboratory investigations. After PSE was performed, the precise extent of embolization was calculated on CT examinations 2 weeks after PSE. Prophylactic antibiotics was given for 5 days after PSE. All patients were then followed up at the outpatient clinic. Peripheral blood cell parameters including white blood cell (WBC), platelet (PLT) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were monitored prior to PSE, on the 3rd, 14th, 30th day after PSE, and subsequently at 3-month intervals during the 2-year follow-up period. The complications associated with PSE were appropriately recorded. All patients underwent abdominal CT scanning before and 2 weeks after PSE.

Results

Twenty three patients were included in this study. 13 (57%) males and 10 (43%) females with mean age 42.37 years. PSE was successfully performed in all 23 patients. Post-embolization syndrome 91.3% (21/23) was the most frequent side effect. Other minor complications as puncture site hematoma occurred to one patient at site of femoral artery. Severe complications occurred in eight patients (34.8%). two patients had a large amount of pleural effusion and ascites. One patients developed bacterial peritonitis and died of septicemia. One patient complicated by splenic abscess. One patient had recurrent thrombo-cytopenia and treated by PSE. Portal vein thrombosis was found in one patient. One patient presented with huge splenomegaly and improved after splenectomy. Post-PSE, the platelets and leukocytes counts showed increase in the number. Best results obtained with larger splenic infarction area but in the expense of more major complications.

Statistical analysis

Blood parameters were compared using paired t test. P < 0.05 means significant differences.

Conclusion

PSE is a useful treatment in patients with hypersplenism caused by cirrhosis. PSE is safe in advanced disease patients, not suitable for splenectomy, with good long-term effect on the hematological parameters and a reduction in bleeding episodes from esophageal varices.     

部分脾栓塞术治疗肝硬化门脉高压症肝、脾血流动力学远期变化

目的 观察肝硬化并发门脉高压症和脾功能亢进(脾亢)患者行部分脾栓塞(PSE)后肝、脾血流动力学的远期变化.方法 对1 720例肝硬化并发门静脉高压症和脾亢患者行PSE,观察其1～5年病死率,分析其死亡原因,对生存期达5年以上且资料完整的600例患者观察术前及术后肝、脾血流动力学及血象、脾脏大小、并发症等变化.结果 PSE后不同时期血流动力学具有明显变化,消化道出血次数和量明显减少;白细胞及血小板较术前明显上升;术后2个月脾脏开始逐渐缩小,3个月后明显缩小.差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 PSE可明显改善肝、脾血流动力学,降低门脉压力,改善脾亢症状,减少消化道出血机会,延长生存期,改善生活质量,远期疗效显著且稳定,是一种创伤小、并发症少、安全、有效的技术.