伴三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折的治疗

[目的]分析治疗伴三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折的手术方法及临床意义.[方法]2002年1月-2007年12月对18例伴三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折患者行腓骨内同定,后踝固定或未固定,三角韧带修复术,未固定下胫腓联合.术后随访6～36个月.平均20.2个月.[结果]用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效,优8例,良8例,可2例.未见关节不稳及创伤性关节炎等并发症.[结论]踝关节骨折伴三角韧带完全断裂时,往往同时合并下胫腓联合分离,固定腓骨,修复三角韧带,就能够恢复踝关节的正常生物力学环境和稳定性,这时即使不固定下胫腓联合,也可以获得下胫腓联合的稳定.固定腓骨和下胫腓联合,而不修复三角韧带,虽然仍能恢复踝关节的稳定性,但三角韧带会愈合不佳、韧带松弛及功能不良,最终仍会导致创伤性踝关节炎.     

锚钉治疗内侧三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折脱位

目的分析利用锚钉治疗内侧三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折脱位的手术方法及临床意义。方法对2007年1月至2011年8月收治的18例伴有三角韧带完全断裂的踝关节骨折脱位患者进行手术治疗，进行腓骨内固定，同时利用锚钉进行内侧副韧带修复15例．内踝钻孔可吸收线拉出固定3例；胫腓联合固定5例；后踝骨块超过1／4关节面的可予固定，其中固定3例。术后随访6．41个月，平均15．2个月。结果按刘云鹏等评定标准评价结果，优良16例，可2例，未见关节不稳及创伤性关节炎等并发症。结论踝关节骨折伴三三角韧带完全断裂时，往往同时合并下胫腓联合分离，固定腓骨，锚钉修复三角韧带，操作简便，固定坚强，能够直接恢复踝关节的正常生物力学环境和稳定性，获得下胫腓联合的稳定。     

踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合分离的手术治疗及临床意义

目的探讨治疗踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合分离的手术方法及临床意义。方法自2002年1月～2005年12月对112例伴踝关节骨折下胫腓联合分离行腓骨内固定或不固定,内踝内固定,三角韧带探查修复术。未固定下胫腓联合。术后随访6～36个月,平均20.8个月。结果用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效:优98例,良14例。未见骨折不愈合、关节不稳及创伤性关节炎等并发症。结论对伴下胫腓联合分离的踝关节骨折行手术治疗时,除了固定内、外踝,还要修复三角韧带损伤。恢复了内、外侧所有结构的完整性后才能真正恢复下胫腓联合及踝关节的正常生物力学环境和稳定性,这时即使不固定下胫腓联合,也可以获得下胫腓联合的稳定。固定内、外踝和下胫腓联合,而三角韧带的损伤不修复,虽然下胫腓韧带可以获得愈合,但三角韧带会愈合不佳、韧带松弛及功能不良,最终仍会导致创伤性关节炎。     

踝关节骨折中的腓骨损伤

腓骨的外踝参与踝关节的组成 ,而在踝关节的骨折中 ,由于力的传导 ,会引起腓骨不同部位的损伤 ,现就这一问题谈谈认识 :1　腓骨的作用　　为了踝关节有良好的功能 ,腓骨必须有 :①正常的长度 ;②腓骨在胫骨沟内有正常的位置 ;③通过胫腓下韧带有效的固定于胫骨[1] 。在维持踝关节的功能上 ,是整个腓骨参与 ,而不仅仅是外踝 ,腓骨通过杠杆作用维持着外踝的位置 ,腓骨的损伤会引起踝关节功能的改变。有实验证明单独切断三角韧带不引起踝关节的不稳定[2 ] ,当切断内踝及上胫腓联合前后韧带在应力试验下 ,对踝关节的影响也不大 ,当切断外踝及下…     

全层修复三角韧带与下胫腓联合内固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折

目的探讨全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉固定治疗Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-03—2018-03手术治疗的31例Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折,先取仰卧位内侧入路探查三角韧带并评估损伤程度,在三角韧带深层止点预置锚钉,再取侧卧位后外侧入路复位腓骨、后踝固定或不固定,再取仰卧位前外侧小切口探查清理下胫腓联合并行下胫腓联合螺钉固定,最后依次修复三角韧带深层、浅层。结果 31例均获得随访,随访时间平均31(18~48)个月。骨折完全愈合时间为12~48周,无骨折延迟愈合、下胫腓螺钉断裂发生。末次随访时踝-后足AOFAS评分平均91(72~97)分,优27例,良3例,可1例。结论全层修复三角韧带联合下胫腓联合螺钉内固定治疗合并下胫腓联合及三角韧带损伤的Lauge-Hansen旋后外旋型Ⅳ度踝关节骨折可降低踝关节复位不良发生率,恢复踝关节稳定性,有利于患者进行早期功能锻练,达到快速康复的目的。     

三角韧带损伤的手术治疗

[目的]探讨踝关节三角韧带损伤的手术治疗及效果。[方法]2002年4月-2005年4月治疗伴有三角韧带损伤的踝关节骨折40例，均采用切开复位和坚强内固定，并修复重建三角韧带，恢复踝关节内外侧结构的稳定性。下胫腓联合分离仍不稳定者，给予皮质骨螺钉横向内固定。[结果]全部病例得到16个月-3a随访，平均1．5a。按齐氏疗效评定标准：优良30例，可8例，差2例，优良率75％。[结论]强调踝关节骨折切开解剖复位，坚强内固定的同时，应充分重视修复重建三角韧带。     

加深对足踝部损伤的认识,提高手术治疗水平

本期发表了多篇有关足踝部骨折与疾患的文章,对进一步提高这方面的诊治水平十分有益。目前,对踝关节骨折的分型多采用Lauge-Hansen和AO分型方法,这两种分型方法不仅重视骨折的特点,而且强调韧带损伤的重要性及是否存在下胫腓分离。踝关节内侧结构完整可保证距骨在踝穴内不发生外移,因此在对内踝骨折和腓骨骨折行内固定后,一部分病例可获得踝穴的稳定。对以下几种情况应行下胫腓固定:(1)固定后腓骨仍有外移或在外旋、外翻应力下踝穴增宽、距骨向外侧移动;(2)伴有三角韧带断裂;(3)内踝骨折较小,可能仅波及前结节(anteriorcolliculus),但同时…     

外踝骨折后三角韧带完整性对踝关节稳定性影响的CT三维重建研究

目的 通过CT三维重建分析外踝骨折后三角韧带完整性对踝关节稳定性的影响.方法 选用18具成年人下肢标本,男11具,女7具;年龄55～79岁,平均68.2岁;均排除下肢外伤病史.将18具标本平均分为两组,每组9具.1组只切断下胫腓前韧带,即三角韧带完整组;2组同时切断下胫腓前韧带和内踝三角韧带,即三角韧带损伤组.每具标本于外踝尖近端3 cm处横行截断腓骨,通过标记的克氏针分别建立远端腓骨外旋5°、10°、15°、30°的畸形模型,并行钢板螺钉固定.每次建模后均行薄层CT扫描.将所有CT数据导入Mimics 10.01软件,通过自动密度识别及后期人工处理描绘下胫腓联合、踝穴及踝穴内距骨轮廓,运用软件建立下胫腓联合、踝穴、踝穴内距骨三维模型,并自动计算各模型体积.通过踝穴及踝穴内距骨体积相减,得到踝关节间隙体积.比较组间及组内不同旋转度数时各模型体积的变化,从而反映各病理模型对踝关节稳定性的影响.结果 随着旋转畸形度数增加,下胫腓联合及踝穴体积增大,而踝穴内距骨体积随之减小.在三角韧带完整组中不同旋转角度所致畸形模型比较,10°旋转畸形时下胫腓联合体积及踝关节间隙较正常开始出现显著性增大.在三角韧带损伤组中不同旋转角度所致畸形模型比较,5°旋转畸形即开始出现踝关节间隙及下胫腓体积较正常时显著性增大.结论 三角韧带完整性可影响外旋畸形时踩关节间隙的变化.当三角韧带完整时,10°外踝旋转畸形即可导致下胫腓联合及踝关节间隙显著性增大;而当合并三角韧带损伤时,5°旋转畸形即可出现踝关节间隙显著性增大,下胫腓联合显著性分离,踝关节不稳定.     

旋前型踝关节骨折、脱位的手术治疗

目的：探讨旋前型踝关节骨折，脱位的手术方法及疗效。方法：本组63例采用切开复位和坚固内固定，修复三角韧带，恢复踝关节内外侧结构的稳定性。下胫腓联合分离仍不稳定者，给予皮质骨螺钉横向固定，后踝骨折块超过关节面25％者给予整复螺钉内固定，结果：随访4个月－5年。按齐氏疗效评定标准：优良53例，可7例，差3例，优良率84％，结论；强调骨折切开解剖复位，坚强内固定的同时，应充分重视修复三角韧带，下胫腓前韧带，以及恢复下胫腓联合的稳定。     

下胫腓联合损伤对踝关节稳定性影响的生物力学研究

[目的]探讨下胫腓联合损伤对踝关节稳定性的生物力学影响。[方法]采用6例新鲜尸体标本,制作踝关节旋前外旋损伤模型,逐步离断下胫腓联合各韧带、骨间膜和三角韧带。对标本进行600 N轴向加载,同时对踝关节施加扭矩为5 Nm的外旋力。测量下胫腓联合不同程度损伤情况下,下胫腓联合的相对位移和踝关节外旋扭转角度。[结果]随着下胫腓联合韧带和三角韧带的序贯性离断,下胫腓联合的远端腓骨相对内外位移、前后位移、腓骨转角以及踝关节扭转角度呈逐渐增加趋势。[结论]下胫腓联合韧带维持踝关节稳定。在旋转稳定性方面,下胫腓后韧带的作用最为突出。下胫腓联合韧带离断后,再离断三角韧带,踝关节的稳定性进一步丢失。     

Complications after fibula intramedullary nail fixation of pilon versus ankle fractures

BackgroundIntramedullary nail (IMN) fixation of the fibula in malleolar ankle fractures has been shown to result in less wound complications then plate fixation. Therefore, IMN fibula fixation may also be associated with lower rates of wound complications when used for higher-risk pilon fractures. The purpose of this study was to compare complications of fibula IMN fixation in pilon versus malleolar ankle fractures.MethodsA retrospective cohort comparison was performed at an urban level one trauma center involving fibula fractures in 47 patients with AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) type 43 fractures and 48 patients with AO/OTA type 44 fractures being treated with fibula IMN fixation. Complications, fibula-specific complications, revision surgeries, and implant removals were reviewed.ResultsThere was no detectable difference in complications (27% vs. 23%, 95% confidence interval of the odds ratio (CIOR) 0.5 to 3.2), fibular-specific complications (6% vs. 10%, CIOR 0.1 to 3.5), revision surgeries (4% vs. 4%, CIOR 0.1 to 7.5), or symptomatic fibula implant removals (13% vs. 21%, CIOR 0.1 to 1.6) between pilon and ankle fracture groups, respectively. There was one (2%) fibular nonunion and one wound complication (2%) in each of the fracture groups.ConclusionFibula IMN fixation of pilon versus ankle fractures resulted in a similar number of complications. Comparative studies of fibula IMN and plate fixation are necessary to determine if the benefits of fibula IMN in ankle fractures extends to pilon fractures.Level of evidenceLevel III, retrospective cohort.     

Axial rotation and mediolateral translation of the fibula during passive plantarflexion

BACKGROUND: Since the fibula is linked to the ankle as well as the knee joint, its importance for knee and ankle disabilities should be investigated. This study evaluates its movement during range of motion of the ankle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An instrument, together with the experimental protocol, was devised to determine the relative motion of the fibula in reference to the tibia with motion of the ankle joint on 20 paired lower extremity cadaver specimens. RESULTS: It was demonstrated in all specimens that the fibula had a relative rotation around its longitudinal axis and mediolateral translation with reference to the tibia with ankle motion. The distal end of the fibula rotates more compared to the proximal end. The mediolateral translation of the proximal end of the fibula is rather close to that of the distal end. Although there was no consistent pattern for rotation, dorsiflexion caused lateral translation and plantarflexion caused medial displacement for most of the specimens. CONCLUSION: A novel, invasive but relatively simple test setup was devised. Movement of the fibula which is important for the kinematics and kinetics of the knee and ankle joints was evaluated by this new device. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Evaluation of the fibula movement in normal lower extremities may lead to better understanding of its dynamic function which could have treatment implications for pathological conditions.     

Management of a Rare Case of Closed Pilon Fracture With Fibula Displaced in the Foot

Pilon fractures are intra-articular injuries involving the tibial plafond and have a wide range of complexity. The timing and type of fixation in these injuries is dictated by soft tissue status and energy imparted to the distal tibial plafond. We had a unique clinical situation in which axial loading of the talus caused severe comminution of the tibial plafond and fracture of the distal third of the fibula. Further action of these forces caused displacement of the fibular segment into dorsum of the foot along with part of the articular surface of the tibial plafond without causing any external wound. This case was challenging because displacement of the distal fibula resulted in disruption of important syndesmotic and lateral ankle ligaments. Fibular segment was without any soft tissue attachment and was reimplanted in the ankle mortise like a free fibula graft. Near normal ankle biomechanics were achieved in this case through anatomic reduction of the articular surface, reimplantation of the fibula in the ankle mortise, and repair of syndesmotic and lateral ankle ligaments. There was satisfactory clinical and radiological outcome on follow-up of more than 4 years. To our knowledge, this is the only case in Standard English literature where in the case of pilon fracture, the fibula had displaced in the foot without external wound.     

Examination of the pathologic anatomy of ankle fractures.

A prospective study of the translational and rotational displacement of the lateral malleolus in ankle fractures was carried out utilizing roentgenographic techniques. Twenty-six ankle fractures in 25 patients were studied using both routine plain films and CT scanning with two- and three-dimensional multiplanar reconstruction. Eighty-one percent were Lauge-Hansen supination-external rotation type injuries. Overall, 21 fractures did not involve the medial malleolus. Initial talar shift was less than or equal to 2 mm in 15 fractures. Although all patients exhibited external rotation deformities of the lateral malleolus on plain films, only one fracture was found to possess any degree of external rotation relative to the talus. The proximal fibula was seen on CT scans to have increased internal rotation with respect to the tibia in 19 cases. One patient had a slightly externally rotated proximal fibula; the remainder appeared normally aligned. The displacements measured by the CT scans at the talofibular articulation were compared with the standard plain film measurements. The displacements at the distal lateral malleolus were consistently overestimated by the plain roentgenograms, presumably because the capsular and ligamentous attachments to the distal fibula limit malleolar displacement. The talocrural angle, determined on both plain films and CT scans, was also not found to be a sensitive measure of fibular shortening nor of the severity of the fracture. The results of this study suggest that, in an isolated lateral malleolar ankle fracture, the apparent external rotation of the fracture fragment is relative only to the proximal fibula and is not associated with derangement of the talofibular articulation. Based on these mechanical considerations, surgical intervention for such fractures may not be necessary. This hypothesis is consistent with previous long-term clinical studies.     

Fracture-dislocation of the ankle with posterior entrapment of the fibula behind the tibia

Fracture-dislocation of the ankle with entrapment of the fibula behind the tibia is a rare condition. Prompt recognition and treatment are necessary to prevent permanent disability. In three of four patients, the injury was managed by closed reduction. If the injury is accurately diagnosed and if traction and medial rotation are applied to the foot while the fibular shaft is pushed laterally, a stable, satisfactory reduction may be achieved. If closed reduction fails, a lateral approach through a small vertical incision directly over the fractured fibular malleolus is sufficient to allow open reduction of the fibula.     

Long-term results of pilon fractures

INTRODUCTION: The long-term results of pilon fractures are rarely documented. The present study evaluated the long-term results related to each fracture pattern of a pilon fracture treated with open reduction and plating. PATIENTS: One hundred and twenty-eight pilon fractures with a mean 10-year follow-up were divided into three groups, based on the Ruedi-Allgower classification. Group A was composed of 39 patients with Ruedi-Allgower type I fractures; group B comprised 62 patients with type II fractures; and group C included 27 patients with type III fractures. The radiographs were reviewed for adequacy of fracture reduction and posttraumatic arthrosis. At the end of follow-up, the clinical results were evaluated using a rating scale. RESULTS: Group C had significantly lower excellent and good reduction rates than group A or B (P < 0.05). Groups B and C had progressively increased ankle arthrosis with time (P = 0.043, P = 0.049, respectively). Group C had more unsatisfactory clinical outcomes than group A or B (P < 0.05). Operative concurrent fixation of the fractured fibula resulted in a better outcome than non-operative treatment (P < 0.05). Open fractures had significantly lower satisfactory outcomes than closed fractures (60.5% versus 78.9%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Open reduction with plating was a reasonably effective procedure for the treatment of Ruedi type I pilon fractures. The long-term outcome of pilon fractures was affected by fracture patterns, fibular length restoration, quality of reduction, and severity of soft tissue injury. Posttraumatic arthrosis affecting the ankle after a severe pilon fracture (Ruedi type II or III) was a progressive disease, and required long-term follow-up.     

Fracture of the distal end of the fibula through a persistent physis in an adult with fracture of the medial malleolus

 A 26-year-old woman was injured in a motor vehicle accident and sustained a bimalleolar fracture of the right ankle. Radiographs revealed a shearing fracture of the medial malleolus and a gap in the distal end of the right fibula that resembled epiphysiolysis in children. Fracture of the distal end of the fibula through a persistent physis was suspected. Histological examination of material obtained from the fracture site during surgery revealed remnants of hyaline cartilage. We believe that the fracture occurred at a persisitent physis of the distal end of the fibula. Received: July, 10, 2002 / Accepted: October 21, 2002 Offprint requests to: N. Yamamoto     

踝关节跖屈、背屈运动的研究

目的:研究Pilon骨折在治疗中评价踝关节功能,诊断下胫腓联合分离、踝关节前后脱位的影像学依据。方法:35例正常成人,男21例(42踝),女14例(28踝);年龄21-48岁,平均31.6岁。踝关节常规摄正、侧位X线片;测量踝关节主动跖屈、背屈运动的最大角度,下胫腓联合间隙的宽度,胫骨外侧与腓骨的胫侧重叠影宽度,距骨踝关节面几何中心偏离胫骨中轴线的距离。结果:跖屈主动运动的最大角度,男(40.8°±3.1°),女(43.9°±4.8°);背屈主动运动的最大角度,男(27.6°±5.2°),女(26.5°±6.1°)。下胫腓联合间隙的宽度平均(3.2±0.5)mm。胫骨外侧与腓骨的胫侧重叠影宽度平均(6.9±2.2)mm。踝关节的跖屈下胫腓联合有逐渐变窄的变化,平均2 mm。距骨中心中轴距:男性跖屈最大值2.4 mm、背屈2.5 mm,女性跖屈最大值1.9 mm、背屈2.0 mm,最小值均为0 mm。结论:男女之间无论是背屈还是跖屈均无显著性差异(P>0.05),即踝关节在运动灵活性上无性别差异。踝关节主动跖屈、背屈运动的最大角度为Pilon骨折术中踝关节功能评定提供参考,下胫腓联合宽度>3.5 mm为下胫腓联合分离,胫骨外侧与腓骨的胫侧重叠影宽度<5.5 mm时,有下胫腓联合分离的可能。距骨中心中轴距>2 mm提示踝关节前后脱位。Pilon骨折在恢复骨折解剖复位的同时要注意这两个指标,对于恢复踝关节的侧方稳定、前后方向稳定有重要意义,能指导踝关节骨折治疗和康复。