Dynamic Facial Prosthetics for Sufferers of Facial Paralysis

Background

This paper discusses the various methods and the materials for the fabrication of active artificial facial muscles. The primary use for these will be the reanimation of paralysed or atrophied muscles in sufferers of non-recoverable unilateral facial paralysis.

Method

The prosthetic solution described in this paper is based on sensing muscle motion of the contralateral healthy muscles and replicating that motion across a patient''s paralysed side of the face, via solid state and thin film actuators. The development of this facial prosthetic device focused on recreating a varying intensity smile, with emphasis on timing, displacement and the appearance of the wrinkles and folds that commonly appear around the nose and eyes during the expression.An animatronic face was constructed with actuations being made to a silicone representation musculature, using multiple shape-memory alloy cascades. Alongside the artificial muscle physical prototype, a facial expression recognition software system was constructed. This forms the basis of an automated calibration and reconfiguration system for the artificial muscles following implantation, so as to suit the implantee''s unique physiognomy.

Results

An animatronic model face with silicone musculature was designed and built to evaluate the performance of Shape Memory Alloy artificial muscles, their power control circuitry and software control systems. A dual facial motion sensing system was designed to allow real time control over model – a piezoresistive flex sensor to measure physical motion, and a computer vision system to evaluate real to artificial muscle performance.Analysis of various facial expressions in real subjects was made, which give useful data upon which to base the systems parameter limits.

Conclusion

The system performed well, and the various strengths and shortcomings of the materials and methods are reviewed and considered for the next research phase, when new polymer based artificial muscles are constructed and evaluated.     

Facial and cervical injuries.

It is not commonly appreciated that mandibular and maxillary fractures are occasionally associated with fractures of cervical vertebrae. An incidence of 1-6% in a three-year survey at the Royal Brisbane Hospital is reported and the implications are discussed.     

一片化妆棉的美肌奇迹

护肤用手心还是化妆棉？这是一道犹如“1＋1”般的基础问题,但却有着截然不同的答案。也许有些时候并不是护肤品不适合我们,而是我们从来不曾给予它们机会,让它们去发挥真正的功效。一切的答案都蕴藏在轻薄的棉片与温热的手心中……     

面神经麻痹的手术治疗(附10例报告)

10例面神经麻痹中5例系中耳乳突手术损伤,另5例为中耳炎所致,本文就中耳乳突炎并发面瘫及手术损伤并发面瘫的治疗进行了讨论。     

针灸治疗面神经麻痹取穴现状分析

目的:根据经验统计探索分析针刺治疗面神经麻痹的取穴现状、取穴规律。方法:对相关穴位的使用频次、归经情况等进行统计分析。结果:纳入的1044篇文献中,针刺治疗面神经麻痹涉及14条经脉的134个穴位。所取穴位经脉归属前3位的依次为胃经、胆经、膀胱经。结论:目前针刺治疗面神经麻痹的取穴组方方面繁纷复杂,但仍有一定的规律可循。     

面神经夹闭建立大鼠面瘫模型

目的 建立操作简便、发病率高、死亡率低的大鼠面瘫模型制作方法.方法 SD大鼠50只,雌雄各半,随机分为5组,每组10只,分别用蚊式钳闭合三齿夹闭大鼠右侧耳后面神经主干6 min、8 min、10 min、12 min、14 min,记录各组大鼠面神经复合动作电位(CMAP)波幅变化情况,观察大鼠的一般行为学指标.结果 造模6 min、8 min与造模之前比较,面神经CMAP波幅无差异,造模10 min、12 min、14 min与造模之前相比较,大鼠面神经CMAP波幅明显减小并趋于0;行为学评分结果表明,造模6 min、8 min大鼠为不完全面瘫,造模10 min、12 min、14 min大鼠完全面瘫,造模12 min、14 min大鼠与造模10 min相比无显著差异.结论 用蚊式钳闭合三齿夹闭面神经主干10 min,面神经CMAP下降波幅和行为学评分均表明大鼠完全面瘫,故该方法可作为大鼠面瘫模型建立的优选方法.     

面部外伤的急诊整形外科治疗

目的探讨在急诊面部手术中应用整形外科处理方法和原则,修复患者面部软组织损伤,使患者面部的功能和形态得到恢复。方法根据患者的伤情采用适当的修复方法,应用彻底清创、真皮缝合、皮瓣法等技术修复伤口。结果 258例患者,创口愈合良好,无感染,血肿,瘢痕增生等严重并发症。结论在面部急性损伤的处理过程中,使用整形外科技术处理方法和原则是恢复患者面部功能及形态的重要手段。     

Fractures of Facial Bones

A detailed review was made of 1025 consecutive patients with “face-bone” fractures admitted to four Montreal hospitals over the five-year period 1958-1962, inclusive. In addition a survey was carried out of the other general hospitals in Greater Montreal in order to obtain admission figures for facial-bone fractures and for total hospital cases. In the study group the common causes of face-bone fractures were found to be fights, traffic accidents, falls, and athletic pursuits. Very few of these injuries occurred in industrial settings. A distinctly vulnerable group is made up of males between ages 16 and 35 years. In order of frequency of occurrence these injuries involve the nose, lower jaw, cheekbone, upper jaw, and zygomatic arch. The experience throughout metropolitan Montreal indicated that more persons with face-bone fractures require hospital treatment each year, but the increase is approximately parallel to the upward trend of total hospital admissions.     

创伤性面神经损伤诊疗进展

创伤性面神经损伤是面瘫发病的重要原因之一,面神经损伤后的神经病理过程与其他神经损伤基本相同,具有非特异性。不同类型的面瘫临床表现在部位和程度上相应不同。根据患者头颅外伤史,结合临床表现即可以做出初步诊断。创伤性面神经损伤的治疗主要有手术和非手术治疗,非手术治疗主要以药物治疗和物理治疗为主,哪些患者需手术探查,何时探查和怎样探查至今仍存在争议。     

不同程度失神经支配的面神经和面肌超微结构观察

目的：探讨不同程度失神经支配的面神经和面肌的病理变化,为判断预后和制定治疗方案提供参考。方法：制作豚鼠面神经不同损伤程度的面神经麻痹实验模型,应用航向电镜扫描电镜观察面神经和口轮匝肌超微结构变化。结果：压榨面神经５s组只见髓鞘轻度病变,肌纤无异常改变;３０s组髓鞘和轴突及肌纤维都呈重度病理改变;１５s组神经纤维和肌纤维处于前两组改变的中间状态。结论：面神经失神经支配程度越重,面神经纤维和面肌肌纤维的