磁共振胰胆管成像对胆总管结石的假阴性诊断

目的 总结磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）检查对胆总管结石的假阴性诊断经过及临床应对经 验。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年6月苏州市吴江区第一人民医院肝胆外科8例胆总管结石患 者MRCP假阴性诊断的临床资料、MRCP影像资料及诊断结果、临床手术情况及应对方法。结果 8例 MRCP假阴性诊断胆总管结石患者中,2例MRCP仅提示胆囊结石伴胆囊炎,胆总管不扩张; 6例MRCP仅 提示胆总管轻度扩张或扩张。其中6例经腹部CT确诊胆总管结石,2例经ERCP明确胆总管下段结石。2例 行ERCP治疗胆总管结石,1例经松弛Oddi括约肌药物治疗后胆总管结石排出,5例行腹腔镜下胆囊切除+ 胆总管探查术。本组8例患者恢复良好,均未出现明显急性胆管炎、急性胰腺炎等严重并发症。术后随访 3～6个月,复查B超均未见残留结石、结石复发及胆管狭窄。结论 MRCP检查虽然对胆总管结石的诊断 敏感性较高,但是对胆总管下段结石有一定的假阴性诊断率。临床医师不能仅依靠MRCP诊断排除胆总 管结石,应综合分析患者的症状和体征等临床资料,完善相关生化和腹部CT等辅助检查;同时结合术中 探查情况,尽量减少胆总管结石的漏诊。     

超声内镜诊断胆总管小结石的临床研究

目的:探讨超声内镜检查术(EUS)对于胆总管小结石的诊断率及临床价值。方法:回顾性分析行EUS检查患者159例,所有病人结合病史及临床体征考虑为胆总管结石,但影像学检查未发现结石。EUS发现胆总管结石者随即行ERCP取石术;ERCP失败者行手术取石。EUS未发现胆总管结石者,则不行ERCP,但随访至少三个月。结果 :159例患者中EUS发现结石者96例;89例ERCP取石成功,1例ERCP失败者手术取出结石,1例排石,5例为假阳性。63例EUS未发现结石者随访三个月未发现结石。无操作相关并发症发生。超声内镜诊断胆总管小结石的准确性、敏感性、特异性、阳性和阴性预测值分别为96.8%、100%、92.6%、94.8%和100%。结论:超声内镜诊断胆总管小结石安全、可靠。     

EUS和ERCP、MRCP在可疑胆总管结石诊断中的临床价值

目的：评价内镜超声检查（EUS）,内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影（ERCP）和磁共振成像胆胰管造影（MRCP）在诊断可疑胆总管结石的临床价值。 方法：自2009年6月至2010年3月我院收治的胆总管结石可疑病例共93例。93例病例全部经内镜超声检查（EUS）,内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影（ERCP）和磁共振成像胆胰管造影（MRCP）方法进行诊断,前瞻性研究三项诊断方法的临床诊断价值。 结果：联合两种以上诊断方法,可大幅提高胆总管患者的诊断准确率。EUS对胆总管结石检出的灵敏性为83.8%,特异性73.7%;ERCP对胆总管结石检出的灵敏性为89.2%,特异性84.2%;MRCP对胆总管结石敏感性为93.2%,特异性100%。 结论：MRCP无论在胆总管结石可疑患者检出的特异性或灵敏性上,都显著高于另EUS和ERCP方法,显示MRCP在诊断胆总管结石可疑患者具有较大的临床优势。胆总管结石可疑患者首先可行MRCP筛查,阴性者可进一步实施ERCP或EUS检查确认。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前后B超检查阴性的胆总管结石诊断和处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)前后B超检查阴性的胆总管结石的诊断与处理。方法对42例腹腔镜胆囊切除术前和9例LC术后患者怀疑有胆总管结石而B超检查阴性的患者用MRCP和，或ERCP作进一步检查。结果LC术前诊断为胆总管结石25例中24例经ERCP、EST术顺利取出胆总管结石，1例EST失败，改行开腹手术。LC术后5例患者均行EST术取出胆总管残余结石。术后并发症是一过性反应性胰腺炎5例，乳头出血1例，肺部感染1例，均经保守治疗，所有患者均痊愈出院。结论B超检查阴性的胆总管可能存在结石，MRCP是发现胆总管结石的最佳的无创诊断方法，ERCP和EST是确诊和取出胆总管结石的微创有效的治疗方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前MRCP的应用价值分析

目的 讨论磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)前的应用价值.方法 分析本院2008年10月至2010年5月拟行LC、术前怀疑胆总管结石而行MRCP检查的56例患者的临床诊治资料.结果 经MRCP检查发现胆总管结石15例,均成功行EST+LC术.未发现胆总管结石的41例仅行LC术,术后3例出现胆管炎表现,经ERCP证实胆总管结石,行EST取石.结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术前,对于可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石患者,MRCP检查具有重要的诊断价值,同时可根据MRCP检查结果,选择不同的微创治疗方法.     

术前MRCP检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防胆道损伤及术后胆总管结石残留评估的应用价值

目的探讨在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前进行磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)检查对减少术中胆道损伤及评估术后胆总管结石残留的价值。方法对2016年5月至2018年8月医院收治的120例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析,术前行B超和MRCP检查的60例患者为研究组,术前行B超检查未行MRCP检查的60例患者为对照组,对比研究组B超和MRCP检查对胆总管结石和胆道变异诊断的灵敏度、特异度、准确率,并对比对照组和研究组术中胆道损伤、术后胆总管结石残留及中转开腹情况。结果研究组B超检查对胆总管结石和胆道变异诊断的灵敏度、准确率分别为60.00%、93.33%、66.67%、96.67%,MRCP检查对胆总管结石和胆道变异诊断的灵敏度、准确率分别为90.00%、98.33%、100.00%、100.00%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),特异度均为100.00%差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组术中胆道损伤、术后胆总管结石残留、中转开腹均为0,对照组显著高于观察组,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者在术前行MRCP检查,对胆总管结石和胆道变异诊断准确率高,可有效减少术中胆道损伤、术后胆总管结石残留及中转开腹的发生。     

Mirrizi综合征误诊1例报告

<正>1病历报告患者男性,因"右上腹部隐痛半年,皮肤巩膜黄染2周"入院,入院时B超检查显示为胆囊结石并慢性胆囊炎,由于患者入院肝功检查示:ALT 98U/L,AST 76 U/L,胆红素升高(TBIL68μmol/L,DBIL 58μmol/L),术前行MRCP检查,考虑胆囊结石并胆总管结石,拟先行ERCP取胆总管结石后急行腹腔镜下的胆囊切除术(LC)。结果ERCP取石失败,留置鼻胆管引流,暂停手术。2天后再次行DSA下的胆总管旋转造影。术前MRCP及第一次ERCP造影均显示结石位于胆总管内,2天后胆总管造影显示结石位于胆囊管末端,所以ERCP下的胆管造影虽然能看到结石     

应用腔镜、内镜联合技术同期与分期处理胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石的比较

目的 采用腹腔镜、内镜联合技术处理胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石,对同期及分期治疗的结果 进行比较.方法 患者60例,其中同期处理36例,分期处理24例.术前诊断依据B超、ERCP或MRCP检查,术中诊断依据术中胆道镜检查和胆道造影,全部病例均诊断为慢性胆囊炎合并胆总管结石.同期手术者直接行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,胆道镜和(或)造影检查后行腹腔镜经胆囊管或胆总管胆道镜取石,闭合胆管开口或放置T管.分期手术者先行或者后行ERCP+经内镜乳头切开术/经内镜乳头气囊扩张术取石,再行常规的腹腔镜胆囊切除术.结果 60例患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术均成功,同期手术者手术时间40～90 min,平均68 min,术后发生1例漏胆;分期手术者2次手术时间共60～120 min,平均80 min.同期手术者手术时间明显短于分期手术者(P＜0.01),而术后并发症发生情况二者间差异则无统计学意义(P>0.05).同期手术者住院费用较少(P＜0.01),同时在胆总管一期缝合或胆囊管一期结扎的情况下,住院时间相对较短(P＜0.01).结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术+腹腔镜下胆道镜胆总管探查术或经胆囊管探查术同期治疗胆囊结石合并肝外胆管结石安全可靠,值得进一步研究、推广.     

Mirizzi综合征误诊一例

患者男,因“右上腹部隐痛半年,皮肤巩膜黄染2周”入院,B超检查：胆囊结石并慢性胆囊炎,肝功检查示：ALT 98 U/L,AST 76 U/L,TBIL 68μmol/L,DBIL 58μmol/L,术前行MRCP检查及ERCP造影,显示结石位于胆总管内（图1,2）,考虑胆囊结石并胆总管结石,拟先行ERCP取胆总管结石后急行腹腔镜胆囊切除术。由于ERCP取石失败留置鼻胆管引流,暂停手术。2 d后再次行DSA胆总管旋转造影,显示结石位于胆囊管末端（图3）,压迫肝总管,考虑患者诊断为Mirizzi综合征。     

肝外胆管残余结石的发生、诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肝外胆道残余结石。方法 分析100例肝外胆道残余结石的情况。结果 胆囊切除后胆总管残余结石27例,胆总管探查后残余结石73例。经T管窦道取石25例,内镜下经Oddi括约肌切开取石10例。出院65例中,33例胆总管切开取石后再置T管,18例作胆肠吻合术,10例作Oddi括约肌切开成形术。结论 常规T管造影、B超、ERCP、MRCP是诊断的有效措施;根据不同情况,作相应的治疗。     

Preoperative routine magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography before laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in detecting common bile duct stones in the preoperative investigation of patients electively referred for gallstone disease, to find out the incidence of asymptomatic common duct stones, and to correlate clinical symptoms and history and liver function tests (LFT) with the actual occurrence of common duct stones. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: General hospital, Denmark. PATIENTS: 180 consecutive non-jaundiced patients referred with symptomatic gallstones for elective cholecystectomy. INTERVENTIONS: LFT, abdominal ultrasonography, MRCP, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of MRCP, number of patients with asymptomatic stones, and correlation of symptoms with the presence of stones. RESULTS: 26/180 patients had common duct stones (14%). Only one (<1%) had an asymptomatic stone. For detection of such stones, MRCP's positive predictive value was 0.95 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86 to 1.00), negative predictive value 0.96 (0.93 to 0.99), and accuracy 0.85 (0.93 to 0.99). MRCP missed 5 stones 1-4 mm in size in 5 patients; 17/64 patients with raised LFTs had stones (27%). The probability of stones was highest when the patients had both raised LFTs and a dilated common (>7 mm) bile duct (82%). There were no readmissions with ductal stones in the 6-month postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: The predicive values of MRCP were fairly good, but MRCP misses some small stones <5 mm in size. Asymptomatic stones in the common duct are not common in this population and should not be screened for. The probability of stones increases with the number of predictive factors. Patients should be questioned carefully about signs of biliary obstruction, and only be offered preoperative MRCP should they have a suspicious history, raised LFTs, or a dilated common duct.     

Efficacy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in detecting common bile duct lithiasis: our experience

It has been shown that magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has a diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of ERCP. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of MRCP in patients with suspected choledocholithiasis, but with negative ultrasonography findings. Among 404 patients undergoing videolaparocholecystectomy for cholelithiasis, 48 with risk factors for coledocholithiasis were evaluated. All the patients with risk factors underwent preoperative hepatobiliary ultrasonography and MRCP. Patients were assigned to one of 2 main groups: A) patients with common bile duct stones at ultrasonography (15/48: 31%) and B) patients without evidence of common bile duct stones on ultrasonography (33/48: 69%), with B comprising two subgroups: B1) MRCP-positive for stones (7/33:21%) and B2) negative US and MRCP (26/33:79%). MRCP showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The high sensitivity of MRCP allows us to recommend a greater use of the procedure with avoidance of unnecessary ERCP, which should be reserved for therapeutic purposes only.     

MRCP和ERCP在腹腔镜胆囊切除术前检测胆总管结石的诊断价值

目的评价磁共振成像胆胰管造影(MRCP)和内窥镜逆行胆胰管造影(ERCP)在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)前检测胆总管结石的诊断价值。方法2000年3月至2003年4月腹腔镜胆囊切除病例396例,术前对可疑胆总管结石患者均行MRCP和ERCP检查,术后随访6~12个月,结果应用统计学方法分析。结果MRCP、ERCP对胆总管结石敏感性均为100%,特异性分别为97.5%、100%。结论非胆总管结石患者直接接受LC,胆总管结石可疑患者先行MRCP检查,阳性者进一步ERCP检查。     

Selective use of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in clinical practice may miss choledocholithiasis in gallstone pancreatitis

Background

Gallstone pancreatitis is a consequence of ampullary obstruction by common bile duct (CBD) calculi. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) has been advocated for routine use to diagnose choledocholithiasis. However, the selective use of MRCP in clinically equivocal situations has not been explored until now. This study examines the diagnostic value of selective MRCP in gallstone pancreatitis.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective audit of all presentations of gallstone pancreatitis between January 2001 and December 2007 at Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. Demographic data, clinical presentation, biochemical and radiological findings and outcomes were reviewed.

Results

There were 339 cases of gallstone pancreatitis during the study period; 236 patients were women and the mean age was 52 years. Overall, choledocholithiasis was diagnosed in 95 patients. A total of 117 patients underwent MRCP within a median of 4 days of admission, with 15 (13.7%) showing choledocholithiasis. There was no significant difference in time to MRCP between positive and negative groups. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)/intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) confirmed 13 of 15 stones within a median of 2.5 days. However, MRCP missed 8 cases of choledocholithiasis subsequently demonstrated on ERCP/IOC, where clinical suspicion remained after a negative MRCP. Its sensitivity was 62% and specificity 98%. The positive likelihood ratio was 6.5 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.1. In all, 222 patients followed different clinical pathways with 82 CBD stones diagnosed by ERCP/IOC.

Conclusion

Selective MRCP is highly specific in gallstone pancreatitis but may not be sensitive enough to exclude choledocholithiasis in this context.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile duct stones in resolving gallstone pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: There is controversy about the optimal method to detect common bile duct (CBD) stones in patients with mild resolving gallstone pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in detecting choledocholithiasis in this group of patients. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective randomized trial was conducted. Patients randomized to group 1 (n = 34) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and intraoperative cholangiography (IOC). Those randomized to group 2 (n = 29) had preoperative MRCP, of these, patients with negative MRCP underwent LC and IOC, patients with positive MRCP had preoperative ERCP followed by LC. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients were randomized (34 to group 1 and 29 to group 2). CBD stones were found in 5 patients in group 1. CBD exploration was performed in 2 patients, preoperative ERCP in 1, and postoperative ERCP in the other 2. MRCP showed CBD stones in 4 patients in group 2. There were two false-positive MRCPs. Four patients with a negative MRCP did not have IOC or ERCP, the remaining 21 patients with a negative MRCP had a negative IOC. The MRCP sensitivity was 100% (95% CI, 16-100%), specificity 91% (95% CI, 72-99%), positive predictive value 50% (95% CI, 7-93%), negative predictive value 100% (95% CI, 84-100%), and accuracy 92% (95% CI, 74-99%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with resolving gallstone pancreatitis and a negative MRCP do not need preoperative ERCP or IOC. Only patients with a positive MRCP will require preoperative ERCP.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography as a diagnostic tool for common bile duct stones: a comparison with ERCP and clinical follow-up

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The diagnostic potential of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP) has improved as a result of evolving technique. MRCP has the advantage of negligible morbidity and mortality in contrast to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). This study was performed to evaluate MRCP as a replacement for diagnostic ERCP for the suspicion of common bile duct (CBD) stones. METHODS: From 1998 to 2001, MRCP was performed in 202 patients with a suspicion of CBD stones based on medical history (MH), cholestatic liver function tests (CL), both MH and CL or other reasons. ERCP was performed in all patients where MRCP indicated the presence of CBD stones and in those patients with a persistent strong clinical suspicion for CBD stones despite a negative MRCP. RESULTS: In 25 patients, MRCP suggested CBD stones which were proven with ERCP in 24 patients. Despite a negative MRCP, 27 patients had a subsequent ERCP. None of these patients appeared to have CBD stones. In this group, MRCP resulted in 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity in detecting CBD stones. Follow-up of all patients revealed 5 more patients with persistent clinical suspicion or cholestatic liver function values. Assuming CBD stones in these patients, MRCP had a sensitivity of 83 % and a specificity of 99% for this diagnosis. CONCLUSION: In the case of CBD stone suspicion, MRCP should be the diagnostic procedure of choice.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately predicts the presence or absence of choledocholithiasis

Accurate common bile duct (CBD) imaging in patients with biliary calculi is an important determinant of specific therapy. Noninvasive methods to evaluate calculi in the CBD have limited accuracy and rely mainly on ultrasonography and computed tomography. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a new noninvasive modality available to evaluate the biliary system. This study was undertaken to assess the accuracy of MRCP in predicting the presence or absence of CBD stones in patients at increased risk for choledocholithiasis. The medical records of 48 patients with a final diagnosis of biliary calculous disease undergoing MRCP between November 1995 and April 1997 were retrospectively reviewed. Three groups were identified: choledocholithiasis (n = 19), gallstone pancreatitis (n = 11), and uncomplicated cholelithiasis (n = 18). In all patients the presence or absence of CBD calculi, as determined by MRCP, was correlated with the final diagnosis obtained from endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (n = 19), intraoperative cholangiography (n = 6), CBD exploration (n = 13), or clinical follow-up (n = 10). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRCP were determined. The major clinical indications for MRCP in the 48 patients ware abnormal liver function tests followed by hyperamylasemia. Twenty patients were diagnosed with CBD stones and 28 were not. MRCP correctly predicted the presence of CBD stones in 19 of 20 patients and failed to detect CBD stones in one patient with gallstone pancreatitis. MRCP incorrectly predicted the presence of CBD stones in 3 of 28 patients ultimately found to have gallstones and no CBD stones. MRCP correctly predicted the absence of CBD stones in the other 25 patients including 10 patients with gallstone pancreatitis. Overall, MRCP had a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 89%, and an accuracy of 92%. MRCP is an accurate, noninvasive test for evaluating the CBD duct for the presence or absence of calculi in patients suspected of having CBD stones. Our data support the use of MRCP in the preoperative evaluation of these patients as findings may influence therapeutic decisions. Presented at the Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Washington, D.C., May 11–14, 1997.     

磁共振胆道成像在ERCP不成功病人中的应用

目的：MRCP在ERCP不成功或显影不佳时的应用价值。方法：26例患者在ERCP不成功或显影不佳后48小时内行MRCP检查。结果：全部病例均获有诊断价值的图像,胆胰管正常4例,胆囊管过长伴结石1例,胆总管及肝内胆管结石11例,肝门部胆管癌5例,胰头癌1例,胆总管囊肿2例,肝门部胆管狭窄2例,MRCP对本组疾病总的诊断符合率为88％。结论：MRCP对胆胰疾病有较高的诊断价值。     

腹腔镜、内镜在Mirizzi综合征I型患者中的应用(附11例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜、内镜等微创技术在Mirizzi综合征(MS)Csendes I型患者"个体化诊疗"中的应用。 方法纳入成都中医药大学附属医院2013年11月至2015年12月施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的患者900余例,进行回顾性分析。对病史中有黄疸、生化检查提示血胆红素升高和超声检查提示胆囊结石且肝总管或胆总管直径大于0.8 cm的患者,术前全部进行MRCP及ERCP,发现符合MS的患者24例,占同期LC患者的2.7%(24/900)。将其中Csendes I型11例纳入本研究,分析其临床特征及诊治特点。 结果11例Csendes I型患者中,Csendes Ia型6例,3例合并继发性胆总管结石,其中2例发生急性胆管炎;Csendes Ib型5例,2例合并继发性胆总管结石,其中1例发生急性胆管炎。所有患者行ERCP时一并清除胆总管内取石,留置ENBD管引流胆道,以改善肝功能。11例患者在ERCP后3～7 d成功施行了LC,仅1例Ia型患者胆囊管结石嵌顿,于LC中中转开腹,经胆囊管行胆道镜下的碎石取石。 结论怀疑MS的患者应行MRCP和ERCP,采用Csendes(1989,2008)标准进行准确分型,以便对肝外胆道的受损程度进行评估、合理抉择治疗策略。Csendes Ia型和Ib型患者均可行LC,但术中应利用胆道镜进行胆囊管探查及碎石取石,尽可能避免胆道探查,以防止医源性胆管狭窄。     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with jaundice and suspected biliary obstruction

During a 4-year period (1978-1982), 206 patients were examined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) because of jaundice with suspected biliary obstruction. The total of examinations was 223. Duodenoscopy with ERCP gave a positive primary diagnosis in 160 cases (78%), six (4%) of which later proved to be incorrect. Extrahepatic obstruction could be excluded in 16 patients with normal cholangiogram (8%). Clinically relevant information thus was obtained in 176 cases (85%). The main cause of extrahepatic obstruction was common bile duct stone(s), which were found in 73 patients. Immediate endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed in 64 of them and cleared the duct of stones in 54 (84%). Benign stenosis of the ampulla of Vater was relieved with endoscopic sphincterotomy in six patients. Malignant bile duct obstruction was diagnosed in 56 patients, and in three of them an endoprosthesis for internal drainage of the biliary tract was endoscopically inserted. Immediate complications after ERCP without endoscopic sphincterotomy occurred in 5 of 136 patients (4%), one of whom died. The authors conclude that ERCP is a rapid, reliable and safe diagnostic method in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction.