儿童Alport综合征COL4A5基因型及临床特点分析

目的 探讨儿童Alport综合征（Alport syndrome,AS）致病基因COL4A5基因型与临床表型的特点。 方法 回顾性分析19例存在COL4A5基因突变的AS患儿的基因检测结果和临床资料。 结果 19例COL4A5基因突变导致的AS患儿中,1例（5%）存在COL4A5基因新突变位点c.3372A>G(p.P1124=),其表现为AS合并IgA血管炎肾炎;3例（16%）存在COL4A5基因大片段缺失,其中2例（例7为新突变位点：loss51-53）起病即存在肉眼血尿和蛋白尿,1例（例13,存在新突变位点：loss3-53）仅有镜下血尿;其余15例（79%）患儿均为AS的常见临床表型,其中7例存在COL4A5基因新突变位点。3例（16%）患儿合并COL4A4基因突变,1例（5%）合并COL4A3基因突变,在这些双基因突变患儿中有2例起病即为肉眼血尿合并蛋白尿。 结论 该研究拓展了AS致病基因COL4A5的基因型和表型谱;发生COL4A5基因大片段缺失突变或COL4A5合并COL4A3或COL4A4的双基因突变患儿的临床表现更严重。     

基因诊断儿童Alport综合征30例临床分析

目的　探讨儿童Alport综合征（Alport syndrome,AS）的临床表型与基因突变检测的临床意义。方法　回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年6月在广州医科大学附属广州市第一人民医院儿科收治的30例基因突变患儿的资料。采集患儿及其家系成员的外周血样品,应用基因测序外显子序列捕获技术,寻找样品中是否存在Ⅳ型胶原α3链（COL4A3）、α4链（COL4A4）或α5链（COL4A5）三个突变基因,并对直系亲属行基因验证。结果　经过基因检测确诊Alport综合征（AS）30例,18例（60.00%）进行肾活检,光镜检查结果呈多样化,5例（16.67%）电镜检查表现为肾小球基底膜（glomerularbasementmembrane,GBM）弥漫性变薄、增厚和撕裂分层; 4例（13.33%）电镜表现为薄基底膜病（thin basement membrane nephropathy,TBMN）改变;免疫荧光检查3例（10.00%）肾组织Ⅳ型胶原α3、α5链阴性。22例患儿基因诊断X连锁显性遗传Alport syndrome （X-linked Alport syndrome,XL-AS）,发现8个COL4A5新突变位点。8例患儿基因诊断为常染色体隐性遗传（autosomal recessive Alport Syndrome,AR-AS）,发现3个COL4A4新突变位点。结论　儿童Alport综合征临床表现多样化,缺乏特异性,肾组织病理类型各异,难以早期诊断。基因检测有助于AS的早期诊断,判断患儿的预后,避免不必要的药物治疗。     

COL4A5突变Alport综合征儿童临床表型分析(附31例报告)

目的探讨儿童X-连锁显性遗传性Alport综合征临床表型和基因型的特征。方法回顾性分析2011年6月至2016年6月上海交通大学附属儿童医院肾脏风湿科确诊的31例COL4A5基因突变的X-连锁Alport综合征患儿的临床特征和病理特点。结果 (1)31例患儿中共12例(38.7%)女性,19例(61.3%)男性,平均发病年龄2.6岁。13例患儿以血尿合并蛋白尿起病,22例患儿有阳性家族史。1例患儿有眼部病变,2例患儿听力受损。(2)26例行肾穿刺检查,病理提示15例表现为轻微病变,5例系膜增生,仅6例符合AS的典型改变。(3)共检出31种基因突变,19例错义突变,2例大片段删除,4例剪接突变,6例框移突变。19例错义突变中16例突变为Gly-X-Y型突变。结论 X-连锁显性Alport综合征患儿病理表现多为轻微病变,基因突变以错义突变最为多见,其临床特征和病理表现不典型易引起临床医生的忽视。     

Alport综合征的产前基因诊断

Alport综合征（AS）是最常见的遗传性。肾脏疾病,临床主要表现为血尿和进行性肾功能减退,伴随感音神经性耳聋和眼部异常等。目前已证实AS存在三种遗传方式：X连锁显性遗传（XLAS）、常染色体隐性遗传（ARAS）及常染色体显性遗传（ADAS）。其中,XLAS最常见,约占80％～85％,因COL4A5基因突变或COL4A5和COL4A6两个基因突变所致。ARAS约占AS的15％,因COL4A3或COL4A4基因突变所致。[第一段]     

不同遗传型Alport综合征的产前基因诊断

Alport综合征(Alport syndrome,AS)是最常见的遗传性肾脏疾病之一,临床主要表现为血尿和进行性肾功能减退,伴随感音神经性耳聋和眼部异常等.AS是一种遗传异质性疾病,目前已证实存在3种遗传方式:X连锁显性遗传(Xlinked dominant Alport syndrome,XLAS)最为常见,约占80%～85%,因COL4A5基因突变或COL4A5和COL4A6两个基因突变所致;常染色体隐性遗传(Autosome recessive Alport syndrome,ARAS)约占15%,常染色体显性遗传(Autosome dominant Alport syndrome,ADAS)非常少见,二者均因COL4A3或COL4A4基因突变所致[1-2].我们继往研究中对不少AS家系进行了基因诊断[3],并在国内开展了AS的产前基因诊断[4].在此,我们结合临床实施的几例不同遗传型AS的产前基因诊断家系,探讨此类疾病的产前基因诊断方法以及需要注意的问题.     

91例儿童Alport综合征临床、病理特点及误诊分析

目的探讨儿童Alport综合征(AS)临床、病理特点和诊治情况,以提高对AS的认识。方法收集确诊的91例AS患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 91例患儿均有血尿,86例伴有蛋白尿。61例X连锁显性遗传AS(XL-AS)患儿有阳性家族史。肾活检的82例患儿中74例有轻度或轻-中度系膜增生,48例系膜区少量免疫复合物,53例肾小球基底膜(GBM)有变薄、增厚和撕裂。63例进行了肾组织Ⅳ型胶原α3、α5链免疫荧光检测,确诊AS 58例,其中53例符合XL-AS,5例符合常染色体隐性遗传AS。91例AS患儿中,58例通过肾组织Ⅳ型胶原α3、α5链免疫荧光确诊,21例通过电镜确诊,1例通过皮肤活检确诊;12例基因诊断确诊。发现6个COL4A5基因新突变。45例曾被误诊其他疾病,其中41例接受过激素和/或免疫抑制剂治疗。结论儿童AS临床表现缺乏特异性,特征性GBM电镜改变仅见于部分患儿,本区域儿童AS误诊误治率仍较高。COL4A5基因新突变比例较高。     

不同遗传型Alport综合征的产前基因诊断

Alport综合征(Alport syndrome,AS)是最常见的遗传性肾脏疾病之一,临床主要表现为血尿和进行性肾功能减退,伴随感音神经性耳聋和眼部异常等.AS是一种遗传异质性疾病,目前已证实存在3种遗传方式:X连锁显性遗传(Xlinked dominant Alport syndrome,XLAS)最为常见,约占80%～85%,因COL4A5基因突变或COL4A5和COL4A6两个基因突变所致;常染色体隐性遗传(Autosome recessive Alport syndrome,ARAS)约占15%,常染色体显性遗传(Autosome dominant Alport syndrome,ADAS)非常少见,二者均因COL4A3或COL4A4基因突变所致[1-2].我们继往研究中对不少AS家系进行了基因诊断[3],并在国内开展了AS的产前基因诊断[4].在此,我们结合临床实施的几例不同遗传型AS的产前基因诊断家系,探讨此类疾病的产前基因诊断方法以及需要注意的问题.     

X连锁Alport综合征女性患者临床表型差异的可能机制

Alport综合征(Alport syndrome,AS)是以血尿、感音神经性耳聋和进行性肾功能减退为临床特点的遗传性肾脏疾病,X连锁显性遗传(X-linked Alport syndrome,XLAS)为其主要遗传方式,因COL4A5和(或)COL4A6基因突变所致。X连锁Alport综合征女性患者临床表型差异很大,轻者无症状或仅表现为镜下血尿,重者有慢性肾功能衰竭,尤其是来自同一家系的女性患者临床表型可以明显不同,这种现象不能完全用COL4A5基因突变类型来解释。近年来,研究显示XLAS女性患者临床表型的差异与COL4A5突变mRNA及基底膜a5(Ⅳ)链的表达量相关,而COL4A5突变mRNA及基底膜a5(Ⅳ)链的表达量不同的机制可能与X染色体失活有关,其他表观遗传学调控方式也可能参与其中。该文就X连锁Alport综合征女性患者临床表型差异的可能机制进行了文献综述。     

儿童Alport综合征COL4A5基因4种新突变分析

目的 分析4例儿童Alport综合征的基因型和临床表型特点。方法 总结4例患儿的临床特点,采用外显子捕获-第二代测序技术对4例诊断为Alport综合征患儿的COL4A5、COL4A4和COL4A3基因进行突变检测。结果 4例均为男性,年龄6～8岁,首发症状均为血尿,均伴有不同程度的蛋白尿。1例表现为高频听力区受损,1例右侧视网膜脱色素改变。4例肾功能均正常。肾穿刺活检电镜检查均显示典型Alport综合征基底膜病变。在4个家系中发现4种COL4A5基因突变,分别为Gly132Glu、Gly1238Arg、Gly267Arg和Gly1033Ser, 均为未报道的新突变。经家系验证Gly132Glu和Gly1033Ser为新生突变。用 SIFT 和PolyPhen 软件进行蛋白功能预测均显示4种突变为有害突变。结论 本研究采用外显子捕获-第二代测序技术共检测到4种COL4A5基因新突变,其中2种为新生突变。为人类Alport综合征基因突变数据库增添了4个新成员,对进一步研究中国人群Alport综合征的发病机制以及遗传咨询和产前诊断有重大意义。     

以激素耐药型肾病综合征起病的Alport综合征15例临床分析

目的　对以儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征（steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome,SRNS）起病的Alport综合征（Alport syndrome,AS）的临床资料、病理和基因检测情况进行临床分析,以提高对AS的认识。方法　选取2015年1月至2019年12月广州医科大学附属广州市第一人民医院儿科初治均诊断为原发性肾病综合征（primary nephrotic syndrome, PNS）, 经过治疗效果不佳, 从最初的激素依赖型肾病综合征（steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, SDNS）到SRNS, 最后经过基因检测确诊为AS的15例患儿, 综合分析其临床特点、 病理、 肾外表现及基因检测等情况。结果　（1）15例AS患儿中, 均有镜下血尿, 均有不同程度的水肿、 大量蛋白尿、 低蛋白血症和高脂血症, 其中蛋白尿伴肉眼血尿的3例, 出现尿素氮/血肌酐明显升高2例。（2）13例患儿行肾穿刺活检病理检测, AS患儿肾脏病理检查结果呈多样性, 中度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎3例, 局灶性节段性肾小球硬化（focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, FSGS）3例, IgA肾病3例, 薄基底膜肾病2例, 肾小球轻微病变1例, 轻度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎1例。（3）15例PNS患儿均进行基因检测, 发现COL4A5基因突变13例, COL4A4和COL4A3基因突变各1例。结论 临床对于SRNS治疗效果不佳, 应积极询问家族史, 尽早行AS基因检测, 早期诊断有助于判断患儿的预后, 避免不必要的药物治疗, 达到精准治疗。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.