还原响应型靶向自载药纳米粒的制备及其体外评价

目的 制备靶向性的自载药纳米粒(HA-ss-Bai NPs)，并考察其作为药物载体递送姜黄素(curcumin，Cur)的可行性。方法 制备二硫键连接的透明质酸(hyaluronic acid，HA)-黄芩苷(baicalin，Bai)聚合物，利用核磁共振氢谱(hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy，¹H-NMR)、红外光谱(infrared spectroscopy，IR)确证聚合物的结构；采用超声法制备自组装纳米粒，并对其粒径、Zeta电位进行表征；采用芘荧光探针法测定纳米粒的临界聚集浓度(critical aggregation concentration，CAC)；测定载Cur纳米粒包封率和载药量；MTT试验考察载药纳米粒的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果 制备HA-ss-Bai NPs，最小粒径为(124.3±6.5) nm，CAC值为(0.023 8±0.003 5) mg·mL^–1。测得Cur/HA-ss-Bai NPs的粒径为(172.5±3.2) nm，载药量为(17.08±0.25)%，包封率为(51.23±3.97)%。体外释放表明药物在还原条件下可快速释放，MTT试验表明Cur/HA-ss-Bai NPs对HepG2肝癌细胞生长具有显著的抑制作用。结论 制备的Cur/HA-ss-Bai NPs粒径均匀、载药量较高，具有良好的还原响应性和抗肿瘤活性，同时提高了Bai与Cur的体外抗肿瘤效果。     

载姜黄素的透明质酸-熊果酸-硫辛酸交联纳米粒的制备及其体外抗肿瘤活性

目的 制备载姜黄素的透明质酸-熊果酸-硫辛酸交联纳米粒（Cur/cLA-HU NPs）,并进行体外抗肿瘤活性评价。方法 以载药量、包封率为指标,采用超声法,通过单因素考察优化Cur/cLA-HU NPs的制备工艺,并对Cur/cLA-HU NPs的粒径、Zeta电位、形态和体外释药情况进行评价。通过荧光倒置显微镜分析HepG2细胞对Cur/cLA-HU NPs的摄取,以MTT法考察Cur/cLA-HU NPs对HepG2细胞的毒性。结果 最佳载药工艺为：以甲醇为药物姜黄素有机溶剂,以药质比4∶10进行投料,超声于100 W下次数为3次,每次处理3 min,超声程序设置为开2 s、停4 s。Cur/cLA-HU NPs的包封率为（87.91±1.51）%,载药量为（16.64±0.45）%,粒径为（172.3±2.57）nm,PDI为（0.174±0.021）,分散均匀,Zeta电位为（−35.3±2.12）mV。Cur/cLA-HU NPs具有还原响应性,释放药物的快慢受到GSH浓度的影响;靶向肿瘤细胞,且被细胞快速摄取;对HepG2人肝癌细胞增殖具有明显抑制作用。结论 Cur/cLA-HU NPs载药量和包封率高,其体外抗肿瘤活性稍优于姜黄素,具有肿瘤靶向性。     

活性氧/谷胱甘肽双重响应型紫杉醇前药纳米粒的制备与评价

目的 设计具有活性氧/谷胱甘肽双重响应的紫杉醇前药纳米粒(ProPTX-SS-NPs),为紫杉醇的应用提供新思路和新方法。方法 以粒径和PDI为指标,考察前药纳米粒的最佳制备方法和工艺;通过电镜观察前药纳米粒的形貌并对其粒径、电位、包封率、载药量等进行考察;考察纳米粒在活性氧和谷胱甘肽环境下的体外释放特性;通过细胞试验考察前药纳米粒的体外细胞毒性和细胞摄取情况。结果 采用最佳工艺制备的纳米粒粒径为(130.20±2.18) nm,分散系数为0.12±0.01,Zeta电位为(–8.45±0.01) mV,载药量为(10.27±1.36)%,包封率为(93.22±2.20)%。前药纳米粒具有良好的活性氧和谷胱甘肽响应特性,并且能够显著抑制MCF-7、HepG2和MDA-MB-231增殖。其对MDA-MB-231细胞的抑制作用最为显著,半数抑制浓度IC₅₀(0.71±0.11)μmol·L^-1,而PTX的IC₅₀为(22.38±3.27)μmol·L^-1。结论ProPTX-SS-NPs具有良好的肿瘤微环境响应性能,具备显著的抗肿瘤活性,是一种极具潜力和应用前景的抗肿瘤纳米系统。     

负载阿霉素的黄芩苷纳米粒的制备及其体外性能评价

目的 制备负载阿霉素的黄芩苷纳米粒（DOX/SA-SS-BAI NPs）,并评价其体外性能。方法 构建以胱胺为连接臂的海藻酸钠–黄芩苷聚合物,并负载阿霉素,得到DOX/SA-SS-BAI NPs。对DOX/SA-SS-BAI NPs的理化性质进行表征;采用HepG2细胞进行MTT实验验证其细胞毒性。结果 DOX/SA-SS-BAI NPs粒径为（158.2±2.8）nm,PDI为（0.241±0.008）,Zeta电位为（−24.1±0.3）mV,包封率为（64.34±0.25）%,载药量为（16.22±0.06）%。体外释放显示载药纳米粒具有良好的还原响应性;MTT实验证明DOX/SA-SS-BAI NPs对HepG2细胞具有良好的抑制作用;细胞摄取实验表明DOX/SA-SS-BAI NPs在HepG2细胞内较快地释放阿霉素。结论 制备的DOX/SA-SS-BAI NPs具有较好的理化性质和体外抗癌作用。     

卡巴他赛白蛋白纳米粒的制备及其体外生物相容性评价

目的 制备卡巴他赛白蛋白纳米粒（CBZ-BSA-Gd-NP）以降低药物毒性,并评价其体外生物相容性。方法 采用生物矿化法制备CBZ-BSA-Gd-NP,对其处方工艺进行优化,对粒径、Zeta电位、载药量等性质进行表征,并采用体外溶血试验考察其体外血液相容性。结果 制得的纳米粒包封率为63.04%,载药量为10.51%,平均粒径为（166.1±4.7） nm,粒径的多分散系数（PDI）为0.256,Zeta电位为（-18.14±1.16） mV,与卡巴他赛-吐温溶液相比,体外溶血作用显著降低。结论 该方法操作简便,制备的CBZ-BSA-Gd-NP载药量高,粒径均匀,体外血液相容性好,增加了药物使用的安全性。     

聚水杨酸氧化还原响应型纳米载药系统的制备及体外评价

目的 将聚水杨酸(poly-salicylic acid,PSA)连接到羧甲基壳聚糖上,使其形成自组装纳米粒(nanoparticles,NPs),并进行表征和体外评价。方法 以O-羧甲基壳聚糖(O-carboxymethyl chitosan,OCMC)作为亲水骨链,通过二硫键将PSA连接在羧甲基壳聚糖上。利用核磁共振氢谱(¹H-NMR)、红外光谱(IR)确证聚合物的结构;采用超声法制备自组装NPs,并对其粒径、Zeta电位进行表征;采用芘荧光探针法测定NPs的临界聚集浓度(critical aggregation concentration,CAC);测定载DOX NPs包封率和载药量;MTT试验考察载药NPs的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果 OCMC二硫键连接PSA NPs(OCMC-SS-PSA NPs)的粒径为(148.5±2.3)nm;CAC值为(0.069 3±0.001 3)mg·mL^-1;还原响应性和pH敏感性良好。DOX/OCMC-SS-PSA NPs的粒径为(160.5±1.7)nm,载药量为(17.43±0.56)%,包封率为(89.67±1.23)%。MTT试验表明OCMC-SS-PSA NPs具有良好的生物安全性;细胞摄取试验表明DOX/OCMC-SS-PSA NPs在细胞内滞留时间更长。结论 OCMC-SS-PSA NPs粒径较小,具有良好的还原响应性、pH敏感性和生物安全性。OCMC-SS-PSA NPs可作为兼具还原响应性和pH敏感性的纳米给药系统。     

星点设计-效应面法优化姜黄素牛血清白蛋白纳米粒的制备工艺

摘 要 目的：星点设计 效应面法优化姜黄素牛血清白蛋白纳米粒(CUR BSA NPs)的制备工艺,考察其外观粒径分布及体外释放特性。 方法: 以牛血清白蛋白为载体材料,姜黄素作为模型药物,采用去溶剂法制备CUR BSA NPs,通过星点设计 效应面法优化其制备工艺,并对CUR BSA NPs的外观形态、粒径分布、包封率、载药量及体外释放进行研究。 结果: CUR BSA NPs制备的最佳工艺条件为牛血清白蛋白浓度10 mg·ml-1,乙醇体积7.79 ml,搅拌速度915 r·min-1。根据优化处方工艺制备的CUR BSA NPs外观呈圆形或类圆形,平均粒径（203.93±83.10） nm,Zeta电位-40～-50 mV;包封率为86.53%,载药量为3.89%。 结论: 最优工艺条件下制备的CUR BSA NPs包封率和载药量高,粒径分布较为均匀,体外释放试验表明与姜黄素原料药相比制备的CUR BSA NPs有良好的缓释特性。     

盐酸阿霉素聚乳酸纳米粒的制备及大鼠体内药动学研究

目的 优化盐酸阿霉素聚乳酸纳米粒（DOX-PLA-NPs）的制备工艺,并对其理化性质、体外释放及大鼠体内药动学进行研究。方法 采用改良的复乳-溶剂挥发法制备DOX-PLA-NPs,正交设计优化其处方工艺,对其纳米粒形态、粒径、Zeta电位、包封率与载药量进行测定。以DOX原药为对照组,考察DOX-PLA-NPs的体外释药特性及大鼠尾静脉给药后的体内药动学参数。结果 DOX-PLA-NPs外观圆整,平均粒径为（125.67±3.80） nm、Zeta电位为（-35.97±1.58） mV、包封率和载药量分别为（81.23±1.46）%,（10.29±0.63）%。体外释放结果显示,DOX经纳米粒包裹后,具明显的缓释作用。DOX原药和纳米粒的体内药动学过程均符合开放式二室模型,t_1/2β分别为（1.15±0.175） h、（6.43±2.12） h,CL分别为（174.76±47.22） h·L^-1、（30.68±11.86） h·L^-1,AUC_0→t分别为（6.01±1.61）μg·h·L^-1、（36.04±13.72）μg·h·L^-1。结论 制备的盐酸阿霉素聚乳酸纳米粒粒径较小、包封率较高,具明显的缓释作用,并能提高药物的生物利用度。     

新型抗肝损伤化合物XXH-32脂质体的制备及其药剂学性质研究

目的 制备新型抗肝损伤化合物XXH-32脂质体,并对其药剂学性质进行研究。方法 采用薄膜分散法制备脂质体,正交试验设计考察影响制备工艺的因素,用扫描电镜观察脂质体表面形态,对制备的XXH-32脂质体的粒径、载药量、包封率等性质及体外释放特性进行了研究。结果 XXH-32脂质体的最佳制备工艺稳定,脂质体形态圆整,粒径分布适宜。优化工艺制得的脂质体平均粒径为（175.2±2.55）nm,多分散系数为0.262±0.01,载药量为（2.60±0.12）%,包封率为（95.05±1.06）%,体外释放符合一级动力学方程,ln（100-Q）=-0.06t+4.79（R²=0.979 4）。结论 本实验获得了较理想的新型抗肝损伤化合物XXH-32脂质体,其体外释药特性符合缓释制剂特征。     

季铵化壳聚糖胰岛素纳米粒的制备、处方优化及其初步药效学实验

目的 采用正交设计试验优化载胰岛素季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒的处方工艺,并初步考察其降糖效果。 方法 用离子交联法制备载胰岛素的季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒,用正交试验确定其最佳处方工艺。用透射电子显微镜观察纳米粒的表面形态;用粒径/Zeta电位仪测定纳米粒的粒径和Zeta电位;用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定纳米粒的包封率、载药量及体外释放情况。对糖尿病大鼠皮下注射给药,对其药效学进行初步考察。 结果 制得的纳米粒呈球形,分布均匀;平均粒径(63.26±1.88) nm;Zeta电位(33.1±0.3) mV;包封率(37.92±2.11)%;载药量(5.42±0.3)%;24 h累计释放率63.83%。皮下注射给药8 h,糖尿病大鼠血糖较单纯注射胰岛素组下降平缓,且药效持久。 结论 优化后的载胰岛素的季铵化壳聚糖纳米粒形态较好、粒径较小,为研究胰岛素的新型给药途径奠定了基础。     

Cerebral metabolism of [3H]-p-chloroamphetamine

The time-dependent metabolism of intraventricularly administered $\text{[}{}^3\text{H}\text{]-p-}\text{chloroamphetamine}$ was followed. The parent compound and its metabolites were recovered by high pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by high pressure liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. By 4 hr after injection, two major toluene-soluble metabolites were present in brain. Their biological half-lives were different from the parent compound. On the basis of their analyses, one of the metabolites is p-chloronorephedrine, the other (P₃) is as yet unidentified. Pretreatment with Lilly 110140 prevented or markedly reduced the synthesis of both p-chloronorephedrine and P₃. Iprindole prevented the synthesis of p-chloronorephedrine. The P₃ appeared first in the brain then in the liver, suggesting that both of these organs can metabolize p-chloroamphetamine to this compound. The metabolites were recovered primarily from the nuclear and microsomal fractions following subcellular fractionation of the brain, with small quantities present in the synaptosomal fraction. The level of metabolites was higher in the brainstem than in the neocortex. Glutathione, administered simultaneously with p-chloroamphetamine either intraventricularly or intraperitoneally failed to alter the toxicity of p-chloroamphetamine.     

Clevudine University of Georgia/Abbott/Bukwang/Triangle/Yale University

The pyrimidine analog, clevudine (L-FMAU: 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyluridine) is a potent antihepatitis B virus (HBV) and anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) agent, discovered by researchers at the University of Georgia, in collaboration with Yale University and Bukwang. Bukwang transferred its technology to Triangle Pharmaceuticals in 1998 together with a license to develop clevudine worldwide except Korea [279649], [281942]. In June 1999, Triangle and Abbott Laboratories entered into a strategic alliance to copromote antiviral products including L-FMAU [326798]. In September 2000, Triangle Pharmaceuticals Inc initiated a 30-day phase I/II evaluation of clevudine in HBV-infected patients [381755]. Clevudine is a much less toxic derivative of the toxic agent P-D-FMAU. The mechanism of action of clevudine is not yet clear, but the agent induces a rapid decrease in HBV nucleic acid as doses increase from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg [319145]. It is believed that the target for clevudine lies in the viral replication mechanism. Clevudine is phosphorylated to the triphosphate form intracellularly. This is removed slowly from the cells, thus exerting a sustained inhibitory antiviral activity [178173], [320720], [320721].     

Spotlight from the American Society for Preventive Cardiology on Key Features of the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guidelines on the Management of Blood Cholesterol

The 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol retains focus on recommendations for statin treatment in the original four statin-eligible groups [those with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), diabetes, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥ 190 mg/dL, and higher risk primary prevention] without the use of treatment initiation or target LDL-C levels from the earlier 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline, but has several new features. First, patients with primary prevention are divided into those who are at low (< 5%), borderline (5% to < 7.5%), intermediate (7.5% to < 20%), and high (≥ 20%) risk based on the ASCVD risk estimator. Moreover, the new guideline goes further to consider a wider range of factors [now called “risk enhancers”—premature family history of ASCVD, persistently high LDL-C, chronic kidney disease (CKD), metabolic syndrome, conditions specific to women, inflammatory diseases, and high-risk ethnicities] that can be used to better inform the treatment decision. Moreover, more detailed recommendations on how the results of coronary calcium scanning can be used to inform the treatment decision are provided, including how it may be used to “de-risk” certain patients for delaying or avoiding the use of statin therapy. There are also specific sections for cholesterol management in other patient subgroups including women, children, certain ethnic groups, those with CKD, chronic inflammatory disorders and HIV, as well as discussion on the management of hypertriglyceridemia. Importantly, for persons with known ASCVD, a distinction is made for those who are at “very high risk” based on having had two major ASCVD events or one major event and two or more other high risk conditions, such as diabetes or other major risk factors, or bypass surgery or percutaneous intervention. Finally, the concept of a threshold LDL-C for initiating a non-statin therapy (after considering highest tolerated statin dosage) is provided, with ezetimibe recommended as the key non-statin to be added if the LDL-C still remains ≥ 70 mg/dL for all ASCVD patients, and in those who are at “very high risk”, further consideration for using a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor. While the new guideline does have greater detail (and arguably, complexity), the refinements provide a strategy for guiding the clinician to target both statin and non-statin therapy to those most likely to derive benefit.     

Pitavastatin Nissan/Kowa Yakuhin/Novartis/Sankyo

Pitavastatin (nisvastatin) is an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor being developed jointly by Nissan, Kowa Kogyo, Novartis and Sankyo for the potential treatment of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.     

N-Nitroso-N-Methyldodecylamine and N-Nitroso-N-Methyltetradecylamine in household dishwashing liquids

Eleven household dishwashing liquids and four household surface cleaners were analysed for N-nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine and N-nitroso-N-methyltetradecylamine by gas chromatography with detection using a Thermal Energy Analyzer. Both nitrosamines were found in three of the dishwashing detergents and one of the surface cleaners. [1-¹⁴C]-N-Nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine was used to determine recoveries, which were between 65 and 88%. Levels of N-nitroso-N-methyldodecylamine ranged from 112 to 661 ppb and those of N-nitroso-N-methyltetradecylamine from 46 to 151 ppb. A simple method was developed to screen the products for N,N-dimethyldodecylamine-N-oxide, a surfactant ingredient suspected of being the source of these nitrosamines. By application of this method it was established that all of the products formulated with this amine oxide contained these two nitrosamines, whereas in products that did not contain this ingredient, these nitrosamines were not detected.     

PROTON AND POTASSIUM TRANSPORT BY H+/K+-ATPases

1. H⁺/K⁺-ATPases are members of the P-type ATPase multigene family. The prototypical H⁺/K⁺-ATPase is the protein that acidifies gastric luminal contents. The physiological and pharmacological significance of this pump has led to a detailed investigation of its biochemistry and molecular and cell biology. 2. Recently, a number of closely related H⁺/K⁺-ATPase isoforms have been discovered. These isoforms are present in organs other than the stomach, including the colon and kidney, where they contribute to acid—base and potassium homeostasis. The structure, expression and physiological roles of the gastric H⁺/K⁺-ATPase and other isoforms are reviewed.     

INTERACTIONS OF Na+, H2O2 AND THE Na+-Ca2+ EXCHANGER STIMULATE Ca2+ RELEASE IN CK1.4 CELLS

1. The present study aimed to demonstrate that interactions of cations, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺exchanger stimulate Ca²⁺ release and oscillations of cytosolic Ca²⁺ [Ca²⁺]i in non-transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) C1 cells and in transfected CHO (CK1.4) cells that contained an expression vector coding the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger sequence. 2. The [⁴⁵Ca²⁺] uptake assay, fura-2 fluorescence imaging and 2² and 2³ factorial orthogonal statistics provide comparative, direct, efficient, quantitative and transient methods to delineate the effects of such interactions on Ca²⁺ influx, Ca²⁺release and [Ca²⁺]i in C1 and CK1.4 cells. 3. In contrast to the control of either Na⁺-, Ca²⁺- or H₂O₂-free or CI cells, an elevated [⁴⁵Ca²⁺] uptake was induced by Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and H₂O₂ individually and in combination, intracellular Ca²⁺ release was activated by H₂O₂ and by combinations of either H₂O₂ and Na⁺, H₂O₂ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger, Na⁺ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger or by H₂O₂, Na⁺ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger and a rise in [Ca²⁺]i was triggered by H₂O₂, Na⁺ and a combination of Na⁺ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺exchanger. 4. These results indicate that interactions between H₂O₂, Na⁺ and the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger stimulate intracellular Ca²⁺mobilization via Ca²⁺-induced Ca²⁺ release mechanisms, ATP-activated G-protein coupled P_2y-purinoceptor-sensitive pathways, Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger-mediated Ca²⁺ influx and cation-π interaction (a strong non-covalent force between the cation and the π face of an aromatic structure in the transmembrane protein). 5. The present findings provide important clues for understanding Ca²⁺ signal transduction mechanisms from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum.     

Amlodipine/Valsartan/Hydrochlorothiazide

Amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a fixed-dose combination of the well established antihypertensive agents amlodipine (a calcium channel antagonist), valsartan (an angiotensin II receptor antagonist), and HCTZ (a thiazide diuretic). In patients with moderate or severe hypertension, triple combination therapy with amlodipine + valsartan + HCTZ produced significantly greater reductions from baseline in mean sitting systolic and diastolic BP (msSBP and msDBP) than either valsartan + HCTZ, amlodipine + HCTZ, or amlodipine + valsartan in a large, 8-week, randomized, double-blind, multinational, phase III trial. Furthermore, the proportion of patients achieving overall BP control at endpoint was significantly greater with the triple combination regimen than with any of the dual regimens, with significantly more triple combination recipients achieving msSBP and msDBP control at each assessment throughout the trial. Subgroup analyses of this study suggested that amlodipine + valsartan + HCTZ was generally more effective in reducing BP and providing overall BP control than the dual combination therapies, irrespective of age, race, gender, ethnicity, or hypertension severity. Several smaller studies provide data that support the efficacy of amlodipine + valsartan + HCTZ in patients whose BP is inadequately controlled with amlodipine + valsartan, amlodipine + HCTZ, or valsartan + HCTZ dual combination therapy. Treatment with amlodipine + valsartan + HCTZ for up to 8 weeks was generally well tolerated in the large, phase III trial, with most adverse events being transient and of mild to moderate severity.     

EFFECTS OF THE OPIOID PEPTIDES [MET5]ENKEPHALIN-ARG6-PHE7 AND [MET5]ENKEPHALIN-ARG6-GLY7-LEU8 ON CHOLINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION IN THE RABBIT ISOLATED ATRIA

1. The effect of the opioid peptides [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 (MEAP) and [Met5]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MEAGL) were compared with those of [Leu5]enkephalin and [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalinamide (DAME) on cholinergic neurotransmission in the rabbit isolated atria. 2. Rabbit isolated atria had a resting rate of 190 beats/min. In the presence of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (0.3 mumol/l), atria responded to electrical field stimulation with a cholinergically mediated negative chronotropic response. The opioid peptides had no effect on the resting rate, but inhibited the negative chronotropic response to field stimulation. The IC50 values for inhibiting the cholinergic responses were 1.4 mumol/l for [Leu5]enkephalin (LE), 1.4 mumol/l for MEAP, 1.3 mumol/l for MEAGL and 0.2 mumol/l for DAME. Responses of a similar magnitude to exogenous acetylcholine were unaffected. 3. Thus, MEAP, MEAGL and LE had similar potencies but DAME was about seven times more potent in inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission in the rabbit isolated atria. The site of inhibition appears to be prejunctional.