中国血吸虫病流行农村地区建造卫生厕所需求及影响因素分析

目的 了解我国血吸虫病流行农村地区人群建造卫生厕所的需求、支付意愿及影响因素.方法 于2007年6-11月,在目前仍然存在血吸虫病流行的湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、四川7个省,每省随机抽取2个流行县.每县选取3个流行村,每村随机抽取30名居民进行问卷调查.结果 在中国血吸虫病流行的农村地区,干净、卫生、方便等提高生活质量的需求是农户建造、使用卫生厕所的主要原因;98%以上的使用非卫生厕所的农户愿意支付一定的建造经费,多数农户的支付意愿在100～500元之间;缺少资金、技术、劳动力等是影响使用非卫生厕所农户自行建造卫生厕所的主要限制因素;了解"改水改厕"以及了解"消灭钉螺"、"家畜圈养"等血吸虫病预防措施的居民愿意出资建造卫生厕所的比例高于"不知道血吸虫病预防措施"的居民.结论 中国血吸虫流行农村地区使用非卫生厕所人群对建造卫生厕所的需求强烈,并有一定的支付意愿和支付能力;加强血吸虫病卫生知识的宣传可以提高血吸虫流行农村地区使用非卫生厕所人群对建造卫生厕所的需求和支付意愿.

Abstract：

Objectives To understand the demand, payment capability and influencing factors of sanitary latrine construction in schistosomiasis epidemic areas in China. Methods In Hu' nan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan and Jiangsu, 2 counties in each province were selected and 3 villages with schistosomiasis prevalence in each county were randomly sampled. Thirty households were randomly sampled from each village for questionnaire survey. Results The major reasons for constructing sanitary latrine were cleanliness,sanitation and convenience in the rural areas;more than 98% of the households were willing to pay part of the construction,among them,the majority of the families hoped the payment kept within 100-500 yuan (RMB);the problem for the non-sanitary latrine users to construct sanitary ones by themselves was lack of money, technique and skilled labors etc; the residents with the knowledge of rural water supply and latrine improvement,eliminating,keeping livestock enclosure were willing to pay for the construction of sanitary latrine. Conclusion The families using non-sanitary latrine have strong will for constructing the sanitary ones,and they also have payment will and capability to some extents. Most families can afford to the latrine construction within 500 yuan (RMB);to strengthen health education and communication can promote the demand and payment will for construction of sanitary latrine among the people using non-sanitary latrine in schistosomiasis epidemic areas.     

重庆市某农村地区三格式化粪池卫生学调查

目的 了解现有的三格式化粪池对粪便处理的卫生学效果,方法于2007年9月-2008年1月在重庆市某区A镇选择代表性的A村,采用单纯随机抽样方法对20所户厕及三格式化粪池进行现场调查,检测第三格粪水的卫生学和环境学指标.结果 本次抽样检测第三格粪水的pH值基本在8～9范围内,其合格率达85%,而其他指标的合格率普遍偏低,其中化学需氧量、氨氮和总氮的合格率仅5%,五日生化需氧量和总磷为10%,总悬浮和色度为15%,粪大肠菌群值均不合格.结论 本次调查的三格式化粪池后期管理有待改善,化粪池粪水若直接排放会造成环境二次污染,应采取措施进行深度处理.

Abstract：

Objective To perform a hygienic assessment of the three-chamber septic tanks and analyze the efficiency of non-hazardous treatment of feces and the impact on the environment, so as to provide the reference for the three-chamber septic tanks improvement test. Methods From September 2007 to January 2008, the 20 latrines of residents and the three-chamber septic tanks were selected by simple random sampling method from A village of A town , Chongqing , as the investigation point.with suitable economic conditions,the status of the latrines with three-chamber septic tanks were surveyed, and the hygienic and environmental indicators of the third chamber feces samples were detected. Results After the implementation of the three-chamber septic tanks, the rural ecological environment was improved. The samples test showed that pH value was basically in the range of 8-9, the qualified rate was 85%, as for the other indicators, the qualified rates were generally lower. The qualified rate of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen was only 5%, five-day biochemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus was 10%, SS and the color was 15%, fecal coliform value of the samples were not qualified. Conclusion The management of the three-chamber septic tanks needs to be improved. If the liquid dung of septic tanks was directly discharged, it will cause secondary environmental pollution.So it should be deeply treated.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者配偶乙型肝炎病毒感染状况调查和分析

Objective To evaluate the influence of daily contact on HBV infection between hepatitis B virus carriers and their spouses by investigating the infection situation after marriage. Methods Premarital HBV carriers of serum HBV DNA positive were enrolled, family history, the histoty of blood donation, blood transfusion, drug abuse,physical examination, premarriage medical check, extramarital sex and hepatitis B vaccine were investigated in their spouses. Couples who were infected before marriage or vaccined with HBV vaccine were excluded. 68 couples were enrolled with an average marriage time of 12.5 years (0.5-35 years), their HBV serum markers and quantitative were performed. Results In the 68 couples, 54(79.4%) spouses were serum HBV marker positive, of the 54 spouses, 4 were HBV DNA positive. The chronic rate of HBV infection in the spouses was 7.4%, and was similar to the rate in general population(5%-10%). 48(88.9%) spouses were anti-HBs positive, the positive rate was similar to the rate in vaccinated population (85%-90%). Male spouses with at least one HBV marker positive were 22 cases (22/24), occupied 91.7% , female spouses were 32(32/44), occupied 72.7%, there was no difference between the male and female spouses(χ2 = 2.681, P > 0.05). Conclusions Whether HBV carriers' spouse infected with HBV is not correlated with marriage time, gender and HBV DNA level of carriers. HBV infection rate of the healthy people increases after marriage with HBV carriers, but the rate of chronic HBV infection is not increased obviouly.     

粤东地区四种性传播疾病病原感染的流行状况

Objective To investigate the infection situation of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nersseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV- Ⅱ among the people in east Guangdong. Methods 4404 cases of out-patients with self-clinical symptoms or suspicious reproductive tract infection were selected as study subject and were examined for UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ . Results Among the 4404 cases, 864 cases were UU positive(41.90%), 72 were NG positive (10.70%), 192 were CT positive(12.90%) and 24 were HSV-Ⅱ positive(12.90%). Of the 1152 cases of above positive patients, the highest infection rate was in the patients of 20 to 40 years old(86.55%), and the females were ob-viously higher than the males. Conclusions In the people of east Guangdong, the situation of UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection was severe, especially in 20 to40 ages.It is very important to detect the sex transmitted disease agents in high risk people and is also the key link to control UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection.     

粤东地区四种性传播疾病病原感染的流行状况

Objective To investigate the infection situation of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nersseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV- Ⅱ among the people in east Guangdong. Methods 4404 cases of out-patients with self-clinical symptoms or suspicious reproductive tract infection were selected as study subject and were examined for UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ . Results Among the 4404 cases, 864 cases were UU positive(41.90%), 72 were NG positive (10.70%), 192 were CT positive(12.90%) and 24 were HSV-Ⅱ positive(12.90%). Of the 1152 cases of above positive patients, the highest infection rate was in the patients of 20 to 40 years old(86.55%), and the females were ob-viously higher than the males. Conclusions In the people of east Guangdong, the situation of UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection was severe, especially in 20 to40 ages.It is very important to detect the sex transmitted disease agents in high risk people and is also the key link to control UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection.     

粤东地区四种性传播疾病病原感染的流行状况

Objective To investigate the infection situation of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nersseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV- Ⅱ among the people in east Guangdong. Methods 4404 cases of out-patients with self-clinical symptoms or suspicious reproductive tract infection were selected as study subject and were examined for UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ . Results Among the 4404 cases, 864 cases were UU positive(41.90%), 72 were NG positive (10.70%), 192 were CT positive(12.90%) and 24 were HSV-Ⅱ positive(12.90%). Of the 1152 cases of above positive patients, the highest infection rate was in the patients of 20 to 40 years old(86.55%), and the females were ob-viously higher than the males. Conclusions In the people of east Guangdong, the situation of UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection was severe, especially in 20 to40 ages.It is very important to detect the sex transmitted disease agents in high risk people and is also the key link to control UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection.     

粤东地区四种性传播疾病病原感染的流行状况

Objective To investigate the infection situation of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nersseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV- Ⅱ among the people in east Guangdong. Methods 4404 cases of out-patients with self-clinical symptoms or suspicious reproductive tract infection were selected as study subject and were examined for UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ . Results Among the 4404 cases, 864 cases were UU positive(41.90%), 72 were NG positive (10.70%), 192 were CT positive(12.90%) and 24 were HSV-Ⅱ positive(12.90%). Of the 1152 cases of above positive patients, the highest infection rate was in the patients of 20 to 40 years old(86.55%), and the females were ob-viously higher than the males. Conclusions In the people of east Guangdong, the situation of UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection was severe, especially in 20 to40 ages.It is very important to detect the sex transmitted disease agents in high risk people and is also the key link to control UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection.     

粤东地区四种性传播疾病病原感染的流行状况

Objective To investigate the infection situation of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nersseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV- Ⅱ among the people in east Guangdong. Methods 4404 cases of out-patients with self-clinical symptoms or suspicious reproductive tract infection were selected as study subject and were examined for UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ . Results Among the 4404 cases, 864 cases were UU positive(41.90%), 72 were NG positive (10.70%), 192 were CT positive(12.90%) and 24 were HSV-Ⅱ positive(12.90%). Of the 1152 cases of above positive patients, the highest infection rate was in the patients of 20 to 40 years old(86.55%), and the females were ob-viously higher than the males. Conclusions In the people of east Guangdong, the situation of UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection was severe, especially in 20 to40 ages.It is very important to detect the sex transmitted disease agents in high risk people and is also the key link to control UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection.     

粤东地区四种性传播疾病病原感染的流行状况

Objective To investigate the infection situation of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nersseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV- Ⅱ among the people in east Guangdong. Methods 4404 cases of out-patients with self-clinical symptoms or suspicious reproductive tract infection were selected as study subject and were examined for UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ . Results Among the 4404 cases, 864 cases were UU positive(41.90%), 72 were NG positive (10.70%), 192 were CT positive(12.90%) and 24 were HSV-Ⅱ positive(12.90%). Of the 1152 cases of above positive patients, the highest infection rate was in the patients of 20 to 40 years old(86.55%), and the females were ob-viously higher than the males. Conclusions In the people of east Guangdong, the situation of UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection was severe, especially in 20 to40 ages.It is very important to detect the sex transmitted disease agents in high risk people and is also the key link to control UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection.     

粤东地区四种性传播疾病病原感染的流行状况

Objective To investigate the infection situation of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Nersseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and HSV- Ⅱ among the people in east Guangdong. Methods 4404 cases of out-patients with self-clinical symptoms or suspicious reproductive tract infection were selected as study subject and were examined for UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ . Results Among the 4404 cases, 864 cases were UU positive(41.90%), 72 were NG positive (10.70%), 192 were CT positive(12.90%) and 24 were HSV-Ⅱ positive(12.90%). Of the 1152 cases of above positive patients, the highest infection rate was in the patients of 20 to 40 years old(86.55%), and the females were ob-viously higher than the males. Conclusions In the people of east Guangdong, the situation of UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection was severe, especially in 20 to40 ages.It is very important to detect the sex transmitted disease agents in high risk people and is also the key link to control UU, NG, CT and HSV- Ⅱ infection.     

青岛市农村改厕现状与评价

目的了解2005年青岛市农村改厕情况,探讨农村改厕工作新模式。方法于2005年在青岛市选择对当地经济水平和改厕现状有一定代表性的8个村。每村抽取40户以上作为调查对象。采用问卷调查的方法,对调查对象的户厕建筑与粪便处理情况进行调查,按照GB19379－2003《农村户厕卫生标准》进行评价。并对农民的卫生知识和卫生行为情况进行调查。结果在被调查的365个农户中,建厕率为100%,卫生厕所普及率80.0%（292/365）。建在住宅庭院的户厕占83.84%（306/365）,建在住宅室内的占16.16%（59/365）。水冲式、非水冲式厕所构成比间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;且均以二类居多。达到二类及以上建筑设计卫生要求占82.5%。厕所粪便无害化处理率为78.36%（286/365）。农户对卫生厕所的满意率为97.26%（355/365）;户厕正常使用率为98.63%（360/365）。被调查农民对所调查的各项卫生知识的知晓率为65.22%－92.39%,具有卫生行为的百分比为47.83%－94.84%。结论2005年青岛市农村卫生厕所的普及和达标情况较好。     

中国血吸虫病流行地区农村家庭卫生厕所建造资金状况分析

为了解我国血吸虫病流行地区农村卫生厕所建造资金的管理状况,对目前仍然存在血吸虫病流行的湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、四川7个省,每省随机抽取2个县,每县分别选取2个完成改厕的村,每村随机抽取30个使用卫生厕所的农户家庭进行现场调查。结果显示:血吸虫病流行地区农村833个不同类型无害化卫生厕所,不同来源投入差异较大,卫生厕所类型、政府投入、家庭收入、施工方式和家庭人口对卫生厕所造价有显著性影响。政府投入是中国血吸虫病流行地区农村卫生厕所建造资金的主要来源,政府主导、个人参与是我国血吸虫病流行地区农村建造卫生厕所的主要模式。应重点加强政府投入资金管理,提高改厕资金的使用效率。     

中国血吸虫病流行农村地区卫生厕所施工管理状况分析

目的：了解中国血吸虫病流行地区卫生厕所施工管理状况,以及其对卫生厕所建造质量的影响。方法：在湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、四川7个省,每省随机抽取2个流行县,每县选取2个完成改厕的流行村,1个未完成改厕的村,进行村级调查。在已经完成改厕的村,每村随机抽取30个农户家庭进行现场调查。结果：家庭卫生厕所为村里组织或上级委派的施工队建造的占90.3%,参与卫生厕所建造的施工单位（个人）有90.0%经过了相关的专业技术培训,有67.5%具有建造资质,上级单位委派施工队建造的三联式沼气池式卫生厕所占74.0%,村委会组织施工队建造的三格化粪池式卫生厕所占89.8%,34.4%的三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分建造设计和49.3%的三格化粪池式卫生厕所第一、二、三格容积比例符合《血吸虫病流行地区农村改厕技术规范（试行）》三格化粪池厕所的设计与施工要求。结论：中国血吸虫病流行农村地区,由上级政府委派施工队和村委会组织施工队建造是家庭卫生厕所建造施工的主要方式,三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分的合格率偏低,第一、二、三格容积比例不当是影响三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分建造质量的主要因素,应该加强施工队伍的培训和施工的监督管理。     

吉林省农村环境卫生现状及防治对策研究(以绿园区为例)

目的了解吉林省农村环境卫生现状,为制定本省农村饮用水安全发展规划及社会主义新农村建设规划提供科学依据。方法在绿园区下发全国统一的农村饮用水与环境卫生调查表,组织专业人员在全区农村进行改厕情况调查,并随机选取10个村进行垃圾、污水情况调查。结果全区非卫生厕所占农村总户数98.73%,卫生厕所占1.27%;10个调查村生活垃圾总量719 t月/,污水总量59 883 t月/,生活性污水占污水总量92.35%,生产性污水占7.65%。结论吉林省(以绿园区为例)农村卫生厕所普及率极低;垃圾收集后全部以填埋的方式处理,无回收直接再利用;污水全部以明沟排放至坑塘,10个调查村均无污水处理厂。     

安徽省农村卫生厕所质量及粪便无害化效果的研究

目的　了解安徽省农村卫生厕所质量及粪便无害化效果。方法　选择安微省WES项目县作为调查县 ,按改厕覆盖率不同选择调查点 ,对调查点的改厕户进行卫生厕所质量和粪便无害化调查。结果　安徽省农村卫生厕所建造质量合格率达 97.7% ,基本无蝇蛆达 94 .0 % ,基本无臭达 94 .2 % ,便纸进行无害化处理率为 84 .0 8% ,便纸篓使用率只有 6 8.6 4 % ,便器清洁只占 70 .4 3% ,无害化合格率为 84 .4 % ,改厕户对卫生厕所满意度为 95 .0 %。结论　安徽省农村建造的卫生厕所质量较高 ,粪便的无害化处理基本得到国家“粪便无害化卫生标准”。     

Household latrine use, maintenance and acceptability in rural Zinder, Niger

We conducted a survey in rural Niger to assess use, maintenance and acceptability of household latrines one year after a subsidized promotion project. Standard interviews were conducted with 200 randomly selected project participants and a visual latrine inspection. Before the project, 21.5% (43/200) of households had latrines. After the first year, 100% of these households had at least one latrine. Overall, 2577 household latrines were built in the 50 targeted villages. Latrines were 'always' used by 92.5% of adults and 55% of children in the households. The latrines were adequately maintained: superstructure 93%, covers 74.5%, clean 70%. The main perceived advantages of latrine ownership were proximity/easy access (59.5%) and privacy (22.5%). The project demonstrated that the implementation of a household latrine promotion project is acceptable and feasible in rural Niger. Future promotion projects may develop local sanitation expertise and focus on perceived benefits--proximity and privacy--rather than health.     

广东省农村无害化卫生厕所效果评价

目的调查2011年广东省无害化卫生厕所建造和使用情况,评价其对粪便处理的卫生效果,为指导广东省农村改厕工作提供科学依据。方法按分层整群抽样的方法,在全省随机抽取3个县,每个县随机调查3个改厕村和3个未改厕村,每村随机抽取30户,现场勘察三格式化粪池考察其建造是否符合要求。随机采集45座无害化卫生厕所和非卫生厕所粪液样品,实验室检测粪大肠菌群（FC）、寄生虫卵、化学需氧量（CODcr）、氨氮（NH3-N）、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮等指标。计算进、出口FC的平均合格率,寄生虫卵检出率、CODcr、NH3-N、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮平均去除率。结果在调查指标中,改厕户的合格率明显高于未改厕户。135份粪液样品中,卫生厕所进、出口及非卫生厕所FC平均合格率分别为93．33％、100％和86．67％,寄生虫卵检出率分别为55．56％、4．44％和51．11％,出口CODcr、NH3-N、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮平均去除率分别为58．02％、42．93％、34．08％和85．00％。结论2011年广东省无害化卫生厕所的无害化处理效果明显,其对粪便中Fc和寄生虫卵有很好的杀灭作用,但对CODcr、NH3-N、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除效果不够理想,需做进一步处理。     

四川省农村学校饮水与环境卫生现状调查分析

目的掌握四川省农村学校饮水与环境卫生设施现状,了解学校饮水水质状况及学生寄生虫感染情况,为改善四川省农村学校饮用水和环境卫生状况,保护学生身体健康提供科学依据。方法根据中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术指导中心制定的《全国农村学校水与环境卫生现状调查实施方案》要求,通过现场调查和自填问卷等方式填写全国统一的调查表,水质和粪便通过现场采样送实验室检测分析。结果共调查了50所中小学,有卫生厕所的学校占52%,男厕所蹲位合格率为42%,女厕所蹲位合格率为22%;有集中式供水的学校占54%,检测的水样合格率为22%,以大肠菌群和余氯合格率最低;共抽查1506份粪便,寄生虫总感染率为16.87%,以蛔虫卵感染率最高。结论学校卫生厕所普及率不高,厕所蹲位合格率低;学校集中式供水覆盖率相对较低,水质合格率也低;学生蛔虫卵感染率高。应增大改水改厕经费在学校的投入,改善学校不良卫生状况,提高学生的健康水平。     

苏州市吴中区农村饮用水与环境卫生现状调查

目的掌握苏州市吴中区农村饮用水、改厕和粪便处理现状,了解农村垃圾污水治理情况,为制定我市农村饮用水安全及社会主义新农村建设规划提供科学依据。方法按吴中区人口比例分层随机抽取10个行政村,每个村随机选取10户入户调查。结果集中式供水人口占农村总人口的90.9%,分散式供水人口占9.1%;采集水样11份,合格率为63.6%,4份不合格项目主要以大肠菌群为主。卫生厕所使用户数占90.5%;生活性垃圾和污水主要为随意排放;生产性垃圾主要为收集堆放,生产性污水主要为管道排放。结论吴中区农村饮用水和环境卫生现状还有待于进一步改善。