游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸酶免疫的分析

半三碘甲状腺原氨酸（Ｔ３）与β－Ｄ半乳糖苷酶联结，制成Ｔ３－酶联结物（Ｔ３－Ｅ）。用Ｔ３－Ｅ作为示踪剂建立了游离Ｔ３（ＦＴ３）酶免疫分析（ＥＩＡ）。本法灵敏度为０．２９ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ，批内和批间变异系数分别为７．６％￣８．７％和７．８％￣１４．９％，与二碘甲状腺原氨酸（Ｔ２）、反Ｔ３（ｒＴ３）和甲状腺素（Ｔ４）的交叉反应率分别为９．７×１０＾－４、１．１×１０＾－４和３．１×１０＾－５。本法与ＦＴ３     

人促甲状腺激素（hTSH）ELISA的建立

采用抗ｈＴＳＨ单抗８Ｅ７包被聚苯乙烯４０孔板作为固相抗体，另用高滴度的兔抗ｈＴＳＨ多抗作液相抗体，以辣根过氧化物酶标羊抗兔ＩｇＧ作为标记第二抗体为反应的显示系统，以邻苯二胺作底物，４５０ｎＭ吸收值计算ｈＴＳＨ浓度，建立了高灵敏度的ｈＴＳＨ酶免吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）。灵敏度为０．０３ｍＩＵ／Ｌ。批内ＣＶ１．４～６．７％平均５．４％（ｎ＝２０）批间ＣＶ为７．０％。方法特异性鉴定显示与其他糖蛋白激素无明显的交叉反应性。添加回收及稀释度试验鉴定均表明方法重复性、准确性、线性相关都符合临床应用标准。应用本法与瑞士Ｓｅｒｏｎｏ公司出品的酶免磁颗粒分离药盒同时测定１３０例，相关系数为０．９３。     

邻菲罗啉化学发光体系测定羟自由基的建立

本文描述了一个测量羟自由基（ＯＨ）的化学体系。该体系由１０×１０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ邻菲罗啉溶液５０～１００μｌ，１０×１０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ抗坏血酸溶液２０μｌ，１０×１０３ｍｏｌ／Ｌ硫酸铜溶液５０μｌ，硼砂硼酸缓冲液所组成，由４４×１０５ｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２Ｏ２溶液５０～１００μｌ启动发光，反应总体积为１ｍｌ，反应发光强度强，稳定时间可达１ｍｉｎ以上，经对ＯＨ的清除剂硫脲试验，线性范围为５０×１０６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ～５０×１０４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，最低可检测限为５０×１０７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，该体系有良好的稳定性，批内变异系数为０４％（ｎ＝８），批间变异系数为０５％（ｎ＝１３）。     

正常育龄和经绝期妇女及成年男子九种生殖激素的放射免疫测定

本文报告了促黄体生成激素（ＬＨ）、促卵泡生成激素（ＦＳＨ）、泌乳素（ＰＲＬ）、雌二醇（Ｅ２）、睾酮（Ｔ）、孕酮（Ｐ）、１７α－羟基孕酮（１７α－ＯＨＰ）、硫酸去氢表雄酮（ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４）和雄烯二酮等９种生殖激素的正常值。受检者为３２名正常育龄妇女、３６名健康经绝期妇女和５７名正常成年男子。育龄组妇女的排卵期ＬＨ、ＦＳＨ和Ｅ２的峰值分别为８６．１±６３．５ＩＵ／Ｌ、２５．２±１０．４ＩＵ／Ｌ和７５１±３３０ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ｐ和１７α－ＯＨＰ高峰出现在黄体期，分别为４２．７±１８．８ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１３±６．５５ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。Ｔ、ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４和雄烯二酮在月经周期中血清水平稳定，均值为１．９３±１．２６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ、４．６９±１．８３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ和３．０４±１．１６ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。ＰＲＬ在排卵期轻度升高，平均１６．９±８．８６μｇ／Ｌ，最高达３７．７μｇ／Ｌ。经绝期妇女的生殖激素水平较之育龄妇女有明显差别，除ＬＨ和ＦＳＨ呈高水平外，其他激素均明显低下，其中２１名（５８．３％）的Ｅ２接近０。男子组的Ｅ２、Ｐ、ＰＲＬ和雄烯二酮较女性为低，Ｔ和ＤＨＥＡ－ＳＯ４则高于女性；ＦＳＨ、ＬＨ、１７α－ＯＨＰ近似女性卵泡期水平。     

ENHANCED ANTITUMOR EFFECTS OF INTERLEUKIN-2 LIPOSOMES IN C57BL/6N MICE WITH B-16 MELANOMA PULMONARY METASTASES

为研究白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）脂质体对小鼠Ｂ－１６黑色素瘤肺转移瘤的抑制效应和对荷瘤鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响，应用改良超声－薄膜法制备ＩＬ－２脂质体；正常及免疫受抑Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｎ小鼠建立Ｂ－１６黑色素瘤肺转移瘤模型，腹腔注射游离ＩＬ－２（０．２×１０４～５×１０４ｕｋｇ－１ｄ－１×１０ｄ）或脂质体包封的ＩＬ－２（０．０４×１０４～１．０×１０４ｕｋｇ－１ｄ－１×１０ｄ）。结果表明：改良超声－薄膜法制备的ＩＬ－２脂质体为直径２００～２５００ｎｍ的大单层脂质体，包封率４８．２％，具有良好的稳定性。ＩＬ－２脂质体可使荷瘤鼠肺湿重下降０．４％～１３．１％，肺转移瘤结节降低２．７％～４３．５％，脾细胞３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入量增加１．０５～１．９０倍，其作用效应相当于５倍量的游离ＩＬ－２，且对免疫受抑荷瘤鼠的作用更强。提示ＩＬ－２经脂质体包封后，其抑瘤活性和促进淋巴细胞增殖的活性提高约５倍，是一种有希望应用于肿瘤生物治疗的新型制剂。     

组织型纤溶酶原激活物单克隆抗体的研制及其特性鉴定

目的：为应用ｔ ＰＡ单克隆抗体建立ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ｔ ＰＡ含量以及研究ｔ ＰＡ功能和结构的关系。方法：运用杂交瘤技术成功地研制５株ｔ ＰＡ单克隆抗体，并进行较系统的免疫特性的鉴定。结果：５株单抗特异性高，与ｕ ＰＡ、ＰＬＧ、Ｆｇ、Ｆｂ、ＢＳＡ均无交叉反应；亲合力强１Ｈ４＞３Ｃ１０＞５Ｈ１０＞４Ｅ６＞４Ｃ６；腹水效价５×１０－６～１×１０－７；免疫球蛋白亚类为ＩｇＧ１和ＩｇＧ２ａ；５株单抗中，３Ｃ１０和１Ｈ４可明显抑制ｔ ＰＡ活性，而５Ｈ１０、４Ｅ６、４Ｃ６则对ｔ ＰＡ活性无明显影响。结论：为进一步应用这些单抗作为研究手段提供了基础。     

抗凝血酶受体单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

采用杂交瘤技术，获得了４株稳定分泌抗凝血酶受体单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）杂交瘤细胞株。４株ＭｃＡｂ均为ＩｇＧ１κ链。ＥＬＩＳＡ交叉试验结果表明，该ＭｃＡｂ不与人凝血酶、凝血酶原和ＨＣＶ多肽反应。４株杂交瘤细胞培养上清液效价为３．２×１０－２～１．２８×１０－３，腹水效价为１．６×１０－６～５．１２×１０－７。     

乙型肝炎疫苗免疫区儿童乙型肝炎病毒的血清学调查

对１９８５年６月到１９９３年５月期间乙肝疫苗免疫工钠的儿童，进行了一次性ＨＢＶ血清流行病学调查。结果表明，免疫区内接受免疫的儿童，免疫的后第８年抗－ＨＢｓ阳转率高达７９．２％，抗－ＨＢ的Ｓ／Ｎ值≥１０．０者高达６６．４７％，几何平均滴度（ＧＭＴ）在５４．９ｍＩＵ／ｍｌ。ＨＢｓＡｇ携带率平均仅为１．１２％，较免疫前同龄儿ｓＡｇ阳性率（１７．４％）相比，下降了９３．５５％。     

多抗F（ab＇）_2－ELISA测定人血清抗TG－Ab_2及意义

为了克服单抗测定甲状腺球蛋白独特型抗体（抗ＴＧ－Ａｂ＿２）的局限性，便于常规检测，我们建立了兔抗ＴＧ多克隆抗体的Ｆ（ａｂ＇）＿２－ＥＬＩＳＡ测定人血清中的抗ＴＧ－Ａｂ＿２．结果其抗ＴＧ－Ａｂ＿２阳性率：甲亢（Ｇｒａｖｅ＇３）为９．９％（７／７１），桥本氏甲状腺炎为４４．４％（４／９），甲状腺瘤为１６．７％（３／１８），ＳＬＥ为９．５％（４／４２），类风湿性关节炎为０％（０／３２），正常人为０％（０／３５）。     

人心肌肌钙蛋白T单克隆抗体的研制及鉴定

以人心肌肌钙蛋白Ｔ（ｃＴｎＴ）为抗原，采用脾内免疫法，免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，取其脾淋巴细胞与小鼠Ｓｐ２／０细胞融合，经间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法筛选，三次克隆化后获得５株能稳定分泌抗ｃＴｎＴ单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的杂交瘤细胞Ｇ３、Ｇ８、Ｇ１０、Ａ５和Ａ７。免疫球蛋白亚类鉴定其中１株为ＩｇＧ２ａ，４株为ＩｇＭ。染色体数目９２～１１０条。将Ｇ３、Ｇ８、Ｇ１０、Ａ５的单克隆抗体腹水做１：１００稀释与ＬＤＨ、ＣＫ、ＣＫＭＢ和ＧＯＴ等心肌酶均无交叉反应。５株ＭｃＡｂ的腹水效价为３．２×１０－６～１．６×１０－７。ＭｃＡｂ相加试验表明，Ａ５和Ｇ３可识别不同的抗原表位。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.