苯丙胺类中枢兴奋剂依赖者事件相关电位P_(300)波形特点及其分析研究

目的:探讨苯丙胺类中枢兴奋剂(ATS)依赖者事件相关电位P300主要指标的变化特点及其与临床精神症状的相互关系。方法:对40例ATS依赖病例(研究组)和30例本院职工或家属(对照组)进行事件相关电位P300的检测,并使用症状自评量表对研究组进行评定。结果:ATS依赖者靶刺激N2潜伏期(245.74ms±s12.60ms)、P3潜伏期(318.46ms±s18.77ms)、P2-N2峰间潜伏期(69.13ms±s10.76ms)较正常对照组(238.81ms±s13.70ms,310.27ms±s11.41ms,65.23ms±s11.58ms)延长,均P<0.05,P3波幅(5.31ms±s2.39ms)低于正常对照组(9.50ms±s1.58ms),P<0.01;伴有精神病性症状的ATS依赖者P3波幅(4.64uv±s2.96uv)低于不伴有精神病性症状的依赖者波幅(5.73uv±s3.66uv),P3潜伏期(320.36ms±s19.23ms)较不伴有精神病性症状的依赖者(312.73ms±s18.19ms)延长,P<0.05;N2潜伏期与焦虑分(r=-0.366)、偏执分呈负相关(r=-0.386);P3潜伏期与精神病性症状分(r=-0.430)、躯体化分呈负相关(r=-0.397);P3波幅与精神病性症状分呈负相关(r=-0.486)。结论:ATS依赖者存在明显的认知功能损害,其中N2潜伏期、P3潜伏期及P3波幅与ATS依赖者的多种临床症状呈相关性。     

戒断期海洛因依赖者对吸毒相关环境线索的生理反应

目的:了解戒断期海洛因依赖者在环境线索诱发下生理指标变化特点。方法:采用自身配对设计,指导382名戒断康复期的海洛因依赖者进行放松训练后观看吸毒相关视频并展示海洛因模拟物及吸毒用具,用多导联生物反馈仪记录环境线索暴露前后的生理指标,并评估暴露前后的心理渴求程度,分析心理渴求程度与生理指标的变化特点。结果:海洛因相关环境线索暴露后受试者的心理渴求程度增加(17.6 mm±s21.7 mm vs 28.7 mm±s28.9mm,t=11.6,P<0.001);与诱发前比较,诱发后瞳孔变大(2.6 mm±s0.6 mm vs 2.8 mm±s0.6 mm,P<0.001)、心率加快(74.4次.min-1±s9.5次.min-1vs 77.1次.min-1±s10.4次.min-1,P<0.001)、血容搏动增加(74.2次.min-1±s9.4次.min-1vs 76.5次.min-1±s9.6次.min-1,P<0.001)、收缩压(131.7 mmHg±s15.2 mmHgvs 137.0 mmHg±s17.0 mmHg,P<0.001)和舒张压(84.6 mmHg±s10.1 mmHg vs 88.6 mmHg±s10.6 mmHg,P<0.001)升高,而呼吸频率减慢(14.6次.min-1±s1.8次.min-1vs 14.2次.min-1±s1.7次.min-1,P<0.001)、皮肤温度降低(32.3℃±s2.7℃vs 32.2℃±s2.8℃,P<0.001)。结论:戒断期海洛因依赖者暴露在吸毒相关线索下导致心理渴求增加,并出现心理生理反应。     

95例海洛因依赖者的治疗动机调查

目的:了解海洛因依赖者的治疗动机情况,比较自愿与劳教戒毒的海洛因依赖者的治疗动机,分析高治疗动机者与低治疗动机者之间的差异,为海洛因依赖的有效康复策略提供理论依据。方法:采用改变阶段及治疗迫切程度量表(SOCRATES)调查48例自愿戒毒者与47例劳教戒毒者的治疗动机。结果:海洛因依赖者的SOCRATES总分为76.7±s8.6;自愿戒毒者的动机总分、问题认识与行为改变因子分高于劳教戒毒者(分别为78.6±s7.4vs74.5±s9.4,P<0.05;30.2±s3.8vs27.4±s4.6,P<0.01;34.8±s3.2vs33.2±s5.2,P<0.05);海洛因依赖时间长者的治疗动机较高。结论:海洛因依赖者治疗动机总分低;劳教戒毒者比自愿戒毒者的治疗动机更低,提高海洛因依赖者的治疗动机应作为戒毒治疗的重要环节来抓;在劳戒毒工作中如何提高戒毒者的治疗动机更为重要。     

海洛因依赖者操守成败相关因素的调查分析

目的:探讨海洛因依赖者操守成败的相关因素及预防复吸的对策。方法:问卷调查35名戒毒后操守12个月以上及36名屡戒不成的海洛因依赖者,比较两组的人口学资料,操守成败相关因素。结果:成功操守者吸毒时间相对较短(P<0.01);戒毒次数和接受替代治疗相对较少(P<0.01);吸毒前对毒品认识不足(P<0.05)及因吸毒而受到的法律制裁较多(P<0.05)。维持操守的主要因素是正确的认知;而失败的因素是未脱离吸毒环境。结论:维持操守主要与正确的认知有关,据此制定综合性的预防复吸措施。     

线索诱发海洛因依赖者渴求反应的性别差异

目的:分析线索暴露对戒断期男女海洛因依赖者心理渴求程度及相关指标影响的差异。方法:222名男性和98名女性戒断期海洛因依赖者暴露于相关环境线索,根据被试者的自我报告,采用Likert分级评价线索诱发的渴求程度,填写主观戒断反应问卷、毒品使用情况和一般社会学资料。采用独立样本t检验,比较线索暴露诱发男女被试者渴求反应的差异。结果:线索暴露后,女性被试者诱发的渴求分值和主观戒断反应分值均高于男性(P<0·05,P<0·01),心率和瞳孔变化女性高于男性(P<0·01)。结论:环境线索诱发戒断期海洛因依赖者的渴求反应存在性别差异,女性渴求反应明显高于男性。     

海洛因依赖并周围神经病变相关影响因素分析

目的:了解海洛因依赖并周围神经病变发病状况及其相关影响因素,为疾病的预防控制提供科学依据。方法:将285例海洛因依赖者作为研究对象,分为病变组和非病变组;用t检验及χ2检验筛选出与周围神经病变有关的影响因素;用多因素Logistic回归分析比较各种吸毒行为因素对周围神经病变发病的影响。结果:毒品使用方式(P<0.001)、毒品使用种类(P<0.001)、注射器使用消毒情况(P<0.001)、共用注射器情况(P<0.001)、HIV感染情况(P<0.001)、毒品使用年限(P<0.01)、静脉注射毒品年限(P<0.01)、日毒品使用量(P<0.05)等因素在两组间比较差异有显著性;多因素Logistic回归分析提示,毒品使用方式(P<0.05)、毒品使用种类(P<0.01)、毒品使用年限(P<0.05)、日毒品使用量(P=0.01)、注射器使用消毒情况(P<0.05)、HIV感染情况(P<0.01)与周围神经病变相关。结论:海洛因依赖并周围神经病变是多种影响因素综合作用的结果,其中毒品使用方式、毒品使用种类、注射器使用消毒情况、HIV感染情况、毒品使用年限、日毒品使用量是危险影响因素。     

1000例海洛因依赖者中HCV感染情况分析

目的:研究海洛因依赖者HCV流行情况及感染因素,为防止海洛因依赖人群中HCV感染提供理论依据和有效途径。方法:对2000年1-12月收入院的1000例海洛因依赖者进行抗-HCV实验室检测,对抗-HCV阳性的逐一登记,按吸毒方式分为烫吸组和静脉注射组,对两组HCVAb阳性率进行统计学分析。结果:静脉注射组HCVAb阳性率明显高于烫吸组(P<0.01),女性吸毒人员HCVAb阳性率高于男性(P<0.01),吸毒时间在1a(含1a)以上HCVAb阳性率明显高于1a以下者。结论:静脉注射毒品是HCV感染的重要因素。对吸毒者进行HCV感染的相关知识的宣传教育及危险行为的干预十分重要。     

武汉市海洛因依赖者流行病学回顾性调查

目的:了解武汉市海洛因依赖者的流行病学变化。方法:回顾性调查研究2002年-2004年3a在湖北省各戒毒所收治的武汉市户籍海洛因依赖者的社会人口学特征及滥用情况。结果:(1)人口学特征比较:3a来女性吸毒人口所占比例明显上升(P<0.01),无业人员所占比例逐年加大(P<0.01);(2)毒品滥用情况比较:3a来吸毒年限、戒毒次数和静脉注射滥用方式比例逐年增加(P均<0.01)。结论:武汉市常住居民中海洛因滥用形势仍相当严峻,禁毒工作仍需加强。且应加强在吸毒群体中的宣教工作。     

海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环检测分析

目的··:了解海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环的变化。方法··:按照甲襞微循环规范化综合定量评价标准 ,对354例海洛因依赖者及280例正常人的甲襞微循环进行定量分析。结果··:海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环形态积分、流态积分、管周状态积分、总积分分别为2.19±s1.33,0.72±s0.80,0.80±s1.00和3.72±s2.15 ,均高于对照组(P<0.01) ,综合判断异常率80.23 % ,与对照组 (40.00 % )比较有显著性差异 (P<0.01)。结论··:海洛因可导致人体微循环障碍 ,在戒毒治疗中应注意患者的微循环改善     

武汉地区海洛因依赖者血清中一氧化氮分析

探讨近年来新发现的生物信息递质一氧化氮 (NO)与海洛因依赖的关系。方法··:将87例海洛因依赖者分别按不同年龄分为4组 ,按不同吸毒年限分为3组 ,按不同吸毒途径分为2组 ,用半自动生化分析仪检测其血清NO水平 ,比较组间及其与对照组 (健康体检者 )的差异程度。结果··:不同年龄组海洛因依赖者的血清NO水平显著高于对照组 (P<0.001)。在不同吸毒年限中 ,NO水平与吸毒年限呈正相关 ,且A组 (2a以下 )与B组 (2-5a) ,B组与C组 (5a以上 )比较差异有统计学意义 ,(P<0.05)。A组与C组比较差异有显著意义 (P<0.01)。不同吸毒途径的两组间比较,静脉注射海洛因依赖者的血清NO水平显著升高 (P<0.001)。结论··:NO参与海洛因依赖过程 ,并与吸毒年限、吸毒途径有密切关系。     

Elevated BMI and illicit drug use are associated with decreased ability to inhibit prepotent behaviors

The current study examined the impact of BMI and illicit drug use on the ability to inhibit prepotent behaviors. Participants (n=290) completed surveys and behavioral tasks: the Stroop Test and Go/No-Go. After controlling for age and gender, higher BMI was an independent predictor of poorer performance in both the Stroop and Go/No-Go tasks. Illicit drug use was a predictor of poorer Stroop performance only. However, post hoc analyses showed that illicit drug use significantly impacted Go/No-Go performance in normal weight participants. We conclude that elevated BMI and illicit drug use are predictive of poorer performance on executive functioning tasks that require inhibition of a prepotent response.     

Attentional bias and alcohol dependence: a controlled study using the modified stroop paradigm

Detoxified clients at an alcohol treatment centre (n = 34) were administered a modified Stroop test, an index of attentional bias or distraction. Their performance was compared to controls (n = 33) who were staff recruited from specialist substance misuse clinics based on the presumption of familiarity with the alcohol and addiction related terms of the Stroop task. The card-format Stroop test contained words such as "alcohol" and "relapse" and neutral, semantically homogenous words such as "table" and "chair." Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant main effects for word type with both the clinic attendees and controls taking longer to colour-name alcohol-related words. Predicted interactions between word type and subject status were not observed. These findings suggest that both problem drinkers and clinic staff did not differ significantly in the degree of Stroop interference displayed, although a trend towards greater distraction by clinic attendees with alcohol-related terms was noted. The statistically significant results were nonetheless consistent with findings that expertise or familiarity can be influential factors in Stroop performance. Multiple regression analyses with the entire sample (n = 65) showed that psychometric and self-reported indices of alcohol dependence and consumption were predictive of Stroop interference. This is consistent with the existence of a acquired information processing bias related to escalating alcohol use and dependence such as that proposed by Tiffany [Psychol. Rev. 97 (1990) 147.].     

Performance on the Stroop predicts treatment compliance in cocaine-dependent individuals.

Treatment dropout is a problem of great prevalence and stands as an obstacle to recovery in cocaine-dependent (CD) individuals. Treatment attrition in CD individuals may result from impairments in cognitive control, which can be reliably measured by the Stroop color-word interference task. The present analyses contrasted baseline performance on the color-naming, word-reading, and interference subtests of the Stroop task in CD subjects who completed a cocaine treatment trial (completers: N=50) and those who dropped out of the trial before completion (non-completers: N=24). A logistic regression analysis was used to predict trial completion using three models with the following variables: the Stroop task subscale scores (Stroop model); the Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS) scores (HDRS model); and both the Stroop task subscale scores and HDRS scores (Stroop and HDRS model). Each model was able to significantly predict group membership (completers vs non-completers) better than a model based on a simple constant (HDRS model p=0.02, Stroop model p=0.006, and Stroop and HDRS model p=0.003). Models using the Stroop preformed better than the HDRS model. These findings suggest that the Stroop task can be used to identify cocaine-dependent subjects at risk for treatment dropout. The Stroop task is a widely available, reliable, and valid instrument that can be easily employed to identify and tailor interventions of at risk individuals in the hope of improving treatment compliance.     

A Combi-Stroop test for measuring food-related attentional bias

There are methodological complexities with the supraliminal-lexical versions of the modified versions of the Stroop tests that could be responsible for inconsistencies across the literature (Field & Cox, 2008). We tested whether a combination of subliminal-pictorial and classic Stroop tests can differentiate between dieters' and nondieters' food attentional bias (FAB). Participants were dieters (n = 30) and nondieters (n = 32) who were tested 3 hr after having a meal. Each picture from among 24 high-calorie and 24 low-calorie food pictures was presented for 32 ms before the appearance of a congruent or an incongruent color word, in response to which participants were required to manually report, via a tagged keyboard, the correct color of the word as quickly and accurately as possible. Color-naming latencies and interference scores were calculated. Dieters showed the highest reaction times to incongruent color words following high-calorie food pictures; overall, dieters showed significantly higher FABs than nondieters. The Combi-Stroop test has differential validity. Moreover, findings suggest that FAB can result from early allocation of dieters' attention to food-related stimuli.     

Alcoholics' selective attention to alcohol stimuli: automated processing?

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated alcoholics' selective attention to alcohol words in a version of the Stroop color-naming task. METHOD: Alcoholic subjects (n = 23) and nonalcoholic control subjects (n = 23) identified the color of Stroop versions of alcohol, emotional, neutral and color words. Manual reaction times (RTs), skin conductance responses (SCRs) and heart rate (HR) were recorded. RESULTS: Alcoholics showed overall longer RTs than controls while both groups were slower in responding to the incongruent color words than to the other words. Alcoholics showed longer RTs to both alcohol (1522.7 milliseconds [ms]) and emotional words (1523.7 ms) than to neutral words (1450.8 ms) which suggests that the content of these words interfered with the ability to attend to the color of the words. There was also a negative correlation (r = -.41) between RT and response accuracy to alcohol words for the alcoholics, reflecting that the longer time the alcoholics used to respond to the color of the alcohol words, the more incorrect their responses were. The alcoholics also showed significantly greater SCRs to alcohol words (0.16 microSiemens) than to any of the other words (ranging from 0.04-0.08 microSiemens), probably reflecting the emotional significance of the alcohol words. Finally, the alcoholics evidenced smaller HR acceleration to alcohol (1.9 delta bpm) compared to neutral (2.8 delta bpm), which could be related to difficulties alcoholics experience in terminating their attention to the alcohol words. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that it is difficult for alcoholics to regulate their attention to alcohol stimuli, suggesting that alcoholics' processing of alcohol information is automated.     

奥亭止咳露与复方可待因口服溶液对照治疗121例患者的疗效

目的:评价奥亭止咳露临床镇咳、祛痰效果及不良反应.方法:采用随机双盲对照试验,可评价121例患者,分为试验组60例和对照组61例.试验组用奥亭止咳露每次15mL,po,tid,对照组用复方可待因口服溶液每次15mL,po,tid,2组均连用3～7d.结果:试验组镇咳临床总有效率为90%,对照组为74%,组间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).主要不良反应有头晕、嗜睡、口干、乏力、恶心、便秘、排尿困难等.结论:奥亭止咳露用于镇咳祛痰安全有效.     

Influence of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism on cyclosporine A metabolism and elimination in Chinese renal transplant recipients

AIM: To investigate whether the CYP3A5*3 polymorphism would affect cyclosporine A (CsA) metabolism in Chinese renal transplant patients. METHODS: The CYP3A5*3 genotype was determined in Chinese renal transplant recipients using polymerase chain reaction and amplification of specific alleles (PCR-ASA). The concentrations of CsA and metabolites were separately measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and dose-adjusted trough concentrations and metabolic ratio (MR) values were calculated. RESULTS: The trough concentrations adjusted with the dose was significantly higher in the wild allele carriers compared to both the homozygous (*3*3) and heterozygous variants (*1*3). However, no significant difference was found for the dose-adjusted metabolite concentrations. The MR values for the 3 genotype groups were as follows: 0.92+/-0.62 for CYP3A5*3/ *3 (n=14), 0.99+/-0.51 for CYP3A5*1/*3 (n=15), and 1.45+/-0.62 for CYP3A5*1/*1 (n=9), respectively. Post hoc comparisons showed that only the MR values between the CYP3A5*3/*3 group and the CYP3A5*1/*1 group were significantly different. CONCLUSION: The CYP3A5*3 polymorphism exerted little effect on cyclosporine metabolism. The MR may be a more accurate indicator for therapeutic drug monitoring, considering its integrated information on body exposure of both parent drugs and metabolites.     

Effects of acute alcohol consumption on alcohol-related cognitive biases in light and heavy drinkers are task-dependent

We investigated (1) the effects of alcohol on cognitive biases for alcohol-related cues, (2) the effects of drinking status on alcohol-related cognitive biases and (3) the similarity of any effects of alcohol across two measures of alcohol cognitive bias. Healthy, heavy and light social alcohol users (n = 72) were examined in a single-blind placebo-controlled design. Participants received 0.00 g/kg, 0.13 g/kg or 0.40 g/kg of alcohol in a between-subjects design and then completed both a modified Stroop task and a visual probe task. Modified Stroop data indicated a main effect of cue type, which was qualified by drinking status, with heavier drinkers slower to respond to alcohol-related cues. Visual probe data, in contrast, indicated a significant interaction effect between validity (valid: alcohol-related, invalid: neutral) and drink condition. Participants receiving a moderate dose of alcohol (0.40 g/kg) were faster to respond to alcohol-related stimuli compared with participants receiving a low dose of alcohol or placebo. These data indicate that the cognitive processes assayed by the visual probe and Stroop tasks may not be mediated by a common underlying mechanism.     

Alcohol dependence and the alcohol Stroop paradigm: evidence and issues

AIMS: Firstly to test alcohol abusers attentional bias towards alcohol-related stimuli. Secondly, to shed light onto other factors that may influence the alcohol Stroop effect by considering variables including mood status in the analyses. Finally, to examine severity of dependence on Stroop performance. DESIGN: Repeated measures with alcohol versus control group as the between participant factors and within participant factors were the reaction times to different types of stimuli. Standard multiple regression was used to determine predictors of Stroop performance. A repeated measures design was used with severity of dependence as the between participant factors and Stroop reaction times as the within participant factors. SETTING: South and East London, UK. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-four alcoholics in treatment and 64 community controls from general practice participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: Alcohol dependence severity was measured using the SADQ, mood was measured with the POMS-SF and a computerised emotional Stroop task was employed to measure attentional bias. FINDINGS: Regardless of demographic factors and mood status, alcoholics responded significantly slower to alcohol-related than neutral words when compared to controls. When severity of alcohol dependence was used as between participant factors, no significant differences were found with Stroop performance between high and low alcohol severity groups. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol-related stimuli are distracting to heavy users of alcohol, independent of demographic, mood and dependence status. Findings offer insight into the development of alcohol dependence and the issues that surround the alcohol Stroop paradigm.     

An examination of ALDH2 genotypes, alcohol metabolism and the flushing response in Native Americans

OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to examine the relationship between aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) genotype and the flushing response in a population of Native Americans. METHOD: Objective measures of the flushing response were obtained by monitoring skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, as well as blood alcohol concentrations, in flushing and nonflushing Native Americans (n = 105) as well as in Oriental (n = 15) and white (n = 15) control subjects following a dose of alcohol (0.2 or 0.4 gm/kg). ALDH genotypes were determined via polymerase chain reaction followed by hybridization to 32P or biotin-labeled allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. RESULTS: There were no ALDH2 mutations detectable in Native Americans reporting the flushing response, nor any objective evidence of an Oriental-like response to alcohol. The rate of alcohol metabolism was shown to be the same among whites, Native flushers and Native nonflushers. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that the flushing reaction experienced by Native Americans appears to be milder and less unpleasant than the "Oriental" flushing reaction, with little effect on drinking frequency and amount. In addition, the flushing is not mediated by the ALDH2 mutation or elevated blood acetaldehyde. A critical analysis of the discrepancies in the literature regarding alcohol metabolism in Native Americans is provided.