急性心肌梗死微血管功能不全：血小板和炎症的中介作用

80年代以来 ,梗死相关动脉 (infarct- relatedartery,IRA)开放率一直是评价急性心肌梗死 (AMI)再灌注治疗疗效的指标。但是近年来 ,人们的注意力从心外膜动脉的开放转移到了心脏微血管上。因为心外膜冠状动脉血流正常并不能确保心肌组织水平的充分灌注。1　再灌注即刻微血管低灌注的发生率AMI再灌注治疗后行冠状动脉造影了解冠脉血流情况的定量方法即 TIMI血流分级法。一般认为TIMI2或 TIMI3级是再灌注成功的标志。但是最近大量的实验证实 TIMI2级病人临床预后与 TIMI1或 0级病人近似。1.1　溶栓疗法 :GUSTO- 1实验中获 TIM…     

溶栓后联合介入治疗对急性心肌梗死患者心肌组织灌注的影响

目的:探讨溶栓后联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心肌组织灌注的影响。方法:采用回顾性分析首次AMI患者94例,发病时间均在12 h以内。36例接受溶栓联合PCI治疗,58例接受直接PCI治疗,并于PCI后测定心肌组织灌注分级,了解二者对AMI患者心肌组织灌注的影响。结果:2组患者自发病至PCI时间比较无明显差异;首次冠状动脉造影显示:溶栓联合PCI组PCI前梗死相关动脉TIMI 3 级血流者明显较直接PCI组增多;溶栓联合PCI组介入治疗成功率高,且术后TIMI 3级血流者、PCI后心肌组织灌注TMP 2级以上者均明显多于直接PCI组;2组比较出血并发症发生率无明显差异。结论:溶栓联合PCI治疗AMI安全有效,早期再通率高,心肌微循环灌注好,心肌梗死面积小,更有利于保护心室功能,且不增加出血并发症。     

再灌注治疗后心肌无再流现象的危险因素

目的 :阐明与急性心肌梗死成功再灌注后无再流现象发生相关的临床危险因素。方法 :3 2例前壁急性心肌梗死患者在症状出现后 2 4h内成功施行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术和支架置入术使梗死相关动脉均达到心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验 (TIMI) 3级血流 ,术后 12h内进行静脉心肌声学造影 (MCE) ,应用多变量分析确定无再流现象的独立危险因素。结果 :3 2例患者根据术后 12hMCE积分显示无再流者 11例 ,再流者 2 1例。单变量分析表明急性心肌梗死症状发作前 48h内无心肌梗死前心绞痛、心功能Killip分级、梗死相关动脉完全闭塞、异常Q波数、梗死相关动脉成功再通后2 0min相关导联ST段抬高指数 (∑STI)下降 <5 0 %和∑STI再抬高≥ 3 0 %及超声心动图上室壁运动积分与无再流现象明显相关 (P <0 0 5 ) ;多变量分析发现上述因素中除心功能Killip分级 ,其它均是无再流现象发生的独立危险因素 ,其中异常Q波数与无再流现象发生相关性最好 (R2 =0 896,P =0 0 0 0 4)。结论 :急性心肌梗死成功再灌注后约 1/3患者静脉MCE时表现为无再流现象 ,无再流现象与心肌损害的严重性 (异常Q波数 )、危险区的大小 (室壁运动积分 )、梗死相关动脉完全闭塞、∑STI再抬高和无心肌梗死前心绞痛等因素显著相关。     

冠脉内超声溶栓对急性心肌梗死患者胸痛、心电图和心肌酶学的影响

目的 通过研究冠脉内超声溶栓对急性心肌梗死患者胸痛、心电图和心肌酶学的影响以探讨经导管超声溶栓挽救成活心肌的意义.方法 入选急性心肌梗死患者56例(前壁心肌梗死30例,下壁心肌梗死26例).分组:超声溶栓后梗死相关血管血流达TIMI3级为溶栓成功组(A组=20例);超声溶栓后梗死相关血管血流达不到TIMI3级而后行PTCA达TIMI3级为超声溶栓+PTCA组(B组=16例);单行PTCA后梗死相关血管血流达TIMI3级为PTCA成功组(C组=20例).结果 各组发病到来院时间、来院进手术室时间和进手术室到血管开通时间均无差异.A组和B组所有患者全部达临床再通和冠脉造影再通标准,冠脉造影再通标准与临床再通标准相关性好.C组中90%患者胸痛缓解50%以上,80%患者ST段下降50%以上,100%患者心肌酶峰提前.结论低频高能超声可有效地溶解梗死相关血管内的血栓,挽救成活心肌.但超声溶栓加PTCA可能有更高的血管开通率,可挽救更多的成活心肌.     

急性心肌梗死再灌注治疗后心肌组织灌注的评价方法

对急性心肌梗死(AMI)的冠状动脉(冠脉)再通治疗,包括溶栓或急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)是最重要的治疗措施,以恢复冠脉血流并达到心肌组织的完全再灌注。然而,急性AMI患者再灌注治疗特别是急诊PCI后,心肌组织再灌注并不完全、甚至无再灌注,严重影响AMI患者的预后。因此,如何准确、有效地评价心肌组织灌注成为今后临床工作的重要任务。1冠脉造影评价1.1TI MI血流分级心肌梗死溶栓疗法(TI MI)血流分级最初是被用于描述急性心肌梗死闭塞的冠脉再通(包括溶栓或急诊PCI)后冠脉血流的情况,分为:0级(完全闭塞,无前向血流)、Ⅰ级(微前向血流,心肌无灌注)、Ⅱ级(血流缓慢,部分心肌灌注)和Ⅲ级(血流正常和完全心肌灌注),目前已广泛用于急性冠脉综合征患者的冠脉血流评价。研究显示:它与患者的临床预后明显相关,分级越高,其预后越好。一项包括5498例AMI患者的荟萃研究也显示,溶栓治疗90min后达到TI MIⅢ级的患者死亡率为3.7%,而TI MIⅡ级和TI MI0/Ⅰ级分别为6.1%和9.3%。由于TI MI血流分级应用简便,一些学者也用它来间接评价心肌组织灌注。冠脉开通后无残余狭窄、夹层、痉挛或血栓形成,而血流...     

再灌注治疗应当重视心肌微循环的灌注

急性心肌梗死应及早进行再灌注治疗 ,使梗死相关动脉 (ＩＲＡ)再通 ,是恢复心肌灌注的先决条件。梗死区心肌获得充分灌注才能挽救濒临坏死的心肌 ,缩小梗死范围 ,维护左心室功能改善急性期和长期预后。通常应用冠状动脉造影将ＩＲＡ血流进行心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验 (ＴＩＭＩ)分级 ,以血管通畅率用以表达再灌注治疗的疗效。诚然ＴＩＭＩ 3级血流者其预后明显优于血管未通者 ,也优于ＴＩＭＩ 2级血流者 ,ＴＩＭＩ 3级血流者中大都获得满意的疗效。但在临床实践中 ,曾见到一些患者尽管在再灌注治疗早期ＩＲＡ已达到ＴＩＭＩ 3级血流 ,但心脏…     

国产替罗非班在急性心肌梗死支架置入术中的应用研究

目的 探讨在急性心肌梗死患者直接冠状动脉介入治疗术(PCI)中应用国产替罗非班对术后冠状动脉血流和心肌灌注的影响及其近期临床效果.方法 90例入院接受直接PCI治疗的急性心肌梗死患者,随机分为替罗非班(先给予负荷量10 μg/kg,3 min内静注,再行PCI,负荷量后替罗非班0.15 μg/min微量泵持续泵入24～36 h)组和对照组.术后即刻对梗死相关动脉行心肌梗死溶栓治疗,临床试验(TIMI)分级,计算校正的TIMI计桢数(corrected TIMI frame count,CTFC)和心肌呈色分级(myocardial blush grades,MBG),观察住院期间和随访6个月时不良心血管事件发生率及药物不良反应发生率(出血和血小板减少).结果 两组患者术后TIMI3级血流获得率,主要不良心血管事件发生率,药物不良反应发生率均无显著性差异,但替罗非班组CTFC明显低于对照组(P＜0.01);而MBG3级血流获得率替罗非班组明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 急性心肌梗死患者行直接PCI时联合应用国产替罗非班可改善冠脉血流和梗死区域的心肌灌注,降低住院期间不良心血管事件发生率.     

尿激酶联合冠状动脉介入治疗术对急性心肌梗死的疗效研究

目的 :探讨急性心肌梗死患者应用尿激酶联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI)的临床疗效。　　方法 :96例首次急性心肌梗死患者随机分为静脉尿激酶溶栓联合PCI(A组 )和直接PCI (B组 )。A组 50例患者接受尿激酶 150万单位或 2 0 0万单位治疗后 ,行急诊冠状动脉造影 ,以心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验 (TIMI)血流分级法评估 ,必要时做PCI。B组 46例患者直接PCI。比较两组患者的梗死相关动脉开通率、并发症发生率、病死率、早期与最后心肌梗死面积 (2周后 )及左心室射血分数。　　结果 :梗死相关动脉开通率A组为 94 0 % ,B组 95 7% ;两组患者首次造影时梗死相关动脉已达TIMI 3级血流者19例 (A组 13例 ,B组 6例 ) ,经PCI后变为TIMI 3级血流者 67例 (A组 3 3例 ,B组 3 4例 ) ;两组间术后 4周左心室射血分数无差异 ,均较治疗前显著改善 ,造影显示溶栓已达TIMI 3级血流者左心室射血分数明显好于直接PCI者 ;两组早期及最后心肌梗死面积无显著性差异 ;住院病死率A组 4 0 %、B组 2 7% ,均未见严重出血风险。　　结论 :初步结果显示尿激酶溶栓联合PCI治疗急性心肌梗死 ,可使部分患者梗死相关动脉尽早开通 ,有利于保护急性心肌梗死患者的左心室功能     

急性心肌梗死相关动脉自发再通对患者短期预后的影响

目的分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者梗死相关动脉自发再通现象的临床和造影特点,并观察其对患者30天预后的影响。方法连续入选112例未予静脉溶栓、直接行急诊冠状动脉造影及急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的ST段抬高的AMI患者,根据心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)血流分为自发再通组31例(前向血流TIMI2~3级)和非自发再通组81例(前向血流TIMI0~1级),分析其临床、造影、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗以及30天预后特点。结果自发再通组共31例(27.7%),与非自发再通组比较,自发再通组肌酸激酶和肌酸激酶同工酶峰值明显降低(P<0.01)、室壁运动异常比例低(P<0.05)、30天时的死亡率明显降低(P<0.01),左室射血分数明显提高(P<0.05)。结论AMI中梗死相关动脉的自发再通能够缩小心肌梗死面积,改善心功能,降低30天时的死亡率。     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊介入治疗后心肌再灌注不良对近、远期预后的影响

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心肌再灌注状态不良的发生率及其对近、远期临床预后的影响.方法 回顾性收集964例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)行急诊PCI治疗患者的临床资料、冠状动脉造影资料与心电图,以ST段回落程度与心肌梗死溶栓试验心肌灌注(TMP)分级等指标评估心肌再灌注状态.患者分为4组:A组为ST段回落率≥50%并且术后TMP分级为Ⅲ级;B组为ST段回落率<50%并且术后TMP分级为Ⅲ级;C组为ST段回落率≥50%并且术后TMP分级≤Ⅱ级;D组为ST段回落率<50%并且术后TMP分级≤Ⅱ级.以A组代表心肌灌注状态良好者,D组代表心肌灌注状态不良者.分析心肌再灌注不良患者的发生率及其对近远期预后的影响.结果 STEMI急诊PCI术后梗死相关动脉前向血流达到TIMIⅢ级而TMP分级为Ⅱ级以下者占27.3%(237/964),心电图ST段回落小于50%者占30.6%(266/964).11.31%(109/964)的患者发生远端栓塞.A组占总例数的48.9%(425/964),D组占总例数的10.5%(91/964).与A组比较,D组患者在住院期间(RR=64.63,P<0.01)以及随访期间(RR=11.69,P<0.01)均有较高的主要不良心脏事件发生风险.结论 急性心肌梗死急诊PCI后不到50%的患者心肌再灌注良好,心肌再灌注状态与近、远期临床预后显著相关.     

Pharmacoinvasive therapy for ST elevation myocardial infarction in China: a pilot study

Most patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) cannot receive timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) because of lack of facilities or delays in patient transfer or catheterization team mobilization. In these patients, early routine post-thrombolysis PCI might be a reasonable, useful strategy. This study investigated feasibility and safety of early PCI after successful half-dose alteplase reperfusion in a Chinese population. Patients with STEMI received half-dose alteplase if expected time delay to PCI was ≥90?min. Patients who reached clinical criteria of successful thrombolysis reperfusion were recommended to undergo diagnostic angiography within 3-24?h after thrombolysis. Patients with residual stenosis ≥70% in the infarct-related artery underwent PCI, regardless of flow or patency status. Epicardial arterial flow was assessed using thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade and TIMI frame count (CTFC). Myocardial perfusion was assessed using myocardial blush grade (MBG) and TIMI myocardial perfusion frame count (TMPFC). Forty-nine patients were enrolled and underwent diagnostic angiography 3-11.3?h (median 6.5?h) after thrombolysis. Forty-six patients underwent PCI. No procedure-related complications occurred, except two patients who had no reflow after PCI. Twenty-two (47.8%) patients had TIMI grade 3 flow before PCI and 33 (71.7%) after PCI. CTFC was significantly improved after PCI (48.5?±?32.1 vs. 37.9?±?25.6, P?=?0.01). MBG and TMPFC exhibited a similar improving trend after PCI, and the best myocardial perfusion tended to be achieved 3-12?h after lysis. During the 30-day follow-up, there were two deaths. The composite end point of death, cardiogenic shock, heart failure, reinfarction, and recurrent ischemia occurred in four patients. TIMI minor bleeding occurred in four patients. No TIMI major bleeding and stroke occurred. Early routine PCI after half-dose alteplase thrombolysis in Chinese population appears feasible. A larger clinical trial should be designed to further elucidate its efficacy and safety. Early PCI after thrombolysis in STEMI: The EARLY-PCI pilot feasibility study, ChiCTR-TNC-11001363.     

Comparative efficacy of primary angioplasty with stent implantation and thrombolysis in restoring basal coronary artery flow in acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: quantitative assessment using the corrected TIMI frame count

Following thrombolysis and primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, basal flow in the culprit artery is known to influence prognosis. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences exist in basal flow in culprit and nonculprit coronary arteries in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction who were treated with thrombolysis or primary PTCA with stent implantation. Twenty patients were randomized to thrombolysis (with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) and 24 to primary PTCA with stent implantation within 3 hours of onset of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography was performed 90-120 minutes after thrombolysis or immediately after PTCA with stent implantation and again at 18-36 hours after intervention in both groups. Patients who failed to achieve thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade 2 or 3 flow were excluded. The corrected TIMI frame count was used as the index of basal coronary artery flow. Early after intervention the mean corrected TIMI frame count in the culprit coronary artery was significantly lower in the primary PTCA with stent group (27.4 +/- 7.7 frames) than in the thrombolysis group (39.8 +/- 10 frames, p < 0.001). Eight thrombolysis patients (40%) and 20 primary PTCA patients (83%, p < 0.01) achieved TIMI grade 3 flow early after intervention. By 18-36 hours after intervention there were no significant differences in the mean correct TIMI frame count between the thrombolysis and primary PTCA with stent groups. There were no significant differences in the mean corrected TIMI frame count between these two groups in the nonculprit coronary artery, either early after intervention or at 18-36 hours. In successfully reperfused coronary arteries following acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, primary angioplasty with stent implantation reestablished TIMI grade 2 or 3 flow faster and more effectively than thrombolysis did.     

Outcome after combined reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction, combining pre-hospital thrombolysis with immediate percutaneous coronary intervention and stent.

BACKGROUND: Primary therapies in acute myocardial infarction (thrombolysis and angioplasty) have inherent limitations which may be overcome by combining them. So far, no trial has demonstrated a clinical benefit in combining mechanical and pharmacological treatment strategies. METHODS: From January 1995 to December 1999, out of 1010 patients admitted to our institution for acute myocardial infarction, 148 had received pre-hospital full dose thrombolysis within 12 h of onset. One hundred and thirty-one patients were included and underwent immediate angioplasty and stenting when suitable, independent of the infarct-artery patency (TIMI grade flow 0-3). In-hospital outcome was assessed and clinical information was collected for a mean (+/-SD) of 2+/-1 years. RESULTS: Ninety-minute angiography revealed a patent (TIMI grade 3) infarct artery in 65 patients (49%). Immediate angioplasty was performed in 119 patients (91%) with stent implantation in 114 (96%). Angioplasty achieved TIMI 2, 3 flow in 98%, and complete patency (TIMI 3 flow) in 92%. Six other patients underwent deferred revascularization (surgery in one patient, angioplasty in five) and six received medical treatment. Stent thrombosis and reinfarction occurred in three patients (2.3%). In-hospital death occurred in six patients (4.6%), including four patients presenting with cardiogenic shock. Major bleeding was observed in 2.3% of cases. No patient had emergency surgery. Freedom from death and reinfarction at 2 years was 90% and freedom from death, reinfarction and target vessel revascularization was 83%. CONCLUSION: A strategy of combined reperfusion using full dose pre-hospital thrombolysis and immediate angioplasty with stent implantation in a non-selected acute myocardial infarction population is safe and achieves high and early patency rates. This preliminary experience suggests that a combined strategy in acute myocardial infarction may have a significant impact on both early and long-term outcomes.     

靶血管髓过氧化物酶对直接冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注的影响

目的探讨靶血管局部髓过氧化物酶（myeloperoxidase,MPO）浓度对急性心肌梗死患者行直接经皮冠状动脉介入（primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI）治疗后心肌灌注的影响。方法纳入行PPCI治疗、并行血栓抽吸术的sT段抬高性心肌梗死患者148为研究对象。冠状动脉造影前,经动脉鞘取血3mL;PPCI治疗前．采用Export XT血栓抽吸导管在靶血管内抽吸血栓,过滤栓子等成分,分离血清备用。按照常规方法植入支架。主要终点为术后心肌呈色分级（myocardialblushgrades,MBG）,次要终点为血流心肌梗死溶栓（thrombolysis in myocardial infarction．TIMI）分级和ST段回落幅度。血清MPO浓度采用酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法检测。结果MBG0～1级患者局部MPO浓度为（79．3±8．7）ng／L,MBG2级为（73．7±10．4）ng／L,MBG3级为（53．2±9．8）ng／L,不同MBG分级间血清MPO浓度比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。血流TIMI3级患者局部MPO浓度低于TIMI1～2级者,差异有统计学意义[（59．6±8．8）ng／L％（72．9±7．6）ng／L,P〈O．05]。ST段回落≥70％患者局部MPO浓度低于sT段回落〈70％的患者,差异有统计学意义[（55．3±7.3）ng／Lvs（82．7±8．1）ng／L,P〈O．05]。外周动脉血中的MPO浓度与MBG分级、TIMl分级和sT段是否完全回落没有显著相关（P〉0．05）。结论急性心肌梗死患者中,PPCI治疗后心肌灌注不良伴随靶血管局部MPO浓度升高,全身的MPO浓度与术后心肌灌注无明显关系。     

Low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) as adjuvant treatment of thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction--a pilot study: biochemical markers in acute coronary syndromes (BIOMACS II)

OBJECTIVES: This randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial evaluated the effect of dalteparin as an adjuvant to thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction regarding early reperfusion, recurrent ischemia and patency at 24 h. BACKGROUND: Low-molecular-weight heparin, given subcutaneously twice daily without monitoring, might be an attractive alternative to conventional intravenous heparin in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: In 101 patients dalteparin/placebo 100 IU/kg was given just before streptokinase and a second injection 120 IU/kg after 12 h. Monitoring with continuous vector-ECG was done to obtain signs of early reperfusion and later ischemic episodes. Blood samples for myoglobin were obtained at start and after 90 min to evaluate signs of reperfusion. Coronary angiography was performed after 20-28 h to evaluate TIMI-flow in the infarct-related artery. RESULTS: Dalteparin added to streptokinase tended to provide a higher rate of TIMI grade 3 flow in infarct-related artery compared to placebo, 68% versus 51% (p = 0.10). Dalteparin had no effects on noninvasive signs of early reperfusion. In patients with signs of early reperfusion, there seemed to be a higher rate of TIMI grade 3 flow, 74% versus 46% (myoglobin) (p = 0.04) and 73% versus 52% (vector-ECG) (p = 0.11). Ischemic episodes 6-24 h. after start of treatment were fewer in the dalteparin group, 16% versus 38% (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: When dalteparin was added as an adjuvant to streptokinase and aspirin, there were tendencies for less ECG monitoring evidence of recurrent ischemia and better patency at 24 h, warranting further study.     

急性心肌梗塞冠脉内溶栓与支架术疗效的比较

目的：观察急性心肌梗塞患者冠脉内溶栓及急诊置人支架术的效果。方法：根据冠状动脉造影资料，50例病人中，33例成功支架植入为支架组；17例不适合或支架失败者为冠脉内溶栓组，经导管注入50万单位尿激酶至梗塞相关血管，术中监测TIMI血流，再灌注性心律失常，心电图及心肌酶和心功能。结果：血管开通率，支架组达到97％，冠脉内溶栓组只达到59％，两组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：植入支架是急性心肌梗塞患者恢复心肌血流灌注的最好方法。对于不适合植入支架者，冠脉内溶栓也是一种值得应用的方法。     

Acute myocardial infarction: immediate coronary angioplasty for failure or contra-indications of thrombolytic therapy. Apropos of a series of 100 cases

One hundred patients admitted to a centre of interventional cardiology with acute myocardial infarction of less than 6 hours, underwent coronary angioplasty of first intention because of contra-indications to thrombolytic therapy (n = 20) or after thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase (n = 54), acylenzymes (n = 12) or tissue type plasminogen activator (n = 14). The indication of angioplasty were those of the TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) classification (occluded artery, TIMI grade 0) (n = 60) (suboccluded artery, TIMI grade 1) (n = 40). The criterion of success of angioplasty was an increase greater than 1 of TIMI grade. Reperfusion of the coronary artery was obtained by angioplasty in 95% of failures of thrombolysis and in 90% of patients with contra-indications to thrombolytic therapy. The early reocclusion rate at D1 was 2%. Repeat angioplasty at D1 was successful in both these cases and the arteries were still patent at D21. The reocclusion rate at the third week in 75 patients who underwent control coronary angiography was 5.3%. In patients with arterial occlusion, immediate angioplasty attained two objectives in the same procedure: a high rate of emergency myocardial reperfusion and a low rate of reocclusion. The average left ventricular ejection fraction (all arteries) significantly improved (+9.2% in absolute values) when the artery remained patent (p less than 0.001), especially when the initial ejection fraction was low. In the patients who had occluded arteries at control angiography at 3 weeks, the ejection fraction decreased (-4% in absolute values) (NS). The following complications were observed: 4 coronary artery dissections and haematomas at the site of femoral puncture in patients who had received thrombolytic therapy (10 drained surgically). The hospital mortality was 3% and global mortality after an average follow-up period of 19.6 months was 5%. Coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction carries a low risk and seems to be beneficial in patients with contra-indications to or failure of thrombolysis.     

老年急性心肌梗死后梗死相关动脉再灌注对QT离散度的影响

目的了解老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)后梗死相关动脉(IRA)早期静脉溶栓再灌注或冠状动脉内支架置入术对QT离散度(QTd)的影响。方法对58例老年AMI患者(AMI组)予以静脉内溶栓,溶栓后选择性冠状动脉造影,对判定为心肌梗死溶栓试验性疗法(TIMI)2级以下者,部分行冠状动脉内支架置入术。溶栓前后测量分析QTd,并与48例冠状动脉造影正常的老年人(对照组)和50例健康体检非老年患者(非老年组)进行对照。结果AMI组溶栓前与对照组和非老年组间QTd有显著性差异(P<0.01);静脉溶栓后冠状动脉造影显示IRA血流达到TIMI 2~3级者,溶栓后2 h QTd显著降低,而IRA未开通者其QTd始终保持较高水平。16例溶栓前有室性心律失常者其QTd明显高于无心律失常者(P<0.05),结论IRA早期再灌注可使QTd显著降低,可减少恶性心律失常的发生。     

Comparison of the angiographic myocardial blush grade with delayed‐enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance for the assessment of microvascular obstruction in acute myocardial infarctions

Background: Both myocardial blush grade (MBG) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) are imaging tools that can assess myocardial reperfusion after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Objectives: We studied the relation between MBG and gadolinium‐enhanced CMR for the assessment of microvascular obstruction (MVO) in patients with acute ST‐elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated by primary PCI. Material and Methods: MBG was assessed in 39 patients with initial TIMI 0 STEMI successfully treated by PCI, resulting in TIMI 3 flow grade and complete ST‐segment resolution. These MBG values were related to MVO determined by CMR, performed between 2 and 7 days after PCI. Left ventricular (LV) volumes were determined at baseline and at 6‐month follow‐up. Results: No statistical relation was found between MBG and MVO extent at CMR (P = 0.63). Regarding MBG 0 and 1 as a sign of MVO, the sensitivity and specificity of these scores were 53.8 and 75%, respectively. In this study, CMR determined MVO was the only significant LV remodeling predicting factor (β = 31.8; P = 0.002), whatever the MBG status was. Conclusion: MBG underestimates MVO after an optimal revascularization in AMI compared with CMR. This study suggests the superior accuracy of delayed‐enhanced magnetic resonance over MBG for the assessment of myocardial reperfusion injury that is needed in clinical trials, where the principal endpoint is the reduction of infarct size and MVO. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A matched comparison of the combination of prehospital thrombolysis and standby rescue angioplasty with primary angioplasty

This study sought to assess the rate of acute Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial grade 3 patency that can be achieved with the combination of prehospital thrombolysis and standby rescue angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. No large angiographic study has been performed after prehospital thrombolysis to determine the 90-minute TIMI 3 patency rate in the infarct-related artery. Hospital outcome and artery patency were compared to 170 matched patients treated with primary angioplasty. Prehospital thrombolysis was applied 151+/-61 minutes after the onset of pain in 170 patients (56+/-12 years, 86% men), using recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, streptokinase, or eminase. Emergency 90-minute angiography was performed in every case. All patients in whom thrombolysis failed underwent rescue angioplasty. After thrombolysis alone, TIMI grade 3 flow in the infarct-related artery was observed in 108 patients (64%), TIMI grade 2 in 12 (7%), and TIMI grade 0 or 1 in 50 (29%). Rescue angioplasty was successful in 47 of 50 attempts. Overall, TIMI 3 patency was achieved in 91%, and additionally TIMI 2 flow in 7% of patients, an average of 113+/-39 minutes after thrombolysis and 55+19 minutes after admission. Therefore, < 2 hours after thrombolysis, only 2% of patients had persistent occlusion (TIMI 0 or 1) of the infarct-related artery. In-hospital mortality was 4% overall (7 of 170), and 3% in the 155 patients in whom TIMI 3 was obtained during the acute phase. Severe hemorrhagic complications occurred in 14 patients (8%) with 2 fatal cerebral hemorrhages (7% of patients required transfusions). The matched comparison with primary PTCA showed no significant difference in hospital outcome. Combined prehospital thrombolysis, 90-minute angiography, and rescue angioplasty yield a high rate of acute TIMI 3 patency rate early after thrombolysis and hospital admission. A randomized, prospective comparison between these 2 reperfusion strategies may be now warranted.