一种基于小波变换的配准特征点自动标记算法

以颅脑CT图像为研究对象,提出了一种基于小波变换的自动标记非刚性配准所需对应特征点的算法.这种算法充分考虑了颅脑CT图像的像素点及其临域的纹理特征,通过进行小波变换建立对应于每个像素点的多分辨率小波特征向量,并以小波特征向量间的差异作为判别依据,在目标图像中标记非刚性配准所需的对应特征点.一系列的实验结果表明,这种基于小波变换的算法能够准确地在目标图像中标记出配准所需的对应特征点,可以作为基于特征的非刚性配准对应特征点自动标记的参量之一.     

基于匹配子变换的呼吸罗音检测与分类

提出一种基于匹配子波变换的罗音检测及分类方法。我们首先建立罗音信号的数学模型;然后基于这一模型设计子波变换的母函数,原始信号经过加续子波变换后,采用“软门限”进一步滤除噪声,根据每一尺度信号的能量,我们可以确定针对该信号的最佳尺度,从而可以检测罗音及对其进行分类,文中给出了实验方法及实验结果。     

基于匹配子波变换的呼吸罗音检测与分类

提出一种基于匹配子波变换的罗音检测及分类方法。我们首先建立罗音信号的数学模型，然后基于这一模型设计子波变换的母函数。原始信号经过连续子波变换后，采用“软门限”进一步滤除噪声。根据每一尺度信号的能量，我们可以确定针对该信号的最佳尺度，从而可以检测罗音及对其进行分类。文中给出了实验方法及实验结果。     

基于Local Jet变换空间纹理特征的肺结节分类方法

为了在纹理特征下改善肺结节良、恶性的模式识别,提出一种基于local jet变换空间的纹理特征提取方法。首先利用二维高斯函数的前三阶偏微分函数将结节原图像变换到local jet纹理图像空间,然后利用纹理描述子在该空间提取特征参数。以灰度值的前四阶矩和基于灰度共生矩阵的特征参数作为纹理描述子,分别提取结节原图像和变换后纹理图像的特征参数,以BP神经网络作为分类器,对同一纹理描述子下的2个不同图像空间的经核主成分分析优化后的特征参数集进行结节良、恶性分类。以157个肺结节(51个良性,106个恶性)作为实验数据进行对比实验,结果显示:两种纹理描述子基于local jet变换空间提取的特征参数分别获得82.69%和86.54%的分类正确率,较原图像空间提高6%～8%,同时AUC值提高约10%。实验结果表明,基于local jet变换空间提取的纹理特征可以有效地改善肺结节良、恶性的模式识别。     

基于经验模态分解和Hilbert变换的QRS综合波检测算法

提出一种新的有效结合经验模态分解(EMD)和Hilbert变换的QRS综合波检测算法。采用EMD将心电信号分解成一系列内蕴模式分量(IMFs),舍去对应于高频噪声的IMF1和IMF2,舍去对应于低频噪声的最后两个IMFs和趋势项,能有效地抑制高频噪声和基线漂移。将降噪后的信号进行Hilbert变换,得到对应的解析函数,利用其包络,进一步抑制高大P波、T波等对QRS综合波检测的影响,采用自适应阈值进行QRS综合波检测。经MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database全部数据检测验证,平均正确检测率可达到99.78%,表明本算法具有较高的正确检测率和良好的抗噪性能。     

基于Mexican-hat小波的QRS检测新方法

基于心电信号的特征点对应于Mexican—hat小波变换的极值，我们使用Mexican—hat小波检测心电信号的特征点，为心电信号分析提供了新的检测手段。该方法简单，对心电信号特征点定位准确，快速。经MIT—BIH心电数据库检验，QRS波的检测率达到99．9％。     

基于经验模式分解的脑电棘波检测方法

脑电癫痫特征波自动提取对于患者的诊断以及减轻医生的繁重劳动都具有重要意义。本研究结合经验模式分解(EMD)技术提出了一种基于经验模式分解的脑电棘波检测新方法。这种方法提取出EEG信号中与棘波信号相关的高频成分,计算其Hilbert变换后的瞬时幅值,进而检测出棘波信号。对临床EEG数据检测的结果表明,这种方法能有效地从复杂的背景EEG信号中检出棘波,具有良好的应用前景。     

良恶性肺小结节CT图像基于灰度共生矩阵10种纹理特征研究

目的 建立多水平模型研究良恶性肺小结节CT图像的灰度共生矩阵纹理特征,更好地描述肺小结节CT图像,达到辅助肺小结节鉴别的目的.方法 对185例2171张肺小结节CT图像基于灰度共生矩阵提取10个纹理特征,拟合多水平统计模型分析良恶性CT图像的纹理特征的差异.结果 在考虑患者水平的基础上能量、惯性矩等8个纹理特征,在良恶性肺小结节的CT图像间的差异有统计学意义.结论 基于灰度共生矩阵的一些纹理特征是反应肺小结节CT图像良恶性的有效特征参量,在一定程度上有助于早期肺癌的鉴别诊断.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的影像组学研究

【摘要】为了识别新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）和非COVID-19肺炎（其他肺炎）的患者,提出一种基于胸部CT图像影像组学特征的分类方法。分别收集COVID-19患者和其他肺炎患者各90例的胸部CT图像,并手动勾勒肺炎病变区域;然后,利用影像组学方法提取病变区域的纹理特征和直方图特征,获得每个样本对应的一阶影像组学特征向量;最后,使用纹理特征和直方图特征作为输入,构建线性支持向量机（linear SVM）模型,对COVID-19患者和其他肺炎患者进行分类。该模型使用20次10折交叉验证进行训练和测试。对于COVID-19患者,还进行了相关分析（多次比较校正-Bonferroni校正,p<0.05/7）,以确定纹理和直方图特征是否与血液的实验室测试指标相关。结果表明本研究提出的方法具有良好的分类性能,分类准确度高达87.56％,敏感度为82.78％,特异性为92.33％,受试者工作特性曲线下面积为0.939,这也证明了两组人群的影像组学特征是高度可区分的,此模型可以有效地识别和诊断COVID-19患者和其他肺炎患者。相关分析结果显示某些纹理特征与白细胞、中性粒细胞和C反应蛋白正相关,而也有某些纹理特征与血氧和中性粒细胞负相关。     

基于小波变换的异常特征超声图像定位技术

为了提高超声图像的诊断识别能力,需要进行异常特征点定位。提出一种基于小波变换的异常特征超声图像定位技术。对采集的超声图像采用边界特征融合方法进行边缘轮廓检测,在邻域内采用颜色梯度分解方法进行超声图像区域融合滤波处理,结合小波变换方法进行超声图像的特征分解和尺度模板匹配,提取超声图像的奇异特征点,根据超声图像的颜色特征分解值进行邻域均衡控制和自适应特征参量估计,根据超声图像的纹理和颜色特征提取结果进行图像的异常特征点定位检测和识别。仿真结果表明,采用该方法进行超声图像异常特征点定位的准确度较高,定位精度较好,提高了超声图像的异常特征辨识能力。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.