彩色多普勒超声在胎儿畸形诊断中的应用

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声检查确诊胎儿畸形的应用价值。方法:采用彩色多普勒超声仪对孕18～40周的孕妇进行系统检查。结果:本次检查的125例孕妇患者中,共有6例胎儿畸形,畸形发生率为4.8%,共检查出5例胎儿畸形,1例漏诊,检出的胎儿畸形符合率为100%。结论:彩色多普勒超声确诊胎儿畸形诊断率高、分辨性强,在胎儿畸形产前筛查中具有重要的诊断价值,值得临床推广。     

超声产前诊断胎儿畸形

目的探讨超声在产前诊断胎儿畸形的临床价值。方法采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对2230例孕11～40周的孕妇进行系统超声检查并随访。结果2230例孕妇中，超声诊断胎儿畸形28例，漏诊8例。发生畸形位居前三的是心血管畸形，神经管畸形。泌尿系统畸形。漏诊病例多为心血管畸形及较小畸形。结论超声检查可以对胎儿形态结卞句方面的明显畸形作出明确的产前诊断，明显减少出生缺陷，提高人口素质。对于心血管畸形及较小畸形还有待于改进方法，加强规范操作。     

产前超声诊断胎儿尿道下裂进展

尿道下裂是胎儿常见泌尿系统先天畸形。产前二维及三维超声检查均可用于诊断胎儿尿道下裂,二者联合可提高诊断效能;在此基础上进行彩色多普勒超声检查可进一步明确尿道开口位置,提高诊断准确率,降低误诊率。本文对产前超声诊断胎儿尿道下裂进展进行综述。     

超声诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的应用分析

目的探讨分析超声检查在诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的中的应用价值。方法对1082例在本院分娩的、妊娠晚期36-41周的孕妇进行二维和彩色多普勒超声检查,观察胎儿颈部压迹深度、脐带绕颈周数,检测脐动脉S/D比值,并将产前超声诊断为脐带绕颈与产后临床诊断为脐带绕颈的病例进行对比分析。结果本组病例产前经超声检查诊断为胎儿脐带绕颈307例,产后临床诊断为脐带绕颈者311例,诊断符合率为97.7%,误诊3例,漏诊7例。47例脐动脉S/D比值〉3,存在不同程度宫内窘迫现象。结论二维超声与彩色多普勒相结合检查胎儿脐带绕颈特异性强、准确率高,且能够实时观察胎动及胎心搏动情况,是目前产前诊断胎儿脐带绕颈的最佳方法,为临床选择正确的分娩方式提供了可靠的依据。     

胎儿Galen动静脉畸形的彩色多普勒超声诊断及分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断胎儿颅内Galen动静脉畸形的价值及临床意义。方法对2004年6月至2010年12月经本院行常规及系统产科超声诊断为胎儿颅内Galen动静脉畸形的3例孕妇进行回顾性分析。结果超声检查发现3例胎儿颅内脑中线附近,第三脑室上方单一囊性灶。彩色多普勒见病灶内彩色血流信号,脉冲多普勒为双相湍流静脉频谱。胎儿心脏超声心动图检查发现2例胎儿右心增大,上腔静脉扩张,三尖瓣返流,其中1例还伴有心包积液、胸腹水,皮肤水肿及羊水过多。结论彩色多普勒超声检查是产前诊断胎儿颅内Galen动静脉畸形必不可少的检查手段。     

产前超声诊断脐带囊肿

目的分析脐带囊肿的超声声像图特点及相关临床资料。方法回顾性分析产前超声检查发现的33胎脐带囊肿胎儿的超声声像图特征及临床、随访资料。结果单纯脐带囊肿11胎（其中脐尿管囊肿2胎）,脐带囊肿合并多发畸形22胎（22/33,66.67%）,以合并心血管及神经系统畸形多见。结论脐带囊肿常合并多发畸形,单纯性脐带囊肿预后较好。产前超声筛查可提供重要的诊断信息。     

基层医院开展产前超声筛查的临床价值分析

目的 探讨产前超声检查对胎儿畸形的临床意义.方法 2007年9月～2010年9月在笔者所在医院产前胎儿畸形超声筛查31298例.结果 31298例孕妇中产前超声筛查及产后证实胎儿畸形213例胎儿畸形,神经系统畸形最为多见.结论 开展前超声筛查尤为重要,如检测出异常,及时终止妊娠,把畸形胎儿的发生率降到最低点,以达到优生目的.     

彩色多普勒在胎盘植入诊断中的应用价值

目的应用彩色多普勒超声观察产前胎盘植入的声像图特征,提高产前诊断和J临床治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析在本院进行诊治、并最终经手术后病理证实为胎盘植入的患者56例,分析其产前胎盘植入的声像图特征,得出对产前胎盘植入的检出率。结果产前胎盘植入的二维声像图以胎盘增厚、胎盘内漩涡形成、胎盘后间隙消失、局部肌层菲薄为主要特征;而加用彩色多普勒后,则可显示出胎盘漩涡内的丰富血流及增多的胎盘基底血管丛。56例胎盘植入患者中,产前超声正确诊断出20例,检出率约为35．7％。结论彩色多普勒超声在胎盘植入的产前诊断中有重要的临床应用价值。     

男性乳腺发育症的超声诊断价值

目的:探讨男性乳腺发育症的声像图特点及诊断价值.方法:应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪对28例临床触及乳头深部有包块的男性患者进行超声检查,并对其声像图特征及彩色多普勒血流情况进行回顾性分析.结果:男性乳腺发育症声像图有特异性.结论:彩色多普勒超声在诊断男性乳腺发育症具有很高的应用价值.     

彩超诊断胎儿唇裂的价值

目的:探讨彩超诊断胎儿唇裂的价值.方法:对1500例孕18周以上的孕妇进行常规彩超检查,并尽可能显示及观察胎儿颜面部.结果:检出胎儿唇裂11例,捡出率为100%.5例为唇裂合并腭裂,6例为单纯唇裂.结论:彩超对评价胎儿面部畸形具有重要作用,产前超声诊断胎儿唇裂切实可行,是诊断胎儿畸形的首选方法.     

Fetal renal artery flow and renal echogenicity in the chronically hypoxic state

The object of this study was to investigate the fetal renal arterial blood flow in normal and hyperechogenic kidneys during the third trimester of gestation. The pregnancies screened were all chronically hypoxic. Depending on the etiology of the intrauterine chronic hypoxia, the cases were divided into two study groups. Group I comprised 120 pregnant women with pregnancy-associated hypertension and/or proteinuria. Group II consisted of 87 pregnancies with intrauterine growth retardation. Both study groups included pregnant women from the third trimester. Hyperechogenic renal medullae were detected in 15 out of 120 cases with pregnancy-associated hypertension and/or proteinuria, and in 22 fetuses of the 87 pregnancies involving intrauterine growth retardation. Fetal renal hyperechogenicity appears to be an indicator of fetal arterial circulatory depression, correlated with pathological changes in the resistance index for the fetal renal arteries. The fetal renal arterial blood flow resistance index was significantly lower in hyperechogenic cases. This may also be an in utero indication of subsequent intrauterine and neonatal complications, such as cesarean section because of fetal distress (43%), treatment in a neonatal intensive care unit (51%) or increased perinatal mortality (5.4%, as compared with 0.8–1.0% in the normal population). Detailed ultrasound and Doppler examinations of renal parenchyma and arteries appear to be useful methods in the prenatal diagnosis of reduced renal perfusion and of intrauterine hypoxia to detect possible pathological fetal conditions in utero. Received: 2 September 1998 / Revised: 5 May 1999 / Accepted: 7 May 1999     

Antenatal diagnosis of renal tract anomalies by ultrasound

A first group of 141 pregnant women carrying children at risk of a renal tract anomaly, because of a positive family history was referred to our obstetrical ultrasound department. Prenatal ultrasound examination revealed an abnormality of the urinary tract in 8%. A recurrence was observed under the following conditions: renal agenesis, multicystic kidney and urethral obstruction, but not in ureteral obstruction. In two children renal abnormalities were not detected until after birth, one child having an autosomal recessive and the other an autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease. The large variation in the prenatal manifestation of cystic kidney disorders requires that predictions of possible recurrence on the basis of repeated ultrasound examinations should be made with great care. A second group of 98 pregnant women was referred because of a suspected renal abnormality found by ultrasound in the absence of a previous family history. In 64% a malformation of the urinary tract was confirmed (31 with obstructive uropathy and 32 with cystic kidneys). In almost half of the cases with subvesical obstruction or with cystic kidney disease a structural defect of extrarenal organs was present.     

Posterior urethral valves: prenatal diagnostic signs and outcome

INTRODUCTION: Urethral valves can be of enormous clinical importance. Both the prognosis for an affected fetus and the indication for a prenatal therapeutic intervention depend to a high degree on the accuracy of the prenatal diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The sonographic findings and the results of the postnatal diagnostic workup of 24 boys treated for urethral valves in our institute are analyzed in the present paper. RESULTS: Out of a group of 900 children, diagnosed prenatally as having urinary tract anomalies, the postnatal diagnostic workup revealed 24 boys suffering from posterior urethral valves. The combination of megacystis, oligohydramnios, and bilateral renal abnormalities was present in 3 boys, and it was only in these cases that urethral valves were correctly identified as the underlying pathology. The largest group (n = 16) of these fetuses presented with bilateral hydronephrosis with and without megaureter. Megacystis in any combination with other findings was detected only in 4 patients. Oligohydramnios as a sign of impaired renal function was observed in four pregnancies. Four children suffered postnatally from beginning renal insufficiency. Eight infants (33%) required some form of respiratory support. This group included the 4 newborns with oligohydramnios during the pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior urethral valves represent a rare but severe congenital malformation. They can disrupt the development of the entire urinary tract and may be life-limiting to the affected boy. Only rarely, however, are they manifested as the complete pathological picture on prenatal ultrasound. In most cases, bilateral impairment of the fetal renal development suggests severe subvesical obstruction. Thus in cases with bilateral renal impairment on prenatal ultrasonography, posterior urethral valves are to be excluded postnatally. Oligohydramnios is a predictor of a poor outcome of the renal function.     

Reliability of ultrasound in the prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities

To investigate the ability of ultrasonography to detect urinary tract abnormalities prenatally, we reviewed the records of 26 pregnancies diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound to have urinary tract anomalies. We compared the prenatal diagnoses with postnatal renal and urinary tract pathology. This comparison showed different degrees of agreement for different prenatal diagnoses (2 individuals had more than one diagnosis): 4 of 8 for multicystic kidneys, 1 of 1 for polycystic kidney disease, 1 of 2 for renal agenesis, 6 of 7 for ureteropelvic junction obstruction, 1 of 3 for posterior urethral valves, 4 of 5 for no pathology noted, and 2 of 2 for other abnormalities. Prenatal diagnosis and postantal findings were in agreement in 68% of cases. Varying levels of diagnostic reliability should be considered when managing pregnancies complicated by fetal urinary tract abnormalities and subsequent postnatal evaluation and diagnosis. Further efforts are needed to improve on the techniques and reliability of prenatal diagnosis of urinary tract abnormalities.     

What is biparietal diameter/kidney length ratio in cases with renal hyperechogenicity?

The object of this study was to investigate the fetal biparietal diameter/kidney length ratio in normal and hyperechogenic kidneys during the 3rd trimester of gestation. Screened pregnancies were chronically hypoxic [i.e. intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)]. Depending on the renal manifestation of the intrauterine chronic hypoxia, the cases were divided into two study groups. Group I was composed of 28 fetuses with IUGR and hyperechogenic renal medullae. Group II consisted of 62 fetuses with IUGR and normal echoic kidney. Both study groups included pregnant women from the 3rd trimester. Fetal renal hyperechogenicity is an indicator of depression of fetal renal perfusion, correlated with pathological growth in the fetal kidney development. The fetal biparietal diameter/kidney length ratio was significantly higher in hyperechogenic cases. This may also be an in utero indicator of subsequent intrauterine and neonatal complications. Detailed ultrasound examinations of renal parenchyma and length appear to be useful in the prenatal diagnosis of reduced renal perfusion and of intrauterine hypoxia, allowing detection of possible pathological fetal conditions in utero.     

Neonates with extra-renal pelvis: the first 2 years

Extra-renal pelvis (ERpel) is a common ultrasonographic finding among neonates who have undergone recurrent ultrasound examinations for a better definition of prenatal renal pelvic dilatation. This study tries to determine whether or not ERpel has important prognostic implications. Seventy-nine neonates (17 female) were examined. All had a diagnosis of prenatal renal pelvis dilatation, which was shown by postnatal ultrasound to be ERpel. Sixty ERpel neonates were examined 1.5 months to 2.5 months after the ultrasound (US) diagnosis by both Tc-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DPTA) dynamic renal scanning and ^99mTc-pertechnetate direct cystography. Clinical assessment, urine cultures and renal ultrasound follow-up were maintained for 2 years. The proportion of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients with ERpel was compared with that of the total neonatal and infantile population with normal US scans in the region of our hospital. Associated minor congenital malformations were found in 12 of 79 neonates (15.2%). Four had a family history of ERpel. Among 60 neonates who underwent renal scanning, 36 (60%) were found to have urinary retention in the collecting system. Another nine (15%) had vesico-ureteral (VU) reflux, of which seven had urinary retention. Fifteen (25%) showed normal isotope imaging. Urinary tract infection was diagnosed in 16 ERpel neonates in whom only one exhibited VU reflux (grade 2). The incidence of neonatal UTI in the ERpel group was more than that of either neonatal or infantile UTI in those with normal US scans in the local population (20.2% vs 1.2% and 4.3%, respectively). Fifty-three infants completed a 2-year follow-up. Repeat renal ultrasonography indicated that one infant (1.8%) had developed bilateral hydronephrosis, 12 (22.6%) had unchanged findings, 18 (40%) showed an improvement (decrease of ERpel width or resolution in one side) and, in 22 (41.5%) infants, the condition had resolved. No clinical or kidney function deterioration was observed. Seven patients (13.2%) each had one episode of UTI during the 2-year follow-up period; none of them had VU reflux. Neonatal ERpel is more frequent in male infants. It is associated with greater rates of minor congenital malformations, VU reflux and UTI than in the general population of the same ages. The increased UTI incidence is not attributed to VU reflux.     

Value of the echography of the maternal kidney during pregnancy

Routine ultrasonographic detection of renal tract dilatations in pregnant women is used to define a high risk population for urinary tract infections. In a first group of 96 patients with symptomatic urinary tract infection, 34% of the cases of uncomplicated infection were accompanied by ultrasonographic abnormalities, while 73% of cases of pyelonephritis presented such signs. Antibody coated bacteria were only found in 12% of uncomplicated urinary tract infections and in 30% of cases of pyelonephritis. In a second group of 273 patients, routine ultrasonography revealed abnormalities in 11.5% of cases. 7.5% of patients had dilatations of the upper renal tract, 2% had renal stones and 2% had occult renal malformations. Dilatations of the upper renal tract were associated with asymptomatic urinary tract infections in 30% of cases. Screening for upper renal tract dilatations is recommended between the 17th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. The presence of such lesions constitutes a risk factor for urinary tract infection and appropriate prophylactic treatment should be prescribed.