抑郁、焦虑、压力与青少年情绪性进食的关系:自我控制的中介作用

目的:探讨青少年抑郁、焦虑、压力、自我控制与情绪性进食之间的关系。方法:采用荷兰人进食行为问卷、抑郁-焦虑-压力量表和自我控制量表对湖南省长沙市5所中学的1801名青少年进行问卷调查。结果:青少年情绪性进食与负性情绪(焦虑、抑郁、压力)呈现显著正相关,与自我控制呈显著负相关。负性情绪对青少年情绪性进食的正向预测作用显著,对自我控制的负向预测作用显著;自我控制对青少年情绪性进食的负性预测作用显著。自我控制在负性情绪与青少年情绪性进食之间为部分中介效应。结论:负性情绪不仅能够直接导致情绪性进食行为的产生,并且可以通过对个体的自我控制能力造成阻碍,进而导致更多的情绪性进食。     

大学生诱发情绪时情绪反应对状态共情与助人行为的影响

目的:探讨诱发情绪时情绪反应对状态共情与助人行为的影响,以及状态共情在诱发情绪时情绪反应与助人行为之间的中介作用。方法:通过视频诱发情绪,采用情绪自评问卷、共情反应量表、同伴评定量表和助人行为题目对98名大学生进行测量。结果:(1)通过视频诱发情绪有效,观看正性电影的个体其积极情绪反应显著高于观看负性电影的个体(F=24.17,P0.001),其负性情绪反应显著低于观看负性电影的个体(F=93.36,P0.001);(2)诱发情绪时情绪反应得分与状态共情呈显著正相关(P0.001),与助人时间呈边缘显著负相关(P0.08),与助人金钱相关不显著;(3)诱发情绪时情绪反应正向预测状态共情(β=10.80,P0.001),负向预测助人时间(β=-0.64,P0.05)。状态共情在诱发情绪时情绪反应与助人行为之间的中介作用不显著。结论:个体消极情绪水平越高,越容易引起共情;个体积极情绪水平越高,越愿意花费时间帮助他人。状态共情在诱发情绪时情绪反应与助人行为之间不起中介作用。     

高中生抑郁的预防与干预对策

<正>抑郁是无效应对生活压力的后果,以情绪失调为核心,包括沮丧、无价值感、无助与绝望感、躯体活动水平下降等一系列身心不适症状[1]。青少年抑郁是指青少年期出现的以忧郁为主的显著而持久的悲哀、不幸和烦躁的情绪、行为和身心不适症状。青少年抑郁分为抑郁情绪、抑郁症状和抑郁性神经症三种类型。抑郁情绪是指一个人悲哀、不幸福和烦躁的心境和情绪反应;抑郁症状是由青少年行为问题而引起的个体悲哀情绪的现象,其特点是具有许多身心不适症状,社会     

测谎问题中的"情绪成分"对皮肤电反应的影响

目的：探讨测谎中个体情绪状态与皮肤电反应之间的关系，为改进测谎技术提供依据。方法：以38名大学生作为被试，以不同情绪激起程度的不良行为为素材进行测谎测试。结果：不同条件下被试皮肤电反应差异显著，其中高情绪激起问题和相关问题上的皮肤电反应更为强烈。结论：在一定的情景压力下，个体的情绪状态可以直接影响皮肤电活动；高情绪激起问题在鉴别说谎与诚实上，更加有效；除了说谎因素，测谎中测题本身所指向的事件就可以直接引起被试的情绪反应，从而产生皮肤电反应差异；当情景线索明确时，特定的目标事件更容易引起被试的关注，产生特殊的皮肤电反应。     

大学生幽默感心理学测量及其与幸福感的关系

在心理学中，幽默包含了认知、情绪、行为、生理及社会等各方面因素。心理学对幽默感的测量有多种方法，常见的有自然观察法、访谈法、实验法和心理测验法。幽默感包括：①幽默感的表现形式；②幽默的风格类型。前者指幽默感的各组成部分，后者指不同的幽默种类。大多数西方学者认同的Martin提出的幽默风格分类标准--即按照应用对象和应用方式两个维度，交叉得出了4种幽默风格，分别为亲和型、自强型、自贬型、敌意型幽默。然而，不同地域、民族、国家的幽默存在文化差异。一些跨文化的幽默实证研究证实，受到中国传统文化影响的中国人在对待幽默的态度上与西方人存在显着差异。     

倦怠与生理疾病关系的研究现状及展望

倦怠是指长期、持续暴露于压力,尤其是在与工作有关的压力情境中所产生的独特的情绪反应.可以说它是一种压力现象[1].Maslaeh等人认为其结构包括情绪耗竭、人格解体及成就感降低这三个维度[2].自倦怠提出以来.大量研究表明它对个体的工作绩效有消极影响,如,倦怠对缺勤、离职意向、生产力低下、工作满意度降低和工作承诺减少有预测作用.此外,倦怠还可能对个体的家庭生活带来消极影响[3].     

生活事件与应对方式对青少年情绪性进食的影响

目的:研究青少年情绪性进食的情况,考察生活事件、应对方式与情绪性进食的关系。方法:采用荷兰进食行为问卷、青少年生活事件量表及中学生应对方式量表对长沙市3所中学中随机抽取的606名中学生进行测评。结果:1女生的情绪性进食得分显著高于男生(t=-2.097,P0.05);2情绪性进食得分与生活事件(r=0.49,P0.001)及情绪指向应对方式(r=0.45,P0.001)正相关;3控制性别的影响后,生活事件及情绪指向应对方式均能显著预测情绪性进食(R2=0.343;P0.001);4控制性别后,人际关系(B=0.465,P0.01)、学习压力(B=0.700,P0.001)和其他(B=0.988,P=0.001)以及发泄情绪(B=0.519,P0.05)和幻想否认(B=0.405,P0.05)对情绪性进食预测显著。结论:生活事件量及采取情绪指向应对方式会增加个体情绪性进食的倾向。     

语境对恐惧与惊讶表情加工的影响：社交焦虑的调节作用

目的：探究语境对恐惧与惊讶表情加工的影响，并探讨社交焦虑在其中所发挥的作用。方法：采用2（社交焦虑组别：高、低）×3（语境效价：正性、中性、负性）×2（表情类型：恐惧、惊讶）三因素混合实验设计，被试对面孔表情进行情绪类别判断。结果：（1）情绪性语境能够促进恐惧惊讶表情的识别，且对于恐惧表情，在负性语境下的识别正确率显著高于正性语境；对于惊讶表情，在正性语境下的识别正确率显著高于负性语境。（2）相比于低社交焦虑个体，高社交焦虑个体对恐惧表情的识别正确率更低，更容易将恐惧表情错认为惊讶表情。（3）社交焦虑水平调节负性语境对惊讶表情的影响。对于惊讶表情的识别，低社交焦虑个体负性语境下识别正确率高于中性语境；高社交焦虑个体负性语境与中性语境下的识别正确率没有显著差异。结论：情绪性语境能够提高个体对表情的识别，社交焦虑水平影响个体识别恐惧表情的敏感性，高社交焦虑个体在负性语境下更容易混淆惊讶与恐惧表情。     

冲突情景中青少年对父母权威的遵从

目的：探讨不同领域的冲突情景中青少年对父母权威遵从的倾向、归因与情绪反应，及三者之间的相互关系。方法：通过不同领域的三个冲突情景（个人领域、友谊领域和习俗领域）对538名10-18岁青少年关于父母权威的遵从倾向、归因与情绪反应进行了问卷调查。结果：①冲突情景中青少年对父母权威的遵从倾向、归因以及情绪反应因领域的不同而不同；②青少年对父母权威遵从的归因主要集中于规则定向、知识定向、关心同报定向以及行为结果定向；③青少年从遵从行为中体验到的消极情绪多于中性情绪和积极情绪；（4）不同遵从倾向青少年的归因与情绪反应不同．遵从组和不遵从组青少年的规则定向归因均与消极情绪正相关，遵从组青少年的知识定向归困与积极情绪正相关。结论：青少年对父母权威的认知存在领域特殊性，遵从倾向、归因和情绪反应三者之间相互关联。     

中小学教师的职业压力应对策略与其人格特征的关系研究

目的：探索中小学教师的职业压力应对策略与其人格特征的关系。方法：被试为235名中小学教师，采用自编中小学教师职业压力应对策略问卷和人格五因素问卷进行调查。结果：（1）被动型应对与人格五因素中的情绪性有显著的正相关，与宜人性有显著的负相关；主动型应对与人格五因素中的外向性有显著的正相关；自控型应对与人格五因素中的外向性、宜人性、谨慎性有显著的正相关，与情绪性有显著的负相关；（2）人格五因素中的情绪性对被动型应对具有正向预测作用，宜人性对被动型应对具有负向预测作用；人格五因素中的外向性对主动型应对具有正向预测作用；人格五因素中的情绪性对自控制应对具有负向预测作用，外向性、谨慎性和宜人性对自控型应对具有正向预测作用。结论：教师压力应对策略与教师的人格特征有关，人格各维度对不同应对策略具有不同的预测作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.