30℃条件下血浆和血清粘度随切变率的变化

目的观察30℃条件下血浆和血清粘度随切变率的变化。方法对从38名健康人(18~23岁)中采集的全血、血浆和血清用LIANG-100型细管式粘度仪在30℃土0.5℃条件下测试切变率分别为10s-1、20s-1、40s-1、70s-1和110s-1的粘度,比较不同切变率下的血浆、血清和全血粘度。结果血浆、血清和全血三种血液组份的粘度均随切变率的降低而升高,呈现与全血相似的粘度曲线,其110s-1切变率粘度、40-1切变率粘度及10s-1切变率粘度间具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论在30℃下,血浆和血清表现为粘度切变依赖性的非牛顿流体特性。     

连续切变毛细管粘度计的使用及质量控制探讨

近几年来,毛细管粘度计的发展较快,有多电极式粘度计、红外多切变粘度计及压力传感式粘度计等类型,这三类仪器都能检测多种切变率下的粘度,但前两种只能报告某一较大切变范围之内的比粘度均值,红外多切变粘度计可以将几个切变点经微机处理后绘制连续切变曲线并可以用绝对粘度值表示,而压力传感式粘度计是将压力随时间变化监测所得的连续数据按照理论公式(泊肃叶定律)经微机处理而求得不同切变率下样品的绝对粘度值,找们认为这种设计使得毛细管粘度计得以反映在连续切变中相对某一点切变率时的绝对粘度值,切变范围1s-1相似文献   

锥板式粘度计测量全血粘度时应注意的问题

锥板式粘度计是一种用于测量非牛顿液体表观粘度的仪器．目前，国内所使用的这种仪器大多为成都仪器厂生产的ＮＸＥ－Ｉ型锥板式粘度计，在使用该仪器进行非牛顿液体全血表现粘度检测时应注意以下问题：１．切变率及转子的选择：ＮＸＥ—Ｉ型锥板式粘度计设有Ｓ１、Ｓ２，Ｓ３三个系列转速状态．每个系列转速状态下具有８个可调转速，共２１个转速可产生２４切变率。在测量血液粘度时，通常使用Ｓ１系列转速状态下的由３～８档的６个转速，此时转速与切变率的关系如下：转速挡转速（，／。切变率Ｏ３４５６７８１．５３６！２３０６０５．７…     

切变率的施加顺序和剪切史对全血粘度测定值影响的初步研究

用同样切变率和时间间隔,切变率由低至高和由高至低分别测定全血粘度时,前者在低切变率下具有较高全血粘度值,具有较陡的剪切稀化曲线和较高的卡松屈服应力值,后者反之;同一条件下连续两次测定,首次和第二次剪切相比,首次在低切变率下具有较高的全血粘度值,具有较陡的剪切稀化曲线和较高的卡松屈服应力值,第二次反之,本文注意到测定以前需要“具有同一流变学状态的起跑线”的问题。     

肾小球疾病血液流变性变化及其意义

目的　探讨原发性肾小球疾病时血液流变性的变化及其意义。方法　 30例肾小球疾病患者用日本DP6 0 0 1型锥板式粘度计分别测量切变率为 3.84、9.6 0、19.2 0、38.40、76 .80、192 .0 0、384.0 0s- 1 时的全血粘度 ,30 0 0rpm离心 30分钟测定红细胞比积 ,然后测量切变率为 192s- 1 时的血浆粘度 ,计算红细胞聚集指数、casson粘度及血液的屈服应力。结果　全组患者的全血粘度在 3.84s- 1 至 384.0 0s- 1 等 7个切变率时均明显高于对照组 ;红细胞比积有所升高 ,以肾病I型明显 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;血浆粘度无明显改变 ;红细胞聚集指数明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ;血液的屈服应力也显著增高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　肾小球疾病时血液处于高粘滞状态 ,这是病变持续发展和肾功能进行性恶化的重要发病机理 ,也是肾外血栓栓塞合并症发生的病理生理基础。     

Liang-100型血液粘度仪影响因素的探讨

Liang－100型血液粘度仪可以自动测出五个不同切变率的粘度，并能直接显示和打印。但也有如下一些影响其检测准确性的因素。一、全血粘度测定出现异常的分析1．仪器位置”仪器应里水平置放，可用水平尺检查。当流出出口过高时，血液流出时低切变率可增高；而出口过低，低切交率     

血流变仪切变率达到1S-1的鉴别

低切变率在血液粘度测定中的重要性已经被越来越多的医院所重视，但目前市场上很少见到真正能做到低切变率的粘度计。许多医院所购仪器不能提供真实、可靠切变率为的的检测条件。在此，有必要向用户提供一些鉴定的方法，以使用户及广大患者避免不必要的经济损失及误诊的发生。首先请切记：实测切变率的流变仪，它的结构设计应符合公认的测粘原理和科学的计算公式，否则，其技师和使用价值都是不可信的。粘度＝切应力／切变率请注意公式中的切应力，一也称剪切应力，切变应力。对于人体，切应力的来于心脏的收缩功能；对于毛细血管粘度计，该…     

库存血复温对储存血红细胞流变学特性的影响

目的　了解复温对储存血红细胞流变学特性的影响。方法　随机抽取30份库存红细胞悬液,将每份血 样分为对照组(4℃)和复温组(37℃,水浴10min)。对两组进行血液流变学检测。结果　复温组血液粘度(高切变率 200/S、中切变率30/S、低切变率5/S、1/S)及高切还原比粘度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05),低切还原比粘度(1/S) 及红细胞压积无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论　复温可明显降低储存血红细胞硬度及血液粘度,提高红细胞流动性 及变形性,并可消除由于输注冷存库血而诱发的低体温并发症。     

夏至草醇提物对急性微循环障碍大鼠血液流变性异常的干预作用

目的 观察夏至草醇提物对高分子右旋糖苷(Dextran 500)致急性微循环障碍(AMD)大鼠血液流变性的影响.方法 Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为夏至草组、模型组和对照组.前二组静注10%Dextran 500(10mL/kg)复制急性微循环障碍模型(对照组以等量生理盐水代替).6min后,夏至草组自颈静脉缓慢推注夏至草醇提物(1g/mL.6g/kg),其它两组以等量生理盐水代替.40min后,观察全血粘度、血浆粘度、红细胞变形性等血液流变学指标.结果 ①模型组在高、中、低切变率下的全血粘度、血浆粘度、全血相对粘度及红细胞压积均显著高于对照组;夏至草组不同切变率下的全血粘度、血浆粘度、全血相对粘度及全血还原粘度、红细胞压积等指标均显著低于模型组,除全血相对粘度及全血还原粘度显著低于对照组外,其它指标与对照组均无统计学差异.②模型组及夏至草组的血沉长度、红细胞电泳时间均长于对照组;模型组及夏至草组的红细胞电泳长度与迁移率均低于对照组;模型组在不同切变率下的变形性与对照组无统计学差异,而夏至草组在不同切变率下的红细胞变形性均显著高于对照组及模型组.结论 夏至草醇提物能明显降低Dextran 500致AMD大鼠的全血粘度和血浆粘度,提高红细胞变形能力.     

血液粘度存在的问题及其如何应用卡松方程解决

血粘度的“功与过”血粘度在医学中有重要的地位，如对心脑血管病等病因和发病机理的阐明、诊断治疗、预后观察、预防保健、药物疗效判定和作用机理阐明、发展非药物治疗，判别血液循环障碍均有重要作用，这些是血液粘度的之“功”，国内外很多科学家著书立说阐明了以上观点。然而血液属于非牛顿流体，其粘度值随着切变率而变化，血液粘度的正常值各医院间无可比拟，其值随着仪器所设计的切变率的档子而改变，也随着检验员所选用切变率值而改变，无法做到标准化，造成医务工作者自身和病人思想上的混乱，这是血液粘度的“过”。国内外很多科…     

THE INFLUENCE OF THE PLASMA COLLOIDS ON THE GRADIENT OF CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

The influence of osmotic conditions on the gradient of capillary permeability disclosed by the distribution into mammalian muscle of vital dyes has been tested experimentally. The percentage of circulating blood proteins was increased in rabbits by the injection of compatible plasma, or of compatible serum concentrate obtained by means of a new method of ultrafiltration which has proved both rapid and effective. It was found that when this had been done and the circulatory conditions had stabilized themselves, the gradient of capillary permeability still existed, though its effective extent was less than under normal circumstances. When the percentage of circulating blood proteins was reduced, on the other hand, by repeated bleedings with return of the cells, either as such or suspended in the protein-free fluid obtained by dialysis of serum, the extent of the gradient of capillary permeability was broadened and dye passed out into the tissue more readily than usual from the capillary as a whole. In contrast to these findings injection of a very hypertonic dextrose solution during the period when dye was escaping had no perceptible effect on the gradient of capillary permeability. The observed phenomena cannot be explained by a flow of dye-stained fluid into or out of the blood vessels. The gradient of capillary permeability exists independently of osmotic conditions, though its extent can be markedly influenced by altering the amount of circulating blood proteins. A considerable proportion of the dye used to study the gradient is adsorbed upon these proteins, as subsidiary experiments have shown. This happening provides a sufficient cause for the differences observed in the extent of the gradient when the percentage of proteins is increased or diminished. The evidence like that of previous papers indicates that the cause for the gradient is to be found in a structural differentiation along the capillary, such that the barrier offered by its wall progressively diminishes on the way to the venule. Most current estimates of the effective osmotic pressure of the blood proteins fail to take into account the existence of local differences in permeability along the capillary.     

THE EXTENT OF THE CAPILLARY BED OF THE HEART

By means of injections made into the coronary arteries of beating hearts it has been possible to determine the number of capillaries in the normal heart muscle. This study has shown a very rich blood supply with an average of approximately one capillary for each muscle fibre in the ventricular walls and papillary muscles, and a less abundant supply in the auricular muscle and Purkinje system. The number of capillaries per sq. mm. of ventricular wall or papillary muscle is about twice that found by Krogh in skeletal muscle. Capillaries were not found constantly in the valves of hearts in which there was apparently a complete injection of the capillary bed. The method described for injecting the capillaries of the heart also provides a means of studying the blood supply to the muscle, valves and aortic wall in pathological hearts.     

Tubuloglomerular Feedback NONLINEAR RELATION BETWEEN GLOMERULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND LOOP OF HENLE PERFUSION RATE

The present experiments were performed to quantify the effect of changes in distal tubular sodium delivery on glomerular flow dynamics both below and above the normal physiologic range. Glomerular capillary pressure as derived from the tubular stop flow pressure was assessed while the loop of Henle of the same nephron was perfused with varying flow rates. During Ringer perfusion no change of glomerular capillary pressure was observed when flow was increased from 0 to 13 nl/min. Further increasing flow to 27 nl/min was associated with a reduction of glomerular hydrostatic pressure by an average of 7.0+/-4.4 cm H(2)O (+/-SD). During perfusion at a rate of 43 nl/min glomerular pressure was decreased by a mean of 10.5+/-4.0 cm H(2)O. Changing the flow rate in small steps revealed that a significant reduction of capillary pressure was found when increasing the flow rate from 13 to 21 nl/min and that the maximum response was reached at 32 nl/min. No effect of perfusion rate changes on glomerular capillary pressure was observed when 300 mM mannitol was used as perfusion fluid. These results imply that a nonlinear relationship exists between end-proximal flow rate and glomerular capillary pressure. It is suggested that during deviations of distal sodium delivery into a positive direction filtration rate is intrarenally regulated probably by prevalence of afferent arteriolar constriction. During reductions of distal sodium load intrarenal regulation is either abolished or it involves proportionate resistance changes of both afferent and efferent arterioles.     

C OMPARISON OF C APILLARY AND V ENOUS G LUCOSE M EASUREMENTS IN H EALTHY V OLUNTEERS

Background. Out-of-hospital (OOH) emergency personnel measure serum glucose in order to determine the need for dextrose therapy. Most devices that measure serum glucose are designed to use capillary blood obtained from a finger puncture. However, OOH emergency personnel often use venous blood obtained during intravenous line (IV) placement to determine serum glucose. Objective. To compare capillary and venous glucose measurements. Methods. This prospective study used healthy, non-fasting volunteers. Simultaneous venous and capillary blood samples were obtained from each subject. Glucose levels were measured using a glucometer designed for capillary samples. The capillary and venous measurements were compared using a Pearson correlation coefficient. Power analysis revealed that the study had the ability to detect a difference of 15?mg/dL. Results. Ninety-seven volunteers (56 males, 41 females) with a mean age of 37 ± 11.9 years were enrolled. The mean capillary and venous glucose values were 104.5 ± 20.7?mg/dL and 109.7 ± 22.4?mg/dL, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.24. Conclusions. The correlation between venous and capillary blood glucose measurements is relatively poor in this group of healthy volunteers. Further research must be conducted on patients at risk for abnormal blood glucose.     

气相色谱法测定消毒剂戊二醛含量的准确性观察

目的建立毛细管气相色谱法对消毒剂戊二醛含量的分析方法。方法采用SGE H2极性大口径毛细管气相色谱仪,确定其对消毒剂戊二醛含量测定参数。结果戊二醛含量在10~1000μg/ml范围内,用该气相色谱法检测线性良好,相关系数大于0.999,回收率92%~104%,相对标准偏差小于3%,最低检出限为0.05 mg/L。结论该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,重现性好,样品不经前处理稀释后可直接进样检测,结果准确可靠。     

BLOOD VESSELS IN FAT TISSUE. RELATION TO PROBLEMS OF GAS EXCHANGE

1. The ratio of the surface of the capillary bed to the volume of tissue supplied by the vessels (S/V ratio) for both open and closed capillaries in fat-rich tissue of the rat is 51.9, in fat-poor tissue of the same sort 222.2. About one-half of the capillaries in fat-rich tissue, to one-fourth in fat-poor tissue, are open during ordinary activity. The total capillary bed of fat-rich tissue is one-third as great as in muscle; the total capillary bed of fat-poor tissue has about the same density as that of the most poorly supplied muscle. This establishes the fact quantitatively that the capillary bed of fat is relatively inadequate, compared to other tissues, for transferring inert gases from fat tissue at a sufficiently rapid rate to prevent the occurrence of extravascular bubbles following rapid decompression from high pressure atmospheres. It also explains the greater distention of the blood vessels in fat tissue, due to gas, than in any other tissue following decompression. The observations have a bearing also on the estimation of the permeability of the blood-fat barrier to inert gases. 2. The volume of protoplasm of fat cells may be very small; a method is presented for estimating it quantitatively. Since it alone is important in metabolism, recalculation of the basic data on a basis of the ratio of surface area of capillaries to volume of protoplasm of fat cell in fat tissue yields a more useful figure. For fat-rich fat tissue S/V (protoplasm) = 2159.0 (for total capillary surface) or 977.6 (for open capillary surface). This means that for purpose of metabolism, the capillary bed is far richer than that of muscle.     

血浆粘度和全血粘度测定的质控方法介绍

血浆和全血粘度的测定，目前国内从粘度计生产到测定方法都无统一规定（或要求），对所测结果亦无衡量标准和质控手段。我们自制一非牛顿流体对全血粘度测定进行质控，并采用血浆二次测定法对血浆粘度测定进行质控，实践证明此法可行．同时将全血比粘度等于全血与水流过同一毛细管的时间之比改为全血同非牛顿流体流过同一毛细管的时间之比，从而大大提高结果的准确性和重复性．     

THE GRADIENT OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY : III. THE GRADIENT ALONG THE CAPILLARIES AND VENULES OF FROG SKIN

A steeply mounting gradient of permeability is demonstrable along the meshwork of capillaries which connects the arterioles and venules of the skin of the frog. The venules incorporated in the meshwork are even more permeable than the capillary meshes giving into them. The presence of the gradient under such differing conditions as exist along frog and mammalian capillaries enables one to rule out certain factors which might be invoked to explain it; and it is not explainable in terms of those influences generally recognized as conditioning exchange between the blood and tissues. Not improbably it results from a structural differentiation along the capillary.     

丹皮酚对鼠微循环的作用及影响

观察丹皮酚对鼠微循环的影响，结果鼠肠系膜上微循环中的毛细血管管径增粗，管内红细胞的流速增快。表明丹皮酚对局部的微循环有促加快作用。     

毛细管粘度计测定非牛顿流体粘度意义分析

本文从理论和实践两个方面论证了不宜用毛细管粘度计测定非牛 顿流体粘度，进而阐明了用毛细管粘度计测出的非牛顿流体（如血液）粘度的意 义，并将旋转粘度计与毛细管粘度计所测出的非牛顿流体的粘度进行了比较。 只有牛顿流体在均匀圆直管（下称管或毛细管）中作层流时泊肃叶定律才成立。既然非牛顿流体在管中流动不遵从泊肃叶定律，那用依据泊肃叶定律设计的毛细管粘度计测出的非牛顿流体的粘度表示什么？下面将作较详细分析。