住院患者人血白蛋白处方点评

摘 要 目的:通过对我院住院患者人血白蛋白处方分析点评,促进临床合理用药。方法： 采取回顾性分析方法,随机抽取2013年1～6月应用人血白蛋白的100份住院患者病历,对患者的年龄、住院科室、临床诊断、用药适应证、血清白蛋白浓度和用法用量等信息进行统计分析,评价其用药合理性。结果：100例患者中,69例患者使用人血白蛋白合理,但危重患者（8例）和外科术后患者(16例)使用人血白蛋白尚存在不规范之处,7例患者使用人血白蛋白作为营养支持,为不合理使用。结论：应加强处方点评,发挥临床药师的作用,减少或避免人血白蛋白过度使用。     

人血白蛋白注射液临床应用现状及合理使用策略研究

目的：评价首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院人血白蛋白的临床应用现状,探讨该药的合理使用策略,促进药物的合理应用。方法：回顾性调查我院临床科室2016年1-6月人血白蛋白的应用情况。结果：我院2016年1-6月有31个临床科室839人使用人血白蛋白,其中普外科用药人数居首,占总人数的20.26%,其次是心内科、胸外科、干保科、儿科病房,主要用于低蛋白血症的防治（59.50%）、心肺分流术、烧伤、血液透析的辅助治疗（9.00%）、肝硬化及肾病引起的水肿和腹水（4.50%）等;用药前血清白蛋白浓度在30 g·L^-1以下的病例占69.00%,35 g·L^-1以上的占16.00%,且有5.00%诊断为低蛋白血症的病例在用药前并未检查血清白蛋白水平。人血白蛋白用药疗程1~30天,平均疗程为（3.73±1.97）天;个人用药总量以10~30 g居多,其患者例数占总病例数的30.00%,其次是40~60g,占24.00%。结论：我院人血白蛋白使用的问题主要集中在用药指证不明确、用药选择不合理、用药疗程偏长、与其他静脉药物联合使用等方面,提示我院对人血白蛋白的应用还存在一些误区,需加强对人血白蛋白的合理规范使用。     

4 367例儿科住院不合理用药医嘱帕累托图分析

摘 要 目的：了解某院住院患者电子医嘱的不合理用药情况,促进临床合理用药。方法: 收集2015年1月~2017年6月某院住院患者不合理用药电子医嘱4 367例,对其类型、涉及的药物种类、具体品种进行统计,并采用帕累托图进行分析。结果: 该院住院患者不合理用药医嘱的主要类型为给药剂量不当（1 601例,36.67%）、给药途径或方式不当（545例,12.48%）、药物浓度不当（481例,11.01%）、输液速度不当（470例,10.76%）和溶媒选择不当或无（387例,8.86%）。不合理用药医嘱涉及的主要药物种类为抗菌药物（981例,22.46%）、电解质、维生素及营养药（663例,15.18%）、呼吸系统用药（532例,12.18%）、消化系统用药（446例,10.21%）、中成药（419例,9.59%）和血液系统用药（335例,7.67%）。结论: 针对该院住院患者不合理用药的主要原因,应加强对临床医师安全合理用药知识培训、建立持续改进措施、保证临床用药安全。     

某院12 847例患者地佐辛注射液临床使用情况调查

摘 要 目的：调查地佐辛注射液临床使用情况并对其合理性进行评估。方法: 统计分析某院2015年12月～ 2016年11月住院患者中地佐辛注射液的使用情况,从适应证、用法用量、疗程、联合用药等方面进评价其用药合理性。结果: 使用地佐辛的患者共12 847例,年龄0～97岁,平均年龄（49±15.6）岁。11 687例患者是因为手术使用地佐辛注射液,占总比90.97%。使用最多的科室分别是骨科（12.70%）、手外科（10.30%）和肝胆外科（9.39%）。132例患者单次用量超出说明书推荐（1.03%）,主要集中在大型手术科室（心外科）。1 042例患者连续用药超过1周（8.11%）,主要为肿瘤患者。结论: 该院地佐辛注射液临床应用基本合理,但仍存在一些问题,需进一步加强医师培训,提高药物的安全合理应用,降低用药风险。     

我院217例中成药不良反应报告中不合理用药情况分析

摘 要 目的：了解中成药不合理使用对用药安全性的影响。方法: 回顾性分析我院2013年1月~2016年10月上报的中成药（含中药注射剂）不良反应报告。从适应证、用法用量、中成药联用、中西药联用、用药疗程等5个方面分析评价处方或医嘱中的用药合理性,计算不合理用药比例。 结果: 共收集中成药不良反应报告217份,涉及患者217例,用药原因排前3位为心脑血管疾病、消化系统疾病及呼吸系统疾病。共涉及药品81个品种,发生例数最多的为参麦注射液（37例）。217份不良反应报告中适应证、用法用量、中成药联用、中西药联用、用药疗程的不合理比例分别为6.45%,5.99%,2.76%,0.92%,1.84%,共计17.97%。结论: 不合理用药可能是引起中成药不良反应的重要因素之一。中成药使用需根据中医辨证,规范使用,加强用药监护,降低ADR的发生率。     

HPLC法测定人血清中百草枯含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法测定人血清中百草枯含量。方法: 色谱柱：Kromasil C18柱（200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈 水（含0.03 mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠,0.24 mol·L-1磷酸）=3〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗97（用三乙胺调pH至2.0）;检测波长258 nm;柱温25℃;进样体积20 μl;流速0.8 ml·min-1。结果: 百草枯在0.106~10.6 mg·L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好( r=0.999 3),最低检出浓度为0.065 mg·L-1。高、中、低3种浓度样品绝对回收率＞89.4%,方法回收率＞94.4%,日内精密度RSD在0.12%～1.74%之间,日间精密度RSD在0.44%～2.89%之间。结论: 该方法操作简便易行、灵敏度高、专属性强,适用于百草枯的人体血清浓度测定。     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定人血清中异帕米星的浓度

摘 要 目的：建立测定人血清中异帕米星的高效液相色谱 串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）方法。 方法: 色谱柱为Agilent Poroshell120 HILIC Z柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7 μm),流动相为水溶液（100 mmol·L-1醋酸铵+1%甲酸） 乙腈（1%甲酸）,梯度洗脱。以阿米卡星为内标,电喷雾离子源,多反应离子监测模式,正离子模式检测。异帕米星定量离子通道为570.2/411.4,定性离子通道为570.2/250.3。 结果: 异帕米星在0.78～25.00 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.998 7）,回收率为93.22%~101.96%。 结论: 本方法简单、快速、准确,适用于临床患者人血清异帕米星浓度分析测定。     

个体化肠内营养支持对重症脑卒中患者营养状态和并发症的影响

摘 要 目的：探讨个体化肠内营养支持对重症脑卒中患者的临床效果。方法: 120例重症脑卒中需营养支持的患者按住院号单双数分为两组,试验组60例给予个体化肠内营养支持,根据病情给予不同配方、浓度的营养液,必要时添加微量元素;对照组60例给予标准配方的整蛋白肠内营养液。两组热量供给均为83～125 kJ· kg^-1·d-1。比较营养支持前和营养支持21 d后两组患者血清白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(PA) 、血红蛋白(Hb)、维生素C(VC)的变化,观察肺部感染、胃肠道不良反应等并发症发生情况,记录住院天数和住院费用。结果: 营养支持21 d后,试验组患者血清Alb、PA、Hb、VC 水平较治疗前无明显变化(P>0.05) ,且血清Alb、PA、VC 水平显著高于对照组 (P<0.05) 。试验组患者并发症发生率明显低于对照组( P<0.05),住院天数和住院费用均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论: 个体化营养支持可改善重症脑卒中患者的营养状况,降低并发症发生率,减少住院时间,值得临床推广使用。     

我院老年肿瘤患者中药注射剂超说明书用药调查

摘 要 目的：了解我院老年肿瘤患者使用中药注射剂的超说明书用药情况。方法：抽取我院2015年1月～2017年7月使用中药注射剂的老年肿瘤患者病历730份,根据药品说明书及相关文献筛选出超说明书用药,分别从不同科室,不同药品,不同疾病,不同超说明书类型等方面进行数据统计,分析超说明书用药情况。 结果：730份病历,共1 175条用药医嘱,涉及12种中药注射剂;其中超说明书用药病历290份,占总病历数的39.73%;超说明书用药医嘱条数376条,占总医嘱条数的32.00%,涉及超说明书用药药品10种。超说明书医嘱数列前3位的中药注射剂为舒肝宁注射液、注射用丹参多酚酸盐、丹红注射液;注射用丹参多酚酸盐、大株红景天注射液、注射用益气复脉等3中中药注射剂超说明书医嘱的比例达到100%。超说明书类型排名前3位的是超溶媒类型、超适应证、超疗程用药;超说明书用药以肺癌患者例数最多,其次是肝癌、结肠癌。结论：我院老年肿瘤患者中药注射剂超说明书用药现象普遍存在,应加强超说明书用药管理,规范合理使用。     

亚胺培南/西司他丁对1 372例患者肝功能的影响

摘 要 目的：调查某三甲医院住院患者使用注射用亚胺培南/西司他丁后发生肝功能异常的病例,为提高该药用药安全性提供依据。方法：调取该院2016年2月~2017年1月使用亚胺培南/西司他丁住院患者病历1 372份,对患者基本信息、药物使用情况及用药期间肝功能指标等进行统计分析。结果：1 372例静滴正常剂量亚胺培南/西司他丁的患者连续给药（6.29±3.99）d后,28例患者发生肝功能异常[AST（102.96±43.74） U·L-1,ALT（131.79±74.03） U·L-1],发生率为2.04%;停用亚胺培南/西司他丁5~6 d后患者肝功能基本恢复正常;用药期间患者血清胆红素含量均在正常水平。结论：亚胺培南/西司他丁导致的肝功能异常为常见急性肝细胞损伤型药物性肝损伤,其损伤程度较轻且可逆,但依然应引起医生和药师关注。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.