经导管血栓吸出术在急性心肌梗死中的应用(附9例报道)

目的 冠脉内血栓是影响急性心肌梗死介入治疗效果的重要因素。本文介绍一种急性心肌梗死后经导管血栓吸出术的方法和疗效。方法 因急性心肌梗死入院，急诊冠状动脉造影显示冠状动脉近段病变及冠脉内血栓者。常规PTCA方法选择7F指引导管，导丝通过病变后，经导丝直接送入PercuSurg吸引导管至病变部位，反复抽吸至血栓消失，梗死部位恢复前向血流。然后直接置入冠脉内支架。造影观察病变扩张结果及梗死相关血管血流和心肌灌注情况。并随访住院期间心血管事件及心功能。结果 9例急性心梗造影显示冠脉内大量血栓者接受了上述治疗。8例吸引导管直接通过病变，1例使用了球囊预扩张。血栓吸引后即刻血栓影消失8例，血栓明显减少1例。支架术后残余狭窄均消失，前向血流完全正常者7例，2例血流稍减慢。梗死部位心肌组织的再灌注达TMP3级者7例．TMP2级2例。住院期间无心绞痛、再梗及死亡等事件发生。无心力衰竭发生，出院前超声心动图测定LVEF46％～72％。结论 经导管直接血栓吸出术可能是处理冠脉内血栓的一种简单有效的方法。     

血栓经导管吸引后直接支架术在急性心肌梗死并发冠状动脉内血栓急诊介入治疗中的应用

目的 :介绍血栓经导管吸引后直接置入支架处理急性心肌梗死 (AMI)并发冠状动脉 (冠脉 )内血栓的急诊介入治疗方法 ,并观察其近期临床疗效。方法 :选择急诊冠脉造影显示梗死相关血管完全闭塞伴冠脉内血栓的AMI患者 ,常规经皮腔内冠脉成形术 (PTCA) ,选用 0 .35 6mm普通冠脉导丝通过病变后 ,经导丝直接送入PercuSurge导管系统中的吸引导管至病变部位 ,持续负压吸引 ,至血栓影消失 ,前向血流恢复后采取直接冠脉内支架置入术 ,观察术前和术后梗死相关血管血流和心肌灌注情况 ,并随访术后近期心功能和主要心血管事件的发生率。结果 :17例患者中经导管吸引后即刻血栓影减少或消失 ,梗死血管直接开通者 15例 (88.3% ) ,其中前向血流恢复达TIMI 3级者 11例 (6 4 .7% ) ,TIMI 2级者 4例 (2 3.5 % ) ;另 2例前向血流未恢复 ,吸引导管不能通过。血栓吸引后再置入支架 ,术后即刻前向血流恢复达TIMI 3级者 14例 (82 .4 % ) ,TIMI 2级者 3例 (17.6 % )。TIMI心肌灌注分级达TMP 3级者 13例 (76 .5 % ) ,TMP 2级者 4例 (2 3.5 % )。未发生与手术相关的并发症。随访住院期间无心绞痛、再梗死及死亡等事件发生。出院前测定左室射血分数为 33%～ 76 % [(6 1.1± 11.3) % ]。结论 :血栓经导管吸引后直接支架术是处理AMI并发     

血栓抽吸术改善急性心肌梗死心肌再灌注的临床研究

目的探讨冠状动脉内血栓抽吸并联合球囊成型及支架置入术治疗急性心肌梗死（AMI）对梗死心肌再灌注的影响。方法进行急诊PCI的AMI患者共156例,对其中78例进行冠状动脉内血栓抽吸,然后进行球囊扩张及支架置入治疗。术后造影观察冠状动脉扩张效果及梗死相关血管血流及心肌灌注、心电图STR情况。结果抽吸血栓组与同期入选未抽吸组相比,TIMI血流3级分别为89％和78％;TMP灌注3级分别为88％和45％,STR〉50％者分别为68％和50％。结论经导管进行冠状动脉内血栓抽吸是治疗急性心肌梗死简单有效的方法,并可提高经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的成功率,减少无再流等并发症的发生。     

主动脉内球囊反搏术联合血栓抽吸治疗大面积ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死患者的疗效

目的评价主动脉内气囊反搏术(IABP)联合血栓抽吸对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的急性大面积ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者临床预后的影响。方法发病12 h内的急性大面积STEMI患者120例随机分为试验组和对照组各60例,均给予规范的药物治疗并急诊冠脉造影,试验组应用IABP联合冠脉内血栓抽吸,对照组单纯血栓抽吸后行PCI术。评价梗死相关血管PCI术后冠脉血流(TIMI)分级,心肌组织灌注(TMP)分级、无复流或慢血流发生率、IABP并发症及术后4 w心功能、主要不良心脏事件的发生情况。结果试验组PCI术后TIMI 3级血流发生率、TMP明显高于对照组;慢血流、无复流发生率明显低于对照组;术后4 w左心室射血分数(LVEF)明显高于对照组,左心室舒张末期内径、主要不良心脏事件的发生率小于对照组(均<0.05)。结论急性大面积STEMI患者急诊PCI前应用IABP联合血栓抽吸能改善梗死相关血管的急性心肌梗死溶栓(TIMI)血流,增加冠脉灌注,改善心功能,减少主要不良心脏事件的发生率,临床应用安全有效。     

ZEEK血栓抽吸导管新用法收获巨大血栓栓子一例报告

急性心肌梗死（AMI）急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术中遇到血栓负荷较大时,常采用血栓抽吸导管进行血栓抽吸,以达到解除冠脉局部阻塞,改善前向血流,减少梗死相关心肌组织微循环无复流现象的目的。目前最常用的为ZEEK血栓抽吸导管,然而因其管腔直径有限,只能将较小的血栓栓子抽吸并收集到注射器中,     

急性心肌梗死后冠状动脉未完全机化血栓病变——“凝胶状”表现的影像特点及介入治疗

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死后部分梗死相关动脉内呈“凝胶状”表现的未完全机化血栓病变患者的临床、影像和介入治疗特点。方法 收集住院行冠状动脉造影显示梗死相关动脉内呈“凝胶状”表现的未完全机化血栓病变的6例患者的临床资料、影像资料,进行总结分析,探讨其规律特点。结果 6例患者入院前均诊断为急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死,梗死相关动脉均为右冠状动脉。心肌梗死发病距冠状动脉造影时间为1～3周。影像学和介入治疗特点为：梗死相关动脉100%闭塞;导丝通过后仍为TIMI 0～1级血流;球囊扩张后血流改善不明显;支架置入后血流全部为TIMI 3级;吸栓和ⅡbⅢa受体拮抗剂效果差。结论 该类病变为ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者梗死相关动脉内未完全机化的血栓病变,多发生在心肌梗死后1～3周,右冠状动脉多见。     

经血栓抽吸导管注射替罗非班对老年急性前壁心肌梗死高血栓负荷患者急诊冠状动脉介入治疗效果的影响

目的探讨经血栓抽吸导管注射替罗非班对老年急性前壁心肌梗死高血栓负荷患者急诊冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的有效性及安全性。方法随机选取急性前壁心肌梗死,急诊冠脉造影示前降支靶病变为血栓负荷重的老年患者(125例),在血栓抽吸基础上分别给予冠状动脉内注射替罗非班(观察组,60例)或静脉滴注替罗非班(对照组,65例)。比较两组患者治疗效果及随访期间主要不良心血管事件的发生情况。结果观察组PCI术后IRA血流≤TIMI 3级、PCI术后MBG分级3级患者少于对照组,观察组PCI术后ST段完全回降率显著高于对照组。严重出血事件,观察组显著低于对照组。PCI术后12个月,观察组患者左心室射血分数(LVEF)高于对照组,观察组心功能分级≤Ⅱ级患者少于对照组,血清脑利钠肽前体(Pro-BNP)水平观察组低于对照组。两组在死亡、非致死性心肌梗死无差别。结论急性前壁心肌梗死血栓负荷重的老年患者,在急诊PCI时术中血栓抽吸基础上,与静脉应用替罗非班比较,冠脉内注射替罗非班可获得更好的心肌再灌注,缩小心肌梗死面积,改善患者左心功能,并可减少严重出血事件。     

血栓负荷重对老年急性心肌梗死患者急诊介入治疗预后的影响

目的探讨血栓负荷重对老年ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）预后的影响。方法73例老年ST段抬高急性心肌梗死患者在发病12h内行急诊PCI。根据冠状动脉造影后血栓负荷状态分为血栓负荷重组（n=26）和血栓负荷轻组（n=47）,同时监测PCI后血流、肌酸激酶MB型同工酶（CK-MB）峰值、住院期间的射血分数（EF）和病死率。结果梗死相关血管内血栓负荷过重的发生率为35.6%,多见于右冠状动脉内。血栓负荷重组患者行PCI后TIMI3级血流的发生率明显低于血栓负荷轻组;血栓负荷重组的CK-MB峰值和近期死亡率明显高于血栓负荷轻组。结论血栓负荷过重是老年急性心肌梗死患者急诊PCI预后的危险因素。     

影响急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后血流的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后血流(心肌梗死血栓溶解后血流)的相关因素。方法收集行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后的急性心肌梗死患者的临床和造影资料,应用单变量和多变量逻辑回归的方法,分析可能影响急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后心肌梗死血栓溶解后血流的临床和介入操作的相关因素。结果共入选75例行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的急性心肌梗死患者,其中心肌梗死血栓溶解后血流3级者60例(占80%),心肌梗死血栓溶解后血流≤2级者15例(占20%)。单变量分析表明梗死相关血管直径、球囊扩张次数、置入支架数量和直径、支架内扩张次数、有无糖尿病史、症状发作至急诊室就诊时间、症状发作至导管室时间、症状发作至血流开放时间可明显影响急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后心肌梗死血栓溶解后血流(P均<0.05);多变量分析表明梗死相关血管直径、球囊扩张次数、有无糖尿病史、症状发作至急诊室就诊时间可独立影响急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后心肌梗死血栓溶解后血流(P均<0.05)。结论梗死相关血管直径、球囊和支架扩张次数、有无糖尿病史、症状发作至血流恢复时间可影响急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后心肌梗死血栓溶解后血流。     

血栓抽吸联合替罗非班对急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者心肌再灌注的影响

目的 探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中联合应用ZEEK血栓抽吸导管和替罗非班对心肌组织灌注及临床预后的影响.方法 84例经冠脉造影证实为血栓负荷病变的急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者随机分为血栓抽吸＋替罗非班42例（A组）和标准PCI 42例（B组）,比较两组患者手术后即刻梗死相关动脉（IRA）的心肌梗死溶栓（TIMI）血流、心肌灌注分级（MBG）、心电图ST段回落百分比、左心室射血分数（LVEF）及住院期间主要心脏不良事件（MACE）和出血性并发症发生率.结果 A组术后即刻TIMI血流、MBG、ST段抬高回落百分比及LVEF均明显优于B组（P〈0.05）,两组住院期间的MACE发生率及出血并发症比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论 在急性心肌梗死急诊PCI中联合使用ZEEK导管血栓抽吸和替罗非班安全可行,可有效清除冠状动脉内血栓,改善心肌组织灌注和术后心脏功能,并且不增加主要心脏不良事件的发生率.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.