The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

The assodation between HLA-Ⅱ and chrome hepatitis B virus infection

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most complex and polymorphism genetic system, whose function involves all aspects of the immunity in human. Many researches have shown that HLA gene polymorphism are associated with HBV clearance, HBV persistent infection, the progress of the disease prognosis, HBsAg response after the vaccine and interferon. In this article, the study on the relevance of chronic HBV infection and HLA- Ⅱ is focused on.     

Children with Disabilities and Disaster Risk Reduction: A Review

Children with disabilities are often excluded from disaster risk reduction(DRR) initiatives and, as a result, can experience amplified physical, psychological and educational vulnerabilities. Research on children with disabilities during disasters is lacking, and their potentia value in helping shape inclusive policies in DRR planning has been largely overlooked by both researchers and policymakers. This article highlights the existing research and knowledge gap. The review includes literature from two areas of scholarship in relation to disasters—children and people with disabilities—and provides a critique of the prevailing medical, economic, and social discourses tha conceptualize disability and associated implications for DRR. The article analyzes the different models in which disability has been conceptualized, and the role this has played in the inclusion or exclusion of children with disabilities in DRR activities and in determining access to necessary resources in the face of disaster. Finally, the study explores possible pathways to studying the contribution and involvement of children with disabilities in DRR.     

海洋贝类多糖的抗病毒作用

多糖作为高效、低毒的抗病毒成分,具有广阔的药用前景,已成为抗病毒治疗的研究热点之一;而以研发海洋贝类等资源为标志的"蓝色革命"正在全球兴起.人们已从多种海洋贝类中获得了大量结构新颖、作用独特的活性多糖,这些多糖有望成为抗病毒治疗中新的药物资源.此文对海洋贝类多糖抗病毒作用的研究进展作了综述.     

膦甲酸钠临床联合用药的研究概况

膦甲酸钠为广谱非核苷类抗病毒药物,可有效阻断多种DNA病毒的复制,如疱疹病毒、人乳头瘤病毒、乙型肝类病毒、人类免疫缺陷病毒及其相关感染等。膦甲酸钠临床上常与多种药物联合使用,发挥全面抗病毒作用。本文对膦甲酸钠临床联合用药的研究进行综述,包括疱疹、乙型肝炎、人乳头瘤病毒感染的治疗,联合用药的不良反应等。     

抗埃博拉病毒药物的研发进展

埃博拉病毒（EBOV）是一种高传染性、高致病性、高致死率的生物安全第四级病毒,目前尚无针对该病毒的预防性疫苗和治疗性抗病毒药上市.埃博拉病毒感染者迫切需要新的抗病毒药物,科学家们多年的探索性研究,已经在动物试验中发现新的对EBOV有效的抗病毒药物,为埃博拉出血热的治疗带来了希望.本文对EBOV有效的几种抗病毒药物的研发进展进行综述.     

人性化护理在核苷类药物治疗慢性乙型肝炎中的应用

目的讨论人性化护理在核苷类药物治疗慢性乙型肝炎中的应用效果。方法将92例应用核苷类药物治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为实验组和对照组各46例,对照组给予常规护理,实验组在此基础上给予人性化护理,分析比较两组患者干预前后乙肝病毒定量的变化、肝功异常变化时间长短、对乙肝抗病毒治疗知识掌握情况、定期复查情况、服药依从性等。结果护理后两组患者肝功、乙肝病毒定量及对抗病毒治疗知识的掌握、服药依从性比较差异均有统计学意义。结论对应用核苷类药物治疗慢性乙型肝炎实施人性化护理能控制慢性乙肝复发、提高服药及定期复查的依从性和对抗病毒治疗慢性乙肝的知识掌握程度。     

Critical review of anti-influenza drugs

Neuraminidase inhibitors such as zanamivir and oseltamivir belong to a new class of antiviral drugs for the treatment and prevention of influenza. As yet however, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs (shortening of recovery time by approximately one day) has only been demonstrated in healthy adults affected by influenza A, but not in risk groups and in influenza B disease, whereas studies of prophylactic efficacy are still going on. Neither do these drugs impact on viral spread, a public health risk against which the economic advantages of early work resumption have to be weighed. Since flu symptoms can be caused by other germs than the influenza A or B virus, caution in prescribing these drugs seems warranted, also to prevent the development of drug resistance. In addition, when designing therapeutic efficacy trials in risk groups, selecting the rate of secondary complications and death may be more adequate as clinical endpoint than (economically important) duration of illness.     

Estimating drug efficacy and viral dynamic parameters: HIV and HCV

Mathematical models have proven valuable in understanding the in vivo dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the virus that causes AIDS, and hepatitis C virus (HCV), the virus that causes hepatitis C infection. By comparing mathematical models with the data obtained from patients being treated with antiviral drugs, it has been possible to determine many quantitative features of these infections. The most dramatic finding has been that even though AIDS and hepatitis C are diseases that occur on a timescale of one or more decades, there are very rapid dynamical processes that occur on timescales of hours to days, as well as slower processes that occur on timescales of weeks to months. We show how dynamical modeling and parameter estimation techniques have uncovered these important features of HIV and HCV infection and subsequently impacted the way in which patients are treated with potent antiviral drugs. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

B-virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) infection in humans and macaques: potential for zoonotic disease

Nonhuman primates are widely used in biomedical research because of their genetic, anatomic, and physiologic similarities to humans. In this setting, human contact directly with macaques or with their tissues and fluids sometimes occurs. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (B virus), an alphaherpesvirus endemic in Asian macaques, is closely related to herpes simplex virus (HSV). Most macaques carry B virus without overt signs of disease. However, zoonotic infection with B virus in humans usually results in fatal encephalomyelitis or severe neurologic impairment. Although the incidence of human infection with B virus is low, a death rate of >70% before the availability of antiviral therapy makes this virus a serious zoonotic threat. Knowledge of the clinical signs and risk factors for human B-virus disease allows early initiation of antiviral therapy and prevents severe disease or death.     

RNA dependent RNA polymerase of HCV: A potential target for the development of antiviral drugs

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and end stage liver disease. More than 200 million people are living with HCV worldwide with high morbidity and mortality. There is no vaccine available for this virus; the approved treatment option for the majority of HCV genotypes is the combination of pegylated (Peg) interferon and ribavirin. The therapy has a different response rate on different HCV genotypes and has a number of side effects. Recently, as well as Peg interferon and ribavirin, two protease inhibitors have been introduced to treat patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. The protease inhibitors have rapid onset of resistance and are not approved for use for infections with other HCV genotypes. The HCV NS5B gene encodes RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is the key player in viral replication and is a promising target for the development of antiviral drugs. HCV NS5B has been studied in various biochemical assays, cell based assays and animal model systems. So far, a number of nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors have been screened for effects on viral replication. This review presents a deep insight into the structure and function of HCV polymerase and the effect of various nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors on viral replication.     

Global control of hepatitis B virus: does treatment-induced antigenic change affect immunization?

Since its widespread introduction, the hepatitis B vaccine has become an essential part of infant immunization programmes globally. The vaccine has been particularly important for countries where the incidence of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma is high. Effective treatment options for individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection were limited until 1998 when lamivudine, the first nucleoside analogue drug, was introduced. As a single treatment agent, however, lamivudine has a significant drawback: it induces lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus strains that may pose a risk to the global hepatitis B immunization programme. Mutations associated with drug treatment can cause changes to the surface antigen protein, the precise part of the virus that the hepatitis B vaccine mimics. However, the emergence of antiviral drug-associated potential vaccine escape mutants (ADAP-VEMs) in treated patients does not necessarily pose a significant, imminent threat to the global hepatitis B immunization programme. Nonetheless, there is already evidence that current treatment regimens have resulted in the selection of stable ADAP-VEMs. Treatment is currently intended to prevent the long-term complications of hepatitis B virus infection, with little consideration given to potential adverse public health impacts. To address individual and public health concerns, trials are urgently needed to find the optimal combination of existing drugs that are effective but do not induce the emergence of ADAP-VEMs. This paper examines the mechanism of antiviral drug-selected changes in the portion of the viral genome that also affects the surface antigen, and explores their potential impact on current hepatitis B immunization programmes.