硬膜外镇痛分娩与自然分娩的护理对比观察

目的 探讨硬膜外镇痛分娩过程的护理.方法 对本科2004年12月-2006年12月住院分娩产妇按自愿接受无痛分娩的要求分成无痛分娩组52人(实验组)和传统自然分娩组55人(对照组),对疼痛程度、产程、产后出血、新生儿情况等进行比较分析.结果 实验组与对照组比较镇痛效果有显著差异(P＜0.01),产程明显缩短(P＜0.05),而产后出血,新生儿情况两组无差异.结论 硬膜外镇痛分娩阵痛效果好,促进产程进展,对产后出血及新生儿均无不良影响.     

导航辅助下扩大经鼻蝶入路斜坡区的内镜解剖学研究

目的　研究导航辅助内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路斜坡区的显露,为经鼻蝶入路切除斜坡中线区域病变提供显微解剖学资料。 方法　10例成人头颅湿性标本,导航辅助模拟内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路,观测斜坡中线区域重要解剖结构暴露情况。 结果　打开蝶窦前下壁,磨除鞍背及斜坡骨质,剪开硬膜,可显露双侧动眼神经、三叉神经节、展神经,基底动脉及分支,小脑下后动脉及后组脑神经;导航辅助下可精确行数据测量及定位,扩大经鼻蝶入路可完全暴露斜坡,最短距离为(88.90±2.62) mm;蝶窦前下壁和下斜坡磨除范围分别以两侧翼管和破裂孔为界,各自距中线距离为(9.22±0.48) mm和(10.60±0.82) mm。 结论　斜坡中线区的病变,内镜下扩大经鼻蝶入路是一个适当的方法。导航辅助有助于对重要结构的定位,可提高安全度。     

腹腔干及其多分支变异1例

目的　探讨岩上静脉（SPV）和岩上窦（SPS）的解剖变异及其在岩斜脑膜瘤手术中的处理策略和教训。 方法　回顾性分析岩斜脑膜瘤手术治疗病例19例,按照岩斜脑膜瘤的分型采用不同入路方式进行手术,观察SPV和SPS的解剖变异并进行分型,处理手术并发症。 结果　脑膜瘤手术全切除（Simpson Ⅰ/Ⅱ级）63.2%（12例）,近全切除（Simpson Ⅲ级）36.8%（7例）。术中见SPV和SPS解剖分型Ⅰ型有63.2%（12例）,Ⅱ型21.1%（4例）,Ⅲ型15.8%（3例）。采用经岩前中颅窝底入路10例,10例离断SPS,2例损伤SPV;采用幕上下经岩骨乙状窦前入路4例,3例离断SPS,1例损伤SPV;采用枕下乙状窦后入路5例,1例损伤SPV。所有病例中,手术离断SPS 68.4%（13例）,损伤SPV 21.1%（4例）;其中引起严重并发症15.8%（3例）。 结论　岩斜脑膜瘤手术前通过影像或全脑血管造影（DSA）检查了解SPV和SPS的解剖分型,有助于手术入路的选择,避免术中不必要的损伤,减少术后并发症的发生。     

岩上静脉和岩上窦的解剖变异及其在岩斜脑膜瘤手术中的处理策略和教训

目的　探讨岩上静脉（SPV）和岩上窦（SPS）的解剖变异及其在岩斜脑膜瘤手术中的处理策略和教训。 方法　回顾性分析岩斜脑膜瘤手术治疗病例19例,按照岩斜脑膜瘤的分型采用不同入路方式进行手术,观察SPV和SPS的解剖变异并进行分型,处理手术并发症。 结果　脑膜瘤手术全切除（Simpson Ⅰ/Ⅱ级）63.2%（12例）,近全切除（Simpson Ⅲ级）36.8%（7例）。术中见SPV和SPS解剖分型Ⅰ型有63.2%（12例）,Ⅱ型21.1%（4例）,Ⅲ型15.8%（3例）。采用经岩前中颅窝底入路10例,10例离断SPS,2例损伤SPV;采用幕上下经岩骨乙状窦前入路4例,3例离断SPS,1例损伤SPV;采用枕下乙状窦后入路5例,1例损伤SPV。所有病例中,手术离断SPS 68.4%（13例）,损伤SPV 21.1%（4例）;其中引起严重并发症15.8%（3例）。 结论　岩斜脑膜瘤手术前通过影像或全脑血管造影（DSA）检查了解SPV和SPS的解剖分型,有助于手术入路的选择,避免术中不必要的损伤,减少术后并发症的发生。     

Isolated Petroclival Craniopharyngioma with Aggressive Skull Base Destruction

We report a rare case of petroclival craniopharyngioma with no connection to the sellar or suprasellar region. MRI and CT images revealed a homogenously enhancing retroclival solid mass with aggressive skull base destruction, mimicking chordoma or aggressive sarcoma. However, there was no calcification or cystic change found in the mass. Here, we report the clinical features and radiographic investigation of this uncommon craniopharyngioma arising primarily in the petroclival region.     

乙状窦前入路治疗岩斜区胆脂瘤的手术配合

目的探讨乙状窦前入路手术切除岩斜区胆脂瘤的疗效。方法回顾性分析10例岩斜区胆脂瘤经改进的乙状窦前入路手术治疗的资料。结果胆脂瘤全切除10例;脑脊液而漏1例,三天后自愈;面瘫加重1例。无手术死亡。结论乙状窦前入路是切除岩斜区胆脂瘤的有效手术入路。积极有效的护理的配合能使手术时间缩短、减少并发症和意外情况的发生。     

Solitary intracranial metastasis of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland clinically mimicking a meningioma

We describe a rare case of solitary metastasis of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland into the petroclival region in a 58-year-old woman. The metastasis was the first and only manifestation of the disease. The histology of the tumor, differential diagnosis and clinical course are discussed. In a few similar cases described so far the tumor was always a well or moderately differentiated follicular carcinoma located in the petroclival region. As in this presentation, these cases also clinically mimic a meningioma. The differential diagnosis includes adenoma of the thyroid gland and thyroid gland dystopia. We demonstrated the primary focus of carcinoma within the thyroid after its detailed examination initiated by our finding. The clinical outcome of such rare cases is usually excellent, much better than in metastases of papillary carcinoma into the brain.     

经耳前颞叶底入路显露中颅底和岩斜区的便携式视频显微解剖

目的探讨经耳前颞叶底入路显露中颅底和岩斜区的便携式视频显微解剖特点。方法分别选取新鲜成人尸头标本3例和灌注固定成人尸头标本3例为研究对象,标本均经耳前颞叶底入路,采用便携式视频显微镜解剖并观察中颅底和岩斜区。结果便携式视频显微镜能清楚地暴露中颅底和岩斜区。颞叶底硬脑膜外探查结果显示,岩骨表面为弓状隆起,前内侧为鼓索支,抬起颞叶底面,能够清楚地看到中颅窝底和小脑幕。分离蛛网膜后,暴露蝶鞍旁结构,可以清楚地看到Labbé静脉。在脑干外侧面,动眼神经、基底动脉以及滑车神经等均能清晰显示。结论采用便携式视频显微镜经耳前颞叶底入路能够完成显微解剖。     

Microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve

The aim of this study is to demonstrate and review the detailed microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve and surrounding structures along its entire course and to provide its topographic measurements. Ten cadaveric heads were examined using ×3 to ×40 magnification after the arteries and veins were injected with colored silicone. Both sides of each cadaveric head were dissected using different skull base approaches to demonstrate the entire course of the abducens nerve from the pontomedullary sulcus to the lateral rectus muscle. The anatomy of the petroclival area and the cavernous sinus through which the abducens nerve passes are complex due to the high density of critically important neural and vascular structures. The abducens nerve has angulations and fixation points along its course that put the nerve at risk in many clinical situations. From a surgical viewpoint, the petrous tubercle of the petrous apex is an intraoperative landmark to avoid damage to the abducens nerve. The abducens nerve is quite different from the other nerves. No other cranial nerve has a long intradural path with angulations and fixations such as the abducens nerve in petroclival venous confluence. A precise knowledge of the relationship between the abducens nerve and surrounding structures has allowed neurosurgeon to approach the clivus, petroclival area, cavernous sinus, and superior orbital fissure without surgical complications. Clin. Anat. 25:1030–1042, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

内镜下远外侧髁后锁孔手术入路至岩下斜区的应用解剖学

目的　为内镜下远外侧枕髁后锁孔入路治疗岩下斜区及周围疾患提供解剖学基础。 方法　10具尸体头标本于乳突后作纵向“S"型、约7 cm长头皮切口,上缘起自乳突中点向后2 cm处,下界至C2水平。做直径约2 cm的骨窗,牵开小脑半球,内镜下观察所显露的解剖结构。 结果　内镜下可以观察到后组脑神经的出颅部位,包括颈静脉孔和舌下神经管内口,此外,还可以显露脑干腹侧面的结构及椎动脉的末端。神经与血管间复杂毗邻关系亦可得以显示;骨窗外缘至颈静脉内口的距离为(1.75±0.29) cm。 结论　内镜的使用,可缩小远外侧枕髁后锁孔入路的骨窗;副神经的脊髓根及颈静脉孔内口均可以作为经远外侧枕髁后锁孔入路内镜下岩下斜区结构的定位标识。     

颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路的内镜解剖学研究

目的 探讨神经内镜模拟颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路手术可行性和适应证。方法 成人尸头湿标本8具（16侧）,模拟神经内镜颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路,观察内镜下显露的最大视野,辨识弓状隆起、三叉神经、岩浅大神经、岩上窦等解剖结构,标识Kawase三角的边界,测量不同磨除范围下Kawase三角的各边长,显露小脑膜切迹间隙、脑干腹外侧、上中岩斜区、中下岩斜区交界处及其邻近结构。结果 弓状隆起最高点到棘孔、岩浅大神经裂孔、岩浅大神经与下颌神经的交点;三叉神经压迹外侧缘的最短距离分别为（22.90±2.34）mm、（14.05±2.09）mm、（24.94±1.98）mm、（23.49±2.38）mm;Kawase三角磨除面积为（3.04±0.47）cm2,扩大磨除Kawase三角面积为（3.7±0.69）cm2,平均增加了0.66 cm2的面积。结论 经神经内镜颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路避免了对脑膜中动脉的损伤,保留了岩浅大神经。适合处理位于小脑幕切迹间隙,上、中岩斜区,中、下岩斜区交界处,部分桥小脑角脑干腹外侧广泛区域的肿瘤、动脉瘤等病变。     

Toward Improving Safety in Neurosurgery with an Active Handheld Instrument

Microsurgical procedures, such as petroclival meningioma resection, require careful surgical actions in order to remove tumor tissue, while avoiding brain and vessel damaging. Such procedures are currently performed under microscope magnification. Robotic tools are emerging in order to filter surgeons’ unintended movements and prevent tools from entering forbidden regions such as vascular structures. The present work investigates the use of a handheld robotic tool (Micron) to automate vessel avoidance in microsurgery. In particular, we focused on vessel segmentation, implementing a deep-learning-based segmentation strategy in microscopy images, and its integration with a feature-based passive 3D reconstruction algorithm to obtain accurate and robust vessel position. We then implemented a virtual-fixture-based strategy to control the handheld robotic tool and perform vessel avoidance. Clay vascular phantoms, lying on a background obtained from microscopy images recorded during petroclival meningioma surgery, were used for testing the segmentation and control algorithms. When testing the segmentation algorithm on 100 different phantom images, a median Dice similarity coefficient equal to 0.96 was achieved. A set of 25 Micron trials of 80 s in duration, each involving the interaction of Micron with a different vascular phantom, were recorded, with a safety distance equal to 2 mm, which was comparable to the median vessel diameter. Micron’s tip entered the forbidden region 24% of the time when the control algorithm was active. However, the median penetration depth was 16.9 μm, which was two orders of magnitude lower than median vessel diameter. Results suggest the system can assist surgeons in performing safe vessel avoidance during neurosurgical procedures.     

经乳突岩骨乙状窦前手术入路的研究进展

目的:总结经乳突岩骨乙状窦前手术入路的研究进展.方法:查阅近年来国内外有关经乳突岩骨乙状窦前手术入路的文献资料,并进行汇总分析.结果:经乳突岩骨乙状窦前手术入路具有视野开阔、对脑组织牵拉少、距斜坡路径短等优点.结论:经乳突岩骨乙状窦前手术入路是处理岩斜区病变较好的手术方式,具有广阔的临床应用前景.     

The experience of ligation of transverse or sigmoid sinus in surgery of large petroclival meningiomas

The authors present the experience of ligation of transverse or sigmoid sinus in the surgical removal of petroclival meningiomas. We reviewed the medical records and venograms of 14 patients with petroclival meningiomas, in whom the intraoperative ligation of transverse or sigmoid sinus had been done at our hospital between 1986 and 1999. All patients passed the intraoperative test clamping of the sinus. The drainage pattern of confluence of Herophili was classified into four types: type A, confluence and equal drainage on both transverse sinuses; type B, confluence and non-dominant transverse sinus on the tumor side; type C, confluence and dominant transverse sinus on the tumor side; and type D, unilateral transverse sinus only. Among the 14 cases, four cases were in type A, five cases in type B, and two were type C. There was no evidence of brain swelling after intraoperative test clamping of the sinus for more than 30 min. None of the patients experienced postoperative complications related with sinus ligation. Our observation suggests that the transverse or sigmoid sinus ligation is tolerable to patients who show the drainage patterns of type A, type B, and type C, if the test clamping proves to be safe.     

内耳门周结构对内镜下脑桥小脑三角区手术的影响

目的：研究内耳门周结构对颞骨径路内镜下处理脑桥小脑三角区病变手术的影响，为临床开展相应手术提供参考。方法：在20例40侧成人尸头上模拟颞骨径路内窥镜手术，观察小脑下前动脉及内耳门后唇的变异，了解其对内窥镜导入及其手术的影响。结果：内耳门后唇隆起超过面神经脑桥小脑角段1／3以上者占27．5％(11侧)。小脑下前动脉在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经外侧成袢者占22．5％(9侧)。内耳门后唇隆起合并小脑下前动脉袢在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经之外侧者占7．5％(3侧)。结论：当内耳门后唇隆起超过面神经脑桥小脑角段1／3或小脑下前动脉弓在Ⅶ、Ⅷ脑神经之前时将对内窥镜导入有阻碍，当两种情况合并存在时要将内窥镜导入脑桥小脑三角区相当困难，不宜采用此种手术方式。     

Meningioma with granulofilamentous inclusions

The authors report a case of intracranial meningioma with granulofilamentous inclusions. A 50-year-old man had right trigeminal neuralgia due to trigeminal nerve compression by a petroclival tumor and received tumor resection. Microscopically, tumor cells containing eccentric nuclei and intracytoplasmic hyaline inclusions were arranged in sheets and whorls. The inclusions were negative for periodic acid-Schiff reaction. No histological anaplasia was seen. Immunohistochemistry showed epithelial membrane antigen reactivity on the cytoplasmic membrane. Immunoreactivity for vimentin was recognized in cytoplasm adjacent to inclusions. However, confocal laser microscopic study revealed immunoreactivity for vimentin even inside some inclusions. Ultrastructurally, interdigitation of cytoplasmic processes and desmosomes connecting adjacent cells were noted. Inclusions were composed of numerous fine osmiophilic granules attached by intermediates filaments. These findings were consistent with a meningioma with the granulofilamentous inclusions described earlier. The findings demonstrated by confocal laser microscopy and electron microscopy suggest that these granular materials may be the metabolic products of vimentin filaments.     

Case Report: Meningioma with Granulofilamentous Inclusions

The authors report a case of intracranial meningioma with granulofilamentous inclusions. A 50-year-old man had right trigeminal neuralgia due to trigeminal nerve compression by a petroclival tumor and received tumor resection. Microscopically, tumor cells containing eccentric nuclei and intracytoplasmic hyaline inclusions were arranged in sheets and whorls. The inclusions were negative for periodic acid-Schiff reaction. No histological anaplasia was seen. Immunohistochemistry showed epithelial membrane antigen reactivity on the cytoplasmic membrane. Immunoreactivity for vimentin was recognized in cytoplasm adjacent to inclusions. However, confocal laser microscopic study revealed immunoreactivity for vimentin even inside some inclusions. Ultrastructurally, interdigitation of cytoplasmic processes and desmosomes connecting adjacent cells were noted. Inclusions were composed of numerous fine osmiophilic granules attached by intermediates filaments. These findings were consistent with a meningioma with the granulofilamentous inclusions described earlier. The findings demonstrated by confocal laser microscopy and electron microscopy suggest that these granular materials may be the metabolic products of vimentin filaments.     

Surgical micro-neuroanatomy of the formations in the posterior cranial fossa as applied to retrosigmoid and transcondyloid approaches

Modern concepts on the surgery of the tumors of the cranial basis and those of posterior cranial fossa, in particular, reside on the expertise in microarchitecture of the region. The method of injection in brain vascular system using a marked block preparation enabled to preserve anatomically correct correlations of nerves and blood vessels, as well as of other brainstem structures, and to study the microtopography of this region using the microscope and microinstruments. The study was performed using 10 block preparations of posterior cranial fossa. The microneuroanatomy of middle and lower petroclival zones was studied in detail, and the rationality of the usage of suboccipital retrosigmoidal and lateral transcondillary approaches to the pathological structures within this zone is substantiated.     

Dorello管区的解剖学特点及其临床意义

目的　为颅底外科提供Dorello管区的解剖学资料。 方法　50例头颅标本进行血管灌注红、蓝乳胶或硅橡胶,对Dorello管区的构成、毗邻关系、内容物等进行观察和测量。对岩斜段展神经进行苏木精-伊红染色,研究该段展神经硬脑膜鞘的构成。 结果　Dorello管由Gruber韧带、颞骨岩部尖端、上斜坡外缘构成,管内走行脑膜背侧动脉、展神经及其硬脑膜鞘。展神经硬脑膜鞘由硬脑膜和蛛网膜构成。Gruber韧带可以分为6型:Y-型,蝴蝶型,三角型,镰型,爪型和复干(条索状)型。展神经存在多种变异,复干型展神经出现率为16%,双侧都为复干型展神经的出现率为5%。展神经在Dorello管区出现转折,按转折的程度分为：重型(<120°)占60%(60侧),中型(120°~150°)占36%(36侧),轻型(150°~180°)占4%(4侧)。 结论　Dorello管区结构复杂,展神经变异多,对Dorello管区的研究有助于在手术中减少神经、血管的损伤,同时阐明展神经损伤的机理。