红细胞0～2/HPF孤立性微量肾小球血尿的临床意义

目的 探讨尿检红细胞0-2／HPF的孤立性微量肾小球血尿的临床意义。方法 57例肾穿刺血尿患儿按其尿检红细胞数目分为3组，红细胞0～2／HPF的孤立性微小肾小球血尿患儿15例，尿检红细胞≥3个／HPF的孤立性肾小球镜下血尿17例，肉眼血尿患儿25例；肾组织进行光镜、电镜、免疫荧光检查及病理损害积分；对其临床、病理及病理损害积分对比分析。结果 3组病理改变涉及系膜增生性肾炎(MsPGN)、轻微病变(minimal lesion disease，MLD)、局灶节段增生性肾炎(FSPGN)、毛细血管内增生性肾炎(EnCPGN)，其中以MsPGN最为常见43／57例(75.4％)；不同临床表现类型的血尿病理改变类型差异无显著性，病理损害程度不完全与临床血尿轻重成正比。结论 尿检红细胞0～2／HPF的孤立性微量肾小球血尿可能为某些肾脏疾病的早期改变，其病理改变具多样性，随访及掌握肾穿刺活检的适应证进行病理检查，对明确诊断，指导治疗，改善预后有重要意义。     

小儿肝胆性黄疸的发病机制和常见疾病

小儿肝胆性黄疸是因小儿时期肝细胞和(或)胆管系统发生各种疾病,未能将非结合胆红素充分在肝细胞内转化成结合胆红素,并将结合胆红素随同胆汁流经胆管系统排至十二指肠,引起血非结合胆红素和结合胆红素同时增多而产生的黄疸.按其发生病变的组织部位可细分为亚细胞性黄疸、肝细胞性黄疸、胆管性黄疸和混合性黄疸.除Crigler-Najjar综合征因有大量脂溶性非结合胆红素损伤脑组织外,其他各种疾病中出现的黄疸,均无明显的由非结合胆红素和(或)结合胆红素造成的组织损害.因此重点是找出引起黄疸的基础疾病,予以相应治疗.     

正性肌力药物在收缩性心力衰竭中的临床应用进展

儿童心力衰竭是一种儿科常见危重症.收缩性心力衰竭可由先天性心脏病、暴发性心肌炎、心律失常性心肌病等儿科常见心血管疾病引起.正性肌力药物是临床中治疗收缩性心力衰竭的常用药物,包括洋地黄类药物、β-受体激动剂、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂及钙增敏剂4种.本文将对各类正性肌力药物的应用及进展进行探讨.     

环境内分泌干扰物与儿童性分化、性发育异常

环境内分泌干扰物是普遍存在于环境中的一类外源性化学物质,这些物质可干扰体内天然激素的合成、释放、转运、与受体结合、代谢及清除等各个方面,干扰正常激素维持体内平衡和调节发育过程的作用.环境内分泌干扰物被证实是引起儿童性分化、性发育异常的重要致病因素.环境内分泌干扰物可扰乱下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴,干扰雄激素的生物合成、转运、...     

肾性高血压及高血压性心脏病的诊断

肾源性疾患为小儿继发性高血压的75％～80％［‘,’j,且常致高血压性心脏病（HHD）,国内对此报道尚为数不多。现就近10a收治的肾性高血压所致HHD18例作一回顾性分析。临床资料18例中9例肾血管性高血压（RVH）系经肾血管造影或尸检确诊,其中多发性大动脉炎6例,先天性纤维肌发育不良2例,结核性包块压迫肾动脉致狭窄1例。9例肾实质性高血压（RPH）经临床、实验室检查,部分经肾穿刺确诊,包括慢性肾小球肾炎3例,肾炎性肾病、狼疮性肾炎各2例,肾发育不良及VETER综合征各1例,其中7例已至终末肾功能衰竭期。一、一般情况;18例中…     

婴儿恶性游走性部分性癫癎综合征研究进展

婴儿恶性游走性部分性癫癎综合征是在婴儿期发病的一种严重的癫癎性脑病,1995年由Coppola等首次报道,目前世界共有近80例报道,国内暂无报道.目前该综合征病因不明,早期诊断困难,传统抗癫癎药物疗效不佳.该文就婴儿恶性游走性部分性癫癎综合征可能的病因、临床特点、诊断、治疗进行综述.     

WWOX基因复合杂合变异致早发性癫痫性脑病1例

对2020年4月在济南市儿童医院神经内分泌科住院治疗的1例早发性癫痫性脑病患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。患儿,男,1月龄时因"抽搐4 d"入院,发作形式为强直发作、强直痉挛发作,伴有喂养困难、体质量增长慢、全面发育迟缓,脑电图示多灶性放电、不典型高度失律,头颅磁共振成像显示髓鞘化落后,家系全外显子组测序示 W...     

ARV1基因变异致婴儿早发性癫痫性脑病一例并文献复习

目的:总结 ARV1基因变异致婴儿早发性癫痫性脑病的临床表型及遗传学特点。 方法:回顾性分析复旦大学附属儿科医院2020年6月接诊的1例 ARV1基因变异致婴儿早发性癫痫性脑病患儿的临床资料,并以"癫痫性脑病""癫痫""ARV1基因"和"ARV1gene" "epilepsy""sei...     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non-American biomedical journals

Bibliometric data published by the Institute of Scientific Information in Philadelphia (ISI), and which was previously discussed in Acta Paediatrica , has increasingly been used despite all the relevant and severe criticism that has been raised against this method of evaluating individual research results and grading scientific journals. It is obvious that the present trend regarding the use of bibliometric data as a basis for priorities and funding of research and for the promotion of individual scientists favours American-oriented research projects at the expense of those that are based on concepts of predominantly European relevance.

Conclusion: For the future of non-American research, it is important that no single super-power, i.e. the USA, should dominate scientific priorities. The condition for efficient European competition is that European Centres with high levels of competence for creative research and training of scientists from all over the world are established. In addition, it is important that the results of European research are published in prestigious European journals, as was the situation before World War II.     

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.     

alpha -SMOOTH MUSCLE ACTIN DISTRIBUTION IN THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE COMPARING HYPOPLASTIC AND NORMAL FETAL LUNGS

We investigated the intra-acinar pulmonary vascular muscularization in the developing human fetal lung between the 17th and 24th gestational weeks, that is, during the canalicular phase of lung development. Fifteen hypoplastic and 25 normal developed lungs were included in this study using monoclonal alpha -smooth muscle (sm) actin antibodies for smooth muscle detection. Computer-aided image analysis was performed for morphometrical measurements and statistical evaluation. Alphasm-actin-immunoreactive intra-acinar vessels down to a luminal diameter of less than 10 mu m were detected in hypoplastic as well as in normally developed lungs. Crucial differences presented as follows: significantly higher density of intra-acinar vessels, especially due to alpha -sm-actin-negative vessels less than 30 mu m in luminal diameter, in the control group; significantly higher alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity per section unit as well as per vessel in the hypoplastic lung group. As suggested by others, alpha-sm-actin-positive cells of the intra-acinar vessel wall in the developing human lung were demonstrated to be smooth muscle cells, their immediate precursors, and pericytes. We conclude that the increased alpha -sm-actin immunoreactivity represents muscularization of the vessel wall in functional terms and may be regarded as one structural cause among others for the establishment of persistent fetal circulation in hypoplastic lungs.