肝门部胆管癌门静脉栓塞后剩余肝脏体积增生速度预测因素分析北大核心CSCD

目的分析肝门部胆管癌术前门静脉栓塞(PVE)后剩余肝脏体积(FLR)增生速度的影响因素及其简单预估模型。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2022年1月在海军军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院完成PVE治疗的63例肝门部胆管癌患者临床资料。重线性回归分析PVE后FLR增生速度的影响因素,并建立简单预测增生速度模型。配对t检验分析PVE前后患者各项指标。分析PVE及胆管癌根治术后并发症发生率。结果63例患者PVE后(25.43±11.01)d,FLR由PVE前(581.44±159.42)mL增加至PVE后(762.86±184.18)mL(P=0.01)。每日FLR增生速度为(0.47±0.29)%。多重线性回归分析结果显示,术前胆道感染(t=-2.07,P=0.04)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)升高(t=-2.99,P=0.004)是FLR增生速度的影响因素。每日FLR/全肝体积(TLV)增生的简单预测公式为Y=0.61-0.001X_(1)-0.22X_(2)。PVE前后总胆红素、白蛋白、丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、ALP、国际标准化比值、血小板计数比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。PVE、肝门部胆管癌术后3~4级并发症分别为9例次、30例次。结论PVE可有效促进肝门部胆管癌患者FLR增生,胆道感染和ALP升高会减缓FLR增生速度。     

中晚期肝门部胆管癌15例手术切除体会

目的探讨中晚期肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗方式。方法对2002年12月—2005年10月收治的15例中晚期肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗方式和随访结果进行回顾性分析,其中中期7例(BismuthⅢa型4例,Ⅲb型3例),晚期(Ⅳ型)8例。结果手术切除10例,非手术胆道支架内引流5例(Ⅳ型5例)。随访14例(14/15,93.3%),手术切除组随访10例,中位生存期14.2月(16d～32.3月);非手术胆道支架内引流组随访4例,中位生存期3.8月(1.3～7.2月),两组中位生存期差异显著(t=2.802,P<0.05)。结论对于中晚期肝门部胆管癌,联合肝切除的姑息性肝门部胆管癌切除可显著延长患者生存期、提高生活质量,必要时,辅以“架桥式”肝管空肠内引流对提高手术切除率、降低术后胆漏发生率具有重要作用。     

高位肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗

目的分析55例高位胆管癌手术治疗方法和生存时间。方法回顾分析空军总医院1995年1月至2005年4月收治的55例高位肝门部胆管癌病人的临床资料。结果共有37例（37／55）行胆管癌切除，21例切除后生存24个月以上，4例死于15个月内，其余生存4～18个月，未切除者行胆汁内或外引流术并进行放射治疗，未接受手术者行经皮内或外引流。结论高位胆管癌外科手术治疗是主要手段，内外引流手术可以延长病人的生存时间。     

肝门部胆管癌治疗方法演变与预后

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌治疗方法的变化及效果。方法回顾分析1990年1月─2009年8月收治的198例肝门部胆管癌的临床特点、诊断、分期、治疗方式及随访结果。结果梗阻性黄疸仍为肝门部胆管癌的首发临床表现,肝门部CT及核磁胆道成像（MRCP）均为诊断的有效方法 ,阳性率高。肿瘤分期：2000年以前（A组）和2000年以后（B组）病例进行比较,BismuthⅠ期病例数较前增加不明显;BismuthⅡ、Ⅲ期为主要病例,且病例数有明显增加;BismuthⅣ期则相反,病例数有所减少,但无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗中,49例患者采取非手术内外引流;手术的149例中,单纯引流24例,手术探查＋胆肠吻合51例,姑息性局部切除42例,胆管癌切除＋肝部分切除30例,肝移植2例。按照时间节点分析,A组61例手术中手术切除率为34.4%（21/61）,且以姑息性切除为主（16例）;B组88例手术中手术切除率为60.2%（53/88）,其中姑息性切除与根治性切除分别为26例和27例,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。A组仅8例行局部放疗,B组中89例行局部聚焦放疗。从治疗效果分析,非手术内外引流及手术内外引流效果均不好,5年生存为个案。手术切除患者中,BismuthⅠ、Ⅱ期生存率最高,5年生存率83.3%（10/12）;BismuthⅢ期手术切除效果好于非手术治疗;BismuthⅣ期手术切除与否效果均不好,两组手术切除后的预后无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。手术结合术后放疗（γ刀）可在一定程度上延长患者生存时间。影响患者预后的主要因素为肿瘤复发转移,其中局部淋巴结转移与肝内广泛转移最为多见。结论肝门部胆管癌Ⅰ期的诊断并未因为CT和MRI应用而提高,中期BismuthⅡ、Ⅲ期较前例数有所增多,晚期患者相对下降。手术切除率较前有所提高,根治性与姑息性切除均有利于延长患者生存时间,手术切除结合局部放疗可在一定程度上延长患者生命。影响患者长期存活的主要原因仍旧是肿瘤的局部与肝内广泛转移,更加有效的治疗手段有待进一步研究。     

肝门部胆管癌外科诊治体会

胆管癌按其发生部位分为上、中、下段胆管癌，一般将发生于左右肝管，汇合部及肝总管的癌肿称为上段胆管癌，亦称为肝门部胆管癌，我院1989年至2001年收治肝门部胆管癌20例，报告如下：     

肝门部胆管癌126例临床分析

目的:分析肝门部胆管癌的诊断及手术治疗方法。方法:回顾分析2002-03~2007-03肝门部胆管癌手术治疗126例临床资料及随访结果。结果:按照Bismuth-Corlette分型法,Ⅰ型12例,Ⅱ型25例,Ⅲa型26例,Ⅲb型33例,Ⅳ型30例。B超、CT和磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)的确诊率分别为83.8%、92.1%及96.7%。126例中,根治性切除33例,姑息性切除22例,胆道引流46例,未手术25例。总手术率80.2%(101/126),根治性切除率32.7%(33/101)。根治性切除患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为81.8%、42.4%、24.2%,姑息性切除组分别为50.0%、18.2%、9.1%,单纯引流组分别为4.3%、0、0,未手术组分别为4.0%、0、0。根治性切除组和姑息性切除组生存率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:提高手术切除率是改善肝门部胆管癌预后的唯一有效方法,肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化、肝部分切除可提高根治性切除率。     

门脉骨骼化联合肝叶切除治疗肝门部胆管癌

肝门部胆管癌 (Ｋｌａｔｓｋｉｎ瘤 )是各类胆管癌中手术治疗最困难的。我院于 1998- 0 4～ 2 0 0 0 - 0 8采用肝外胆管切除 ,门静脉骨骼化联合肝叶切除治疗肝门部胆管癌 7例 ,效果满意。现报告如下 :1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组男性 5例 ,女性 2例 ;年龄 34～ 70岁。 3例首发症状为上腹疼痛 ,3例为黄疸 ,1例为上腹部包块 ;病程 10ｄ至 1年 ;入院时出现黄疸 5例 ,肝肿大 3例 ,上腹部包块 1例。Ｂ超检查 :肝占位并胰头占位 1例 ,右肝脓肿并右肝胆管结石 1例 ,左右肝胆管扩张 3例 ,左肝管扩张 2例。ＣＴ检查共 5例 :“胰头癌并肝转移” 1…     

肝门部胆管癌的低场MRI诊断价值

目的:总结肝门部胆管癌的低场MRI影像表现,以提高对肝门部胆管癌的认识。方法:收集经手术病理证实的肝门部胆管癌21例,均有完整的MRI影像资料。结果:MRCP对肝门部胆管梗阻水平定位准确率达100%。21例肝门部胆管癌均表现为肝内胆管不同程度"软藤样扩张",肝门部胆管狭窄、管壁增厚或软组织肿块;6例MRI肝门部可见稍长T1、稍长T2的肿块影,15例未发现明确肿块;增强扫描5例可见肿块延迟期缓慢持续强化,14例表现为管壁增厚强化、管腔狭窄。结论:低场MRI是检查肝门部胆管癌的有效方法,联合应用MRCP可显示肝门部胆管癌的特征性改变。     

腹腔镜超声在机器人辅助肝门部胆管癌切除术中的应用

目的初步探讨腹腔镜超声在机器人辅助肝门部胆管癌切除术中的应用价值。资料与方法对23例患者行腹腔镜超声引导机器人辅助肝门部胆管癌切除术,术中常规应用腹腔镜超声检查了解肿瘤与周围主要组织的解剖关系,确定肿瘤分期和手术方式,精确引导肿瘤切除,对手术过程和术后情况进行分析总结并与同期18例行开腹根治性切除术患者进行比较。结果 18例患者在腹腔镜超声引导下顺利完成根治性切除术,根治性切除率为78.26(18/23),5例患者在术中腹腔镜超声下发现未预期病变,使其改变手术方式。本组患者手术成功率为100(23/23),手术方式改变率为21.73(5/23),RO切除(病理证实切缘无癌细胞)率为94.44(17/18)优于同期开腹根治性手术切除组61.11(11/18)。无围手术期死亡病例。结论腹腔镜超声在机器人辅助肝门部胆管癌切除术中能指导选择手术方式,并能提高肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率。     

肝门部胆管癌的磁共振诊断和评价

肝门部胆管癌起源于肝内胆管，发生左右肝管汇合区，在肝脏恶性肿瘤中位居第二，在胆管肿瘤中位居第一，占胆管癌的58％-75％。由于肿瘤生长缓慢和隐蔽，早期影像学诊断困难；但由于肝门区有许多重要的血管，手术时多数癌肿已侵犯周围组织，手术切除难度大，预后很差。笔者搜集术前行MR检查、经手术和病理证实的肝门部胆管癌28例，旨在探讨MR在肝门部胆管癌中的诊断价值。     

Portal Vein Embolization before Right Hepatectomy or Extended Right Hepatectomy Using Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate Foam: Technique and Initial Results

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of portal vein embolization (PVE) with sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) foam.Materials and MethodsA single-center retrospective review of 35 patients (27 men and 8 women; mean age, 61 y) who underwent PVE with STS foam was performed. The technical success rate, rate of PVE at producing adequate future liver remnant (FLR) hypertrophy, and rate of disease progression precluding resection after PVE were analyzed. Complications of PVE and liver resection after PVE were recorded.ResultsPVE was performed on 35 patients before right hepatic resection for both primary and secondary hepatic malignancies (22 hepatocellular carcinoma, 10 metastasis, 2 cholangiocarcinoma, 1 invasive gallbladder carcinoma). Technical success was achieved in 97.1% (34 of 35) of patients. Mean FLR of the total estimated liver volume increased from 24.5% (SD, 7.7%) to 36.5% (SD, 14.5%), a mean percentage increase of 48.8% (SD, 34.3%). PVE produced adequate FLR hypertrophy in 31 of 35 patients (88.6%). Proposed right hepatectomy was subsequently performed in 27 patients (77.1%). One patient remains scheduled for surgery, two had peritoneal spread at surgery and resection was aborted, two had disease progression on imaging after PVE, and three had inadequate FLR hypertrophy with no surgery. One major complication was observed related to PVE that involved nontarget embolization to segment III, which was managed conservatively.ConclusionsPreoperative PVE with STS foam is a safe and effective method to induce hypertrophy of the FLR.     

Portal vein embolization with polyvinyl alcohol particles and coils in preparation for major liver resection for hepatobiliary malignancy: safety and effectiveness--study in 26 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles and coils is safe and effective for inducing lobar hypertrophy in patients with hepatobiliary malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PVE was performed in 26 patients. All patients had malignancy: metastases (n = 11), cholangiocarcinoma (n = 9), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 5), and gallbladder carcinoma (n = 1). One patient had underlying liver disease caused by hepatitis. PVE was performed if the future liver remnant (FLR) was estimated to be less than 25% of the total liver volume. PVE was performed with a percutaneous transhepatic approach (right, 25 patients; left, one patient). PVA particles and coils were used to occlude the right portal system and veins supplying segment IV to promote FLR hypertrophy (segments I-III +/- IV). FLR hypertrophy was assessed with comparison of computed tomographic scans obtained before and 2-4 weeks after PVE. Effectiveness evaluation was based on changes in absolute FLR size and ratio of FLR to total estimated liver volume (TELV). Safety of PVE and hepatic resection was determined with postprocedure complication rate and median hospital stay. RESULTS: Sixteen patients underwent hepatic resection (right trisegmentectomy [n = 13], right lobectomy [n = 3]) without mortality. Ten patients did not undergo resection (complete remission after medical therapy [n = 1], lack of regeneration [n = 2], extrahepatic disease undetected prior to PVE [n = 7]). Six patients had biliary obstruction; five were treated percutaneously before PVE. No patient developed postembolization syndrome or signs of fulminant hepatic insufficiency after PVE or resection. Two patients had complications after PVE that did not preclude successful resection. Median hospital stays were 1 day (PVE) and 7 days (liver resection). Mean absolute FLR increased from 325.0 to 458.6 cm3 (increase, 41.1%). Mean TELV was 1,784.8 cm3. FLR/TELV ratio increase was 8%. CONCLUSION: Preoperative PVE with PVA particles and coils is safe and effective for inducing lobar hypertrophy in patients with advanced hepatobiliary malignancy.     

Preoperative right portal vein embolisation: indications and results

Purpose

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of right portal vein embolisation (PVE) in inducing contralateral liver hypertrophy before extended hepatectomy.

Materials and methods

Twenty-six consecutive patients, 14 with liver metastases (ten from colorectal cancer; four from carcinoid tumours) and 12 with biliary cancers (ten Klatskin tumours; one gallbladder tumour; one intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) with insufficient predicted future remnant liver (FRL) underwent right PVE to induce hypertrophy of the contralateral hemiliver prior to surgical resection. Total liver volume, tumour volume and FRL volume were calculated on a 3D workstation. The ratio of the FRL to the total functional liver volume was <30% in all patients.

Results

The FRL volume increased by 5%–25% (15% on average) after right PVE in patients with liver metastases and by 9%–19% (14% on average) in patients with biliary cancers. In all patients, the ratio of FRL to functional liver volume was ≥30% after right PVE. No postoperative deaths due to severe liver failure occurred in the 20 patients who underwent extended hepatectomy.

Conclusions

Right PVE extends the indications for hepatectomy in patients with liver metastases and those with biliary cancers who have an insufficient potential hepatic functional reserve.     

Ipsilateral percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization with gelatin sponge particles and coils in preparation for extended right hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ipsilateral percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization (PTPVE) with gelatin sponge particles and coils to induce lobar hypertrophy in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma in preparation for extended right hepatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1999 and 2004, PTPVE was performed in 22 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (mean age, 67 years; range, 57-77 y; 16 men and six women). Percutaneous puncture of the right portal vein was performed under ultrasound guidance. A reverse-curve catheter was used for right portal vein embolization. Coils were used to occlude second-order branches. The future liver remnant volume was assessed by comparing computed tomographic scans before and 14-24 days after PTPVE. RESULTS: PTPVE was technically successful in all cases. The average increase in ratio of future liver remnant volume to total liver volume was 8.6%. Liver function tests after PTPVE but before surgery showed no significant changes. Nineteen patients underwent hepatic resection without liver failure. In three patients, tumors could not be removed because of detection of extrahepatic disease. One patient who underwent successful hepatic resection had an abscess in the removed right lobe. CONCLUSION: Ipsilateral PTPVE with gelatin sponge and coils appears to be effective and safe for extended right hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.     

Portal vein embolization in preparation for major hepatic resection: evolution of a new standard of care

Portal vein (PV) embolization (PVE) is gaining acceptance in the preoperative management of patients selected for major hepatic resection. PVE redirects portal blood flow to the intended liver remnant to induce hypertrophy of the nondiseased portion of the liver and thereby reduce complications and shorten hospital stays after resection. This article reviews the rationale and existing literature on PVE, including the mechanisms of liver regeneration, the pathophysiology of PVE, the imaging techniques used to measure liver volumes and estimate functional hepatic reserve, and the technical aspects of PVE, including approaches and embolic agents used. In addition, the indications and contraindications for performing PVE in patients with and without chronic liver disease and the multidisciplinary approach required for the treatment of these complex cases are emphasized.     

三维可视化技术在Bismuth-Corlette Ⅲ、Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌计划性肝切除中的应用

 目的 探讨三维可视化技术在Bismuth-Corlette Ⅲ、Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌计划性肝切除中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2015-01至2017-12上海东方肝胆外科医院收治的Bismuth-Corlette Ⅲ、Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌36例患者的临床资料,应用三维可视化技术将患者320层螺旋二维CT图像进行三维可视化重建,通过观察肿瘤的部位、大小,与周围门静脉、肝动脉、肝静脉、肝内胆管之间的关系,进行肿瘤的可切除性评估,残肝体积比<40%,通过患侧门静脉栓塞、健侧胆道引流使残肝体积再生,残肝体积比>40%后按计划实施根治性切除,比较仿真手术与实际手术的区别。结果 应用三维可视化重建技术,立体形象地显示肿瘤与周围毗邻的关系,对肿瘤进行Bismuth-Corlette分型,Ⅲa型16例,Ⅲb型8例,Ⅳ12例。测量平均全肝体积(1386±146)ml,肿瘤平均体积(76±22)ml,预切除平均肝体积(896±168)ml,残肝平均体积(490±172)ml,残肝比(34.5±3.6)%,通过行健侧胆道引流患侧门静脉栓塞后,使残肝比>40%,均顺利按计划行肝门部胆管癌根治性切除。肿瘤三维重建后诊断分型准确率100%,重建模型解剖关系与术中实际情况大致相符。术前预切除肝脏体积和术后实际肝脏体积无统计学差异(t=1.148)。结论 三维可视化技术能够对肝门部胆管癌术前进行精确评估、精准规划,优化治疗方案,提高根治性切除(radical resection,R0)手术率。     

Transhepatic portal vein embolization: anatomy, indications, and technical considerations.

Portal vein embolization (PVE) is increasingly being accepted as a useful procedure in the preoperative treatment of patients selected for major hepatic resection. PVE is performed via either the percutaneous transhepatic or the transileocolic route and is usually reserved for patients whose future liver remnants are too small to allow resection. It is a safe and effective method for inducing selective hepatic hypertrophy of the nondiseased portion of the liver and may thereby reduce complications and shorten hospital stays after resection. A thorough knowledge of hepatic segmentation and portal venous anatomy is essential before performing PVE. In addition, the indications and contraindications for PVE, the methods for assessing hepatic lobar hypertrophy, the means of determining optimal timing of resection, and the possible complications of PVE need to be fully understood before undertaking the procedure. Technique may vary among operators, and further research is necessary to determine the best embolic agents available and the expected rates of liver regeneration for PVE. Nevertheless, as hepatobiliary surgeons become more experienced at performing extended hepatic resections, PVE may be requested more frequently.     

肝门区胆管癌的CT表现与病理对照（附15例分析）

目的：探讨肝门区胆管癌的CT影像表现与诊断价值。方法：搜集15例经手术和病理证实的肝门区胆管癌,分析肝门区胆管癌CT影像特征和病理基础。结果：6例CT平扫表现为肝门区低密度软组织肿块,9例表现为肝门区胆管壁不规则增厚,动态增强后11例有延迟强化,CT值增加15～30HU。对照CT表现与手术所见,CT显示肝脏、肝门区动脉、门静脉、胆囊、肝门区淋巴结转移、腹膜后淋巴结浸润或转移;其它神经、脂肪受浸、腹膜种植在CT上均无明确显示。结论：肝门区胆管壁不规则增厚或软组织肿块伴肝内胆管扩张是肝门区胆管癌的CT基本影像表现,CT是检出和识别肝门区胆管癌的重要方法,但在判断肿瘤周围浸润的程度时仍有一定局限性。     

Safety and efficacy of preoperative portal vein embolization with polyvinyl alcohol in 58 patients with liver metastases

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transhepatic lobar portal vein embolization (PVE) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles to induce contralateral lobar hypertrophy in patients with liver-only metastases and normal underlying liver function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight consecutive patients with small predicted future liver remnants (FLRs) underwent PVE with PVA particles to induce hypertrophy of the contralateral hemi-liver before surgical resection of liver metastases. Total liver, right hemi-liver, and left hemi-liver volumes were calculated before and after embolization using a 3D workstation. RESULTS: Eight patients underwent left PVE; 47, right PVE; and three, right and segment IV PVE. There were no major complications of the procedure. The mean increases in the ratio of the FLR to the total estimated liver volume after right, right and segment IV, and left PVE were 9%, 10%, and 3%, respectively; the corresponding mean hypertrophy ratios were 24.3%, 31.9%, and 1.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Right PVE using PVA particles alone as the embolic agent is safe and effective in achieving left hemi-liver hypertrophy. In contrast, left PVE did not induce significant right hemi-liver hypertrophy in this patient population.