补肾中药在辅助生殖技术中对基础FSH、E2、FSH/LH的干预初探

目的补肾中药对欲行体外受精—胚胎移植（IVF-ET）患者卵巢低反应状态的调节,使其顺利进入促排卵周期。方法与结果回顾性总结77例患者,按照中医辨证,分别采用滋肾或温肾中药调理。其中滋肾法41例,温肾法36例。治疗前后每两次月经周期第2～3天检测血清基础FSH、LH、E2（bFSH、bLH、bE2）和FSH/LH值。治疗六个月,血清基础FSH、FSH/LH值均下降,治疗前后有显著性差异。结论补肾中药对卵巢储备功能有所改善,可使患者顺利进入促排卵周期,最终妊娠。     

IVF-ET中卵巢储备功能预测的临床价值

目的探讨在IVF-ET中年龄、基础FSH值和窦卵泡计数对卵巢储备功能的预测价值。方法 2008年1月至2009年8月在本院生殖中心首次接受体外受精/胞浆内单精子显微受精(IVF/ICSI)治疗的309例不孕妇女。按获卵数分为3组(组1为≤5枚;组2为6～15枚;组3为≥16枚)。按Gn用量分为3组(A组为≥31支;B组为26～30支;C组为≤25支)。结果获卵数与年龄、基础FSH和窦卵泡计数密切相关。不同的获卵数在年龄、基础FSH和窦卵泡计数间有显著性差异(P0.05)。Gn用量与年龄、基础FSH和窦卵泡计数密切相关。不同的Gn用量在年龄、基础FSH和窦卵泡计数间有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论在IVF-ET中,年龄、基础FSH值和基础窦卵泡计数均是预测卵巢储备功能的较好指标。     

血清抗苗勒氏管激素在体外授精-胚胎移植中预测卵巢反应性

目的探讨血清抗苗勒氏管激素(AMH)在体外授精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)中预测卵巢反应性的价值。方法回顾性分析2016年3月至2016年12月在我院生殖医学中心进行体外授精-胚胎移植助孕治疗的患者资料共112例。按患者取卵日的获卵数分为3组:低反应组、正常反应组和高反应组。分析患者月经周期第三日的血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌激素(E2)和AMH等内分泌激素水平,同时分析B超监测患者双侧卵巢的基础窦卵泡数(AFC)的数据。采用相对工作特征曲线(ROC)分析AFC和血清AMH与获卵数的关系,判断血清AMH和AFC反映卵巢反应性的界值。结果 ROC分析显示血清AMH和AFC可以作为预测卵巢低反应的单一指标,其曲线下面积分别为为0.832(0.713-0.951)、0.797(0.724-0.869),诊断界值分别为≤1.75ng/ml和≤8个。血清AMH和AFC也可作为预测卵巢高反应的指标,其ROC曲线下面积分别为0.779(0.715-0.842)、0.720(0.643-0.796)。结论血清AMH和AFC在IVF-ET的控制性超促排卵(COH)中可以作为预测卵巢反应的单一指标。     

腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术中不同止血方式对卵巢储备功能影响

目的探讨腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术中创面采用双极电凝及缝合两种止血方式对卵巢储备功能的影响。方法选择卵巢囊肿行腹腔镜手术治疗的患者80例,根据术中创面止血方式随机分为两组：镜下缝合组、双极电凝组,每组各40例。于术前、术后1、3个月月经周期的第2~3d,分别检测患者卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、雌二醇(E2)、血清抗苗勒管激素(AMH)及阴道超声探测窦状卵泡数目(AFC)、患侧卵巢动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)为判断卵巢储备功能状态的指标。结果缝合组各项指标手术前后无显著差异(P>0.05)。电凝组术后E2水平,AMH及AFC、PSV与术前相比显著降低,术后FSH水平较术前显著升高(P<0.05)。两组患者LH水平手术前后无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论腹腔镜下卵巢囊肿剥除术中不同的止血方式对卵巢储备功能的影响有差异,其中双极电凝止血法较镜下缝合止血法所致卵巢储备功能下降更加显著。     

在IVF-ET助孕中多囊卵巢综合征女性基础窦卵泡数与卵母细胞及胚胎质量的相关性研究

目的探讨在体外受精与胚胎移植(IVF-ET)助孕中多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)女性的基础窦卵泡数(AFC)能否反映卵母细胞及胚胎质量。方法收纳2014年1月~2015年7月在中国人民解放军海军总医院生殖中心首次行IVF-ET助孕的PCOS患者(100名)和对照组患者(130名),观察所有研究对象的基础AFC、基本情况指标、控制性超促排卵(COH)情况,比较PCOS组与对照组的卵母细胞质量、胚胎质量及妊娠结局。结果 PCOS组的月经周期、BMI、基础AFC、基础双侧卵巢体积的平均值(OV)、基础LH、基础LH/FSH、基础T、基础ASD、Gn起始时AFC、获卵数、成熟卵母细胞数、2PN数、卵裂数、优质D3胚胎数均高于对照组(P0.05)。PCOS组FSH较对照组低(P0.05)。而两组成熟卵母细胞率、正常受精率、优质D3胚胎率及妊娠结局无差异。PCOS女性获卵数、成熟卵母细胞数级优质D3胚胎数随基础AFC的增多而呈线性递增,但其成熟卵母细胞所占比例、优质D3胚胎率不随基础AFC的变化而变化。结论在IVF-ET助孕中PCOS女性基础窦卵泡数不能反映其卵母细胞及胚胎质量。     

经皮穴位电刺激对IVF中POI患者卵巢功能影响的临床观察

目的探讨经皮穴位电刺激(TEAS)对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)中POI患者卵巢功能的影响。方法选取接受IVF治疗的POI患者60例,随机分为TEAS组、人工周期组及空白对照组各20例。TEAS组进行为期3个月的干预,观察POI患者血清内分泌激素水平、抗苗勒试管激素(AMH)、窦卵泡数(AFC)、卵巢动脉血流指标及临床结局的影响。结果TEAS组、人工周期组患者治疗后内分泌激素、AMH、AFC较治疗前的差异有统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后TEAS组与空白对照组相比较,基础内分泌、AMH水平、AFC均有统计学差异(P0.05)。TEAS组与人工周期组、空白对照组相比,获卵数、优质胚胎率及临床妊娠率均明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TEAS疗法可以调节下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴,改善POI患者基础内分泌指标,提高卵巢储备功能。     

五种预测卵巢储备指标的临床研究

目的在体外受精—胚胎移植(IVF-ET)患者中对预测卵巢储备的各种指标进行临床研究,以寻找1~2种灵敏度高的指标用于普遍不孕人群。方法随机选择不同年龄段的92例不孕患者,在接受IVF-ET/ICSI前一个周期,于月经第3天抽取空腹血测定基础性激素及基础抑制素B水平,同时阴道B超下记数直径l~5mm窦卵泡数。采用促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRH-a)/基因重组促卵泡激素(r-FSH)/人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)长方案促排卵,观察IVF-ET过程中卵巢的反应性,获卵数≤4个为卵巢反应不良组,>4个为卵巢反应正常组。结果年龄≥35岁组与20~29岁组、30~34岁组间,基础FSH(bFSH)水平、抑制素B(INHB)水平、窦卵泡数、FSH用药支数、FSH刺激时间、周期取消率间差异有显著性(P<0.05),基础E2、获卵数差异无显著性。而20~29岁组与30~34岁组间各指标间无差异。卵巢反应不良组与卵巢反应正常组间,年龄、INHB水平、bFSH、窦卵泡数、获卵数、周期取消率间差异有极显著性(P<0.01),FSH用量,FSH刺激时间差异有显著性(P<0.05),而bE2及不孕原因则无显著性差异。获卵数与bFSH、bE2、INHB、窦卵泡数及年龄间行多元线性回归分析,发现获卵数与窦卵泡数呈正相关(β=0.572,P<0.01),与bFSH呈负相关(β=-0.265,P<0.05),与年龄、bE2、INHB均无相关性(P>0.05)。结论年龄≥35岁后,卵巢的反应性明显下降,而对于<35岁不孕患者,年龄不是一个敏感的指标。bFSH水平及窦卵泡数能较好地评估卵巢储备,且B超检查简便、无创,所以bFSH水平配合窦卵数综合评估,有助于提高预测价值。     

影响DOR患者超促排卵卵巢反应性的多因素分析

目的探讨人类辅助生育技术治疗过程中影响卵巢储备功能减退患者控制性超促排卵的卵巢反应性的相关因素。方法回顾性分析接受IVF/ICSI治疗的、资料完整的874例卵巢储备功能减退不孕患者的所有统计学资料。结果 874例患者中卵巢低反应组347例,卵巢正常反应组527例。单因素分析显示,患者年龄、b LH水平、b FSH/b LH比值、窦卵泡数在卵巢低反应组和卵巢正常反应组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,患者年龄与卵巢反应性呈负相关,窦卵泡数与卵巢反应性呈正相关,并且相关程度窦卵泡数患者年龄。结论患者年龄和窦卵泡数对于卵巢储备功能减退患者超促排卵的卵巢反应性有预测价值,窦卵泡数敏感性优于患者年龄。     

IVF-ET中不同年龄段血清抗苗勒管激素水平的相关研究

目的探讨各年龄组血清抗苗勒管激素水平(AMH)在体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)或卵母细胞浆内单精子显微注射(ICSI)治疗过程和结局的相关性。方法将169例首次应用Gn RH-a短效制剂长方案促排卵行IVF-ET或ICSI的患者,根据年龄分为A组:24~30岁(n=49);B组:31~35岁(n=59);C组:36~40岁(n=47);D组:41~45岁(n=14),比较4组AMH水平,窦卵泡数、获卵数,妊娠率等相关参数,并进行分析。结果各组窦卵泡数、获卵数、优胚数、移植胚胎数、冷冻胚胎数均无统计学差异(P0.05);AMH水平在A组与D组存在统计学差异(P0.05);A组与其他三组在妊娠率均有统计学差异(P0.05),B组与D组在妊娠率上也有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论年龄是预测卵巢储备和卵巢反应性的首选和粗标准,但将年龄作为一个独立指标来预测卵巢储备功能并不可靠,应结合AMH水平综合评估。年龄是预测卵子质量的独立指标,估计预后是比较合理的。     

二胎高龄备孕妇女血清抗缪勒氏管激素检测对生育力评价的临床价值分析

目的探讨血清抗缪氏管激素(AMH)检测对二胎高龄妇女生育力评价的临床价值。方法选择2016年1月~6月来我院进行孕前检查的二胎备孕妇女65例为研究对象,年龄介于35~39岁之间,依据阴道超声窦卵泡个数(AFC)分为卵巢低功能组(33例),卵巢正常功能组(32例),比较血清抗缪勒氏管激素(AMH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、卵巢体积、卵巢间质动脉收缩期峰值(PSV)和血流阻力(RI)等指标,随访并对比1年内备孕成功率。进一步对比不同备孕结局者上述指标水平,分析血清AMH水平与上述各因素相关性。结果与卵巢低功组相比,正常组患者血清AMH水平较高,FSH水平较低,阴道超声测定的卵巢体积较大,PSV较高,RI较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者血清LH水平的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);卵巢功能正常组成功备孕率为75.0%,高于卵巢低功组的42.4%,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=6.331,P=0.012);与备孕失败组相比,备孕成功组血清AMH水平较高,FSH水平较低,阴道超声测定的卵巢体积较大,PSV较高,RI较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者血清LH水平的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Spearman相关分析结果显示,血清AMH水平与窦卵泡个数(AFC)、卵巢体积和备孕成功率呈正相关关系,相关系数rs分别为0.95,0.55和0.49;血清AMH水平与血清FSH水平呈负相关关系,相关系数rs=-0.74。结论血清抗缪勒氏管激素(AMH)可通过反应卵巢的储备功能间接地评估二胎高龄备孕妇女的生育力,为高龄妇女的备孕及治疗提供可靠依据。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.