清胰汤联合早期肠内营养治疗重症急性胰腺炎

目的探讨清胰汤联合早期肠内营养在重症急性胰腺炎治疗中的作用。方法将38例重症急性胰腺炎患者随机分为两组。对照组18例，予常规治疗及肠外营养；实验组20例，在常规治疗基础上，入院后即刻予清胰汤灌肠，并对肠功能恢复者早期实施肠内营养。结果实验组在腹胀缓解时间、胰腺感染率、住院天数和住院费用方面明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论清胰汤联合早期肠内营养对重症胰腺炎在减少胰腺感染、改善疾病转归等方面有重要意义。     

早期肠内营养及其方式对重症急性胰腺炎的影响

目的观察早期肠内营养及其不同方式对重症急性胰腺炎的影响。方法采用胰管逆行注射法建立大鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型,假手术组用生理盐水替代牛磺胆酸钠,所有大鼠均经胃造瘘口空肠置管,SAP组随机分为持续、间隙和未进行肠内营养三个亚组(每组12只),假手术组同样分为三个亚组(每组8只),48h后启动肠内营养;72h后再次麻醉大鼠,收集组织及血液标本;检测指标包括:肠道转运系数、血淀粉酶、器官细菌移位率、血清细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-1β)、胰腺病理评分、血浆D-乳酸等。结果(1)SAP后48h进行肠内营养并未加重胰腺炎,行肠内营养组与未行肠内营养组,在血淀粉酶、胰腺病理评分方面,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);然而早期肠内营养可以促进肠蠕动,减少肠道细菌移位率,二组间在肠道转运系数、脏器细菌移位率及血清TNF-α水平方面,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)重症急性胰腺炎肠内营养的二种方式,各项指标之间的比较无显著差异。结论SAP大鼠在早期经空肠行肠内营养是可行的,保持了肠道完整性、减少了脏器细菌移位率,但未改善预后;对SAP大鼠来说,持续和间隙二种肠内营养输注方式间差异无显著意义,二者相当。     

重症急性胰腺炎患者肠内、外营养的临床分析

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎患者肠内、外营养的价值。方法将26例重症急性胰腺炎患者随机分为肠内营养组（EN）和肠外营养（PN）组,行常规治疗,EN组在入院后3～5d经鼻空肠管早期实施肠内营养。PN组自入院起实施完全肠外营养。比较两组的血、尿淀粉酶、并发症、住院费用和住院时间。结果肠内营养组死亡2例,并发症1例,平均住院时间16d,住院费用8945元;肠外营养组死亡2例,并发症3例,平均住院时间21d,住院费用10856元。结论早期空肠内营养存重症急性胰腺炎治疗中可改善患者的营养状况,减少并发症及降低住院费用,值得推广。     

重症胰腺炎术后早期空肠内营养疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨重症胰腺炎术后早期空肠内营养支持疗效及安全性;方法收集我院外科手术治疗重症胰腺炎患者46例,根据术后营养主要供给路径的不同分为肠内营养组（24例）和肠外营养组（22例）,肠内营养组术后所需营养主要通过空肠营养管供给,肠外营养组主要通过静脉供给。观察两组治疗期间并发症,临床症状和指标恢复时间及住院时间;结果肠内营养组的感染、多器官功能衰竭、高血糖发生率显著低于肠外营养组（均P〈0.05）,血、尿清淀粉酶恢复正常时间、疼痛缓解时间、白细胞恢复正常时间及住院天数均显著短于肠外营养组（均P〈0.05）,而胰腺假性囊肿、急性呼吸窘迫综合征的发生率两组间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;结论重症胰腺炎术后早期空肠内营养支持疗法,可有效改善患者营养状况、降低并发症发生率、迅速改善临床症状、缩短治疗时间,且不增加死亡率,是安全、有效、符合临床需求的治疗方法。     

自制经鼻空肠营养管在急性重症胰腺炎早期的应用

目的探讨早期经鼻空肠肠内营养(EN)在急性重症胰腺炎(ASP)中的应用原则、方法及疗效。方法23例ASP患者在临床综合治疗的前提下,早期放置自行研制的经鼻空肠肠内营养管给予肠内营养,观察实施EN前后营养疗效指标的变化并做对比分析。结果23例ASP患者,在入院或术后3~11 d,平均第7天给予肠内营养,其血清白蛋白升高,体重增加,呈正氮平衡。血清转氨酶下降,肝功能改善,血淀粉酶未见增高。结论ASP早期经鼻空肠肠腔内营养无创伤,痛苦小,安全有效,对于改善机体营养状况、增强免疫力,促进脏器功能恢复,减少并发症作用显著。ASP肠内营养应用遵循“肠道有功能应使用肠道的原则”。     

肠内营养减少大鼠急性重症胰腺炎继发感染

目的：探讨肠内营养（EN）能否减少急性重症胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠胰腺继发感染的发生。方法：SD大鼠32只，随机分成4组：急性重症胰腺炎全肠外营养（TPN）组（A组）、模拟手术TPN组（B组）、急性重症胰腺炎EN组（C组）和模拟手术EN组（D组）。观察5天后肠道细菌移位情况、大鼠生存率及血生化变化。结果：SAP大鼠均无死亡，C组和D组大鼠对EN耐受良好；C组肠系膜淋巴结及胰腺组织细菌培养阳性率均为37．5％，明显低于A组的87．5％（P＝0．033），培养出的细菌多为肠道常见细菌。各组血生化指标相似。结论：EN能减少SAP大鼠肠道细菌移位的发生，从而减少胰腺继发感染。     

重症急性胰腺炎的肠内营养支持

重症急性胰腺炎病人处于高分解代谢状态,必须加强营养支持.经空肠肠内营养不刺激胰腺分泌,是安全可行的.目前,认为肠内营养支持能改善重症急性胰腺炎病人的营养状况,保护肠屏障功能,减少细菌和内毒素移位,调节炎症反应,降低住院费用.因此,重症急性胰腺炎病人应尽可能采用经空肠肠内营养,而非肠外营养支持.     

急性重症胰腺炎的早期肠内营养护理进展

目的 介绍急性重症胰腺炎的早期肠内营养护理的进展。方法 系统地分析早期肠内营养治疗重症胰腺炎的护理要点。结果 肠外营养治疗会加重肠道屏障功能的衰竭，而早期肠内营养将避免对胰腺的刺激，使其充分休息。结论 早期肠内营养治疗是急性重症胰腺炎患者营养支持治法的趋势。     

重症急性胰腺炎的早期肠内营养支持

目的:通过对15例重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)病人进行早期肠内营养支持,探讨SAP时早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性及有效性.方法:对我院普通外科2002年4月至2003年6月间15例SAP病人在入院3～5天时放置空肠螺旋管,在到达空肠后,进行肠内营养支持.观察病人的一般情况、营养状况、免疫功能及并发症的发生率等.结果:11例病人在置管2～3天后到达空肠,3例置管第4天时在X线透视辅助下置入空肠,1例在置管第4天时在内镜辅助下进入空肠.所有病人对早期肠内营养耐受良好,无胰腺炎复发,而且肠内营养开始后1～2周营养状况及免疫功能与营养支持前比较明显好转,无胰腺坏死组织继发感染的发生.结论:对SAP进行早期肠内营养支持是可行、安全和有效的,能改善SAP病人的营养状况及免疫功能.     

经鼻空肠管肠内加肠外营养治疗重症急性胰腺炎

目的：评价经鼻空肠内营养支持在重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）治疗中应用的安全性和有效性。方法：通过鼻空肠管实施肠内营养（ＥＮ）支持加肠外营养（ＰＮ）２１例,和完全胃肠外营养（ＴＰＮ）３５例进行比较。结果：肠内加肠外营养支持组并发症少,营养状况改善明显,住院时间短,住院费用低。结论：在ＳＡＰ病人实施肠内营养支持是安全和有效的,对消化道功能的恢复,保护肠道粘膜屏障,防止感染,改善机体营养状况大有裨益。     

"产业化"与"市场化"的错位

医疗改革之弊,也许在于过度的“市场化”而非产业化。如果不对这两个概念加以区别,将棒子打在“产业化”上,其结果有可能贻害相关领域的改革深化     

The use of "impotence" and "frigidity": why has "impotence" survived

The negative connotations and decreased utility of the terms "impotence" and "frigidity" prompted an investigation of their use in the literature. Psychological Abstracts were reviewed from 1940 to 1983 for titles containing these terms. It was found that both impotence and frigidity titles fluctuated at low levels from 1940 to 1969. Frigidity titles then increased slightly, but dropped to zero after 1979. Impotence titles, however, have continued to increase at a significant rate. Classic sexual behavior and therapy works are reviewed to explain this discrepancy since both terms are equally inappropriate.     

The "lessons" of the Australian "heroin shortage"

Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users including dependence, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. During the mid to late 1990s in Australia the prevalence of heroin use increased as reflected in steeply rising overdose deaths. In January 2001, there were reports of an unpredicted and unprecedented reduction in heroin supply with an abrupt onset in all Australian jurisdictions. The shortage was most marked in New South Wales, the State with the largest heroin market, which saw increases in price, dramatic decreases in purity at the street level, and reductions in the ease with which injecting drug users reported being able to obtain the drug. The abrupt onset of the shortage and a subsequent dramatic reduction in overdose deaths prompted national debate about the causes of the shortage and later international debate about the policy significance of what has come to be called the "Australian heroin shortage". In this paper we summarise insights from four years' research into the causes, consequences and policy implications of the "heroin shortage".     

耐多药结核病患者"知""信""行"护理干预模式研究

目的评价耐多药结核病患者“知、信、行”护理干预模式的效果。方法将60例耐多药结核病患者随机分成研究组和对照组各30例,对照组采用规则抗结核治疗和常规护理,研究组实施“知、信、行”护理干预。结果研究组知识、信念、行为明显高于对照组;12个月痰菌阴转率为83．3％、患者病灶吸收率81．3％、空洞闭合率55．6％,明显高于对照组;二者与对照组比较差异有显著意义。结论采用“知、信、行”护理干预模式,能有效地提高耐多药结核病患者的治疗疗效,改善其生活质量。     

Diagnosing "dayans" and "demons"

The new ?Witch Craft Prevention Bill? prohibiting witch hunting was passed in Bihar, India, in reaction to the branding and subsequent killing of more than 500 helpless women as "dayans" (witches) in the past 7 years. Most of them were single, widows, or deserted women victimized by the pathological greed of some of the male members of their families or by some powerful persons in the village community interested in claiming their property. Even with the passage of the bill, though, most of these crimes will remain unpunished because the community is an accomplice in them, and they tend not to be reported. What is needed overall is socioeconomic and political development that will lead to the empowerment of women to ensure that there will be an end to the cruel and inhuman activities (such as witch hunting) instigated by traditional healers or "Ojhas".     

Cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals

PURPOSE: To compare and contrast the cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals in the UK National Health Service (NHS). DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A multiple case study design incorporating a purposeful sample of "low" and "high" performing acute hospital Trusts, as assessed by the star performance rating system. FINDINGS: These case studies suggest that "high" and "low" performing acute hospital organisations may be very different environments in which to work. Although each case possessed its own unique character, significant patternings were observed within cases grouped by performance to suggest considerable cultural divergence. The key points of divergence can be grouped under four main headings: leadership and management orientation; accountability and information systems; human resources policies; and relationships within the local health economy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: As with any study, interpretation of findings should be tempered with a degree of caution because of methodological considerations. First, there are the limitations of case study which proceeds on the basis of theoretical rather than quantitative generalisation. Second, organisational culture was assessed by exploring the views of middle and senior managers. While one should in no way suggest that such an approach can capture all important cultural characteristics of organisations, it is believed that it may be at least partially justified, given the agenda-setting powers and influence of the senior management team. Finally "star" performance measures are far from a perfect measure of organisational performance. Despite such reservations, the findings indicate that organisational culture is associated in a variety of non-trivial ways with the measured performance of hospital organisations. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Highlights considerable cultural divergence within UK NHS hospitals.