紫锥菊有效成分提取工艺研究

目的提取紫锥菊中的总酚,并对提取物进行含量测定,优选提取的最佳方法。方法采用乙醇提取紫锥菊中的总酚,采用普鲁士蓝法以没食子酸为对照进行紫外吸收检测,用正交实验法优化提取工艺。结果筛选出紫锥菊总酚提取工艺为:用药材质量10倍的体积分数45%的乙醇进行超声提取3次,每次1 h,回收乙醇,浓缩,干燥得含有总酚的紫锥菊乙醇提取物。结论采用该方法可以有效地提取紫锥菊中总酚类物质,能够使紫锥菊药材得到比较充分的利用。     

紫锥菊

分析、测试和制备01 苍白紫锥菊 Echinacea pallida 和狭叶紫锥菊根的 TLC 和 HPLC 分析[英]/论文,502 紫锥菊根、根茎、茎、叶和花中酰胺类水平的快速分析法[英]/论文,503 用固相提取法和反相高效液相色谱法分离紫锥菊属植物中的游离酚酸[英]/论文,504 紫锥菊属植物的胶束动电毛细管色谱分析[英]/论文,405 紫锥菊汁中 p-香豆酸的定量测定方法[英]/论     

紫锥菊的形态学性状、分布高度与质量相关性研究

目的:探讨紫锥菊形态学、分布高度与内在质量的相关性,为优良品种的选育积累资料。方法:测量不同表型紫锥菊样品的形态学性状数据,采用高效液相色谱法测定样品中咖啡酸衍生物的含量,用比色法测定样品中总多酚的含量,并对样品形态学性状与质量进行相关性分析。结果:不同表型紫锥菊样品在形态学性状与质量上均存在差异:(1)各有效成分含量几乎均与植株的海拔高度成负相关,尤以菊苣酸显著。(2)形态学性状中,咖啡酸含量与株高、花序托高度之间呈正相关;绿原酸含量与花序托高度之间呈正相关;单咖啡酰酒石酸含量与株高呈正相关;菊苣酸含量与花序托高宽比呈正相关。结论:高海拔不利于紫锥菊有效成分的积累;株高、花序托高度与花序托高宽比可作为初步判断紫锥菊药材质量的表型性状。本试验可为田间紫锥菊优良种质的筛选提供理论基础。     

紫锥菊药理作用研究进展

紫锥菊属Echinacea Moench.植物是原产于美洲的一类菊科野生花卉,已开发为药品的主要为紫锥菊及狭叶紫锥菊2种。紫锥菊以其免疫刺激作用闻名于世,是国际上流行的免疫调节剂,近年来其单方或复方制剂被广泛用于感冒、咳嗽、支气管炎、上呼吸道感染的预防以及病毒感染、皮肤感染和免疫缺陷引起的慢性疾病等导致的功能失调的治疗。综述近年来国内外对紫锥菊抗炎、抗病毒、免疫调节等药理作用的研究进展。     

紫锥菊花中药效成分的提取工艺及抗炎活性研究

目的 研究临沂引种紫锥菊花中药效成分的最佳提取工艺及其抗炎活性。方法 采用L₉正交试验法筛选,通过高效液相色谱仪,用提取物中菊苣酸含量为量化指标进行量化,确定最佳提取工艺。耳肿胀和足跖肿胀试验确定紫锥菊花的抗炎活性。结果 紫锥菊花中药效成分的最佳提取工艺为70 ℃时用20倍量 60%乙醇提取120 min提取2次,菊苣酸得率为2.34%。紫锥菊花的乙醇提取物在试验剂量表现出较好抗炎活性。结论 该方法提取紫锥菊的药效成分的工艺简便,污染少,可用于工业化生产。紫锥菊花的乙醇提取物具有较好的抗炎活性。     

综合评分法优选驱虫斑鸠菊的提取工艺

目的优选驱虫斑鸠菊的最佳提取工艺。方法采用正交试验设计,以紫铆素含量、总黄酮含量及浸膏得率为指标,考察影响提取的因素。结果驱虫斑鸠菊的最佳提取工艺为加入10倍量水,浸泡1 h,煎煮1 h,共3次。结论该工艺可提高驱虫斑鸠菊的提取率。     

引种紫锥菊中菊苣酸的定性定量分析

目的:建立薄层色谱法(TLC)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC),对紫锥菊不同部位中的菊苣酸进行分析,为紫锥菊质量标准的建立提供依据。方法:TLC鉴别紫锥菊根、茎、叶、花中的菊苣酸;HPLC测定以上各部位中菊苣酸的含量,色谱柱为XTerraC18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸水溶液(23︰77),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,紫外检测波长为326 nm。结果:TLC中菊苣酸的斑点清晰可辨,Rf值为0.72;HPLC测得菊苣酸的进样浓度在0.5～100μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),方法的平均回收率(n=3)为95.3%(RSD=3.6%),紫锥菊根、茎、叶、花中的菊苣酸含量分别为12.1,0.68,5.60,2.47 mg.g-1。结论:该检测方法简便可行,可用于紫锥菊中菊苣酸的质量控制。     

高速逆流色谱法结合高效液相色谱法制备紫锥菊根中烷基酰胺类化合物

目的建立紫锥菊中多种烷基酰胺类化合物高效稳定的制备分离方法。方法以正己烷-乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水(2∶5∶5∶3)为溶剂体系,利用高速逆流色谱对紫锥菊根石油醚萃取物进行纯化,再经制备液相分离获得各单体化合物,根据MS、1H NMR、13C NMR波谱信息确定化学结构。结果获得纯度分别为94.43%,96.80%,98.89%,98.22%,96.42%,98.70%,93.28%和95.30%的8个烷基酰胺类化合物。结论高速逆流色谱和制备液相色谱联用技术可高效制备分离紫锥菊中多种烷基酰胺类化合物,为紫锥菊的药理研究及质量控制奠定基础。     

紫锥菊的疗效与安全性

紫锥菊是美国、欧洲、加拿大和澳大利亚最常用的植物药之一。在美国，2000～2002年间，紫锥菊的销售额分别为5842万、3970万和3244万美元，在草药销售额排行榜中分别居第4、2和3位。这么多人钟情于紫锥菊，它的疗效和安全性究竟如何呢?美国     

三种开封观赏菊与怀菊中总黄酮的含量比较

目的研究菊中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺及其在不同品种和部位中含量的差异。方法以紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮的含量为指标,首先对微波法和超声波法提取工艺进行比较,考察提取方法对菊花中总黄酮提取率的影响;并采用最佳的提取方法,研究比较三种开封观赏菊花与药用怀菊花以及大立菊的花、茎、叶中总黄酮含量的差异。结果超声波法提取效率较高,最佳提取工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数为80%,料液比(质量与体积比)为1∶25,提取时间为30 min。总黄酮质量浓度在20⁷0 mg·L-1内,线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为97.5%,RSD为1.81%;三种开封观赏菊花中紫悬崖菊的花中总黄酮含量最高,大立菊的花中黄酮含量最低,且均高于怀菊的花中总黄酮含量;其中大立菊的花中的黄酮含量最高,叶中的黄酮含量次之,茎中的黄酮含量最低。结论超声波法提取效率高、稳定性好,可作为菊中总黄酮的最佳提取方法。紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮的含量测定方法简单快速、准确可靠、稳定性好,为观赏性菊的质量控制研究提供参考。     

Investigation of phenolic constituents in Echinacea purpurea grown in China

Echinacea is a North American native medicinal herb. In 1990 s, it was introduced in China. Nowadays, Echinacea is growing successfully in a number of places in China, and has been used as a crude drug. However, the phytochemical variation in the plant grown in China has not been studied. In this study, the contents of total phenolics and caffeic acid derivatives in aerial parts and roots of Echinacea purpurea grown in China were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and colorimetric analysis. The effects of different drying methods on the components were also studied. The results show that the content of caffeic acid derivatives in E. purpurea reached its highest in the middle stage of full blossoming. The content of caffeic acid derivatives in fresh raw material was generally higher than that in dried raw material. There was no significant difference in the content of caffeic acid derivatives among three geographical populations of E. purpurea. Furthermore, the developmental pattern of total phenolics in E. purpurea was the same as that of caffeic acid derivatives. The stage of mid-bloom is an optimal harvesting period for both caffeic acid derivatives and total phenolics. In addition, the results show that the fresh raw material is the optimal material for pharmaceutical purposes, and that the optimal pharmaceutical parts are the roots, leaves and flowers.     

The effect of Echinacea angustifolia on non-specific cellular immunity in the mouse

Echinacea belongs to the most usable plants in medical treatment since many years. It is applicable in the fields of homoepathy and allopathy, however, there are many different ways of treatment. Two species are listed in the European Pharmacopoea: Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea. They differ in morphology and their chemical composition. There have been chemical and biological analyses of Echinacea for about 80 years. After exact investigations of these reports, the following result were found: Most chemical analyses were done with Echinacea angustifolia, especially the older ones, whereas biological activity was tested with Echinacea purpurea. In almost all of these experiments, proprietaries were preferred to use in contrast to any plant extracts. Most of the reports, which declared the stimulating biological activity of Echinacea could not resist any critical opinion. So the frequency of medical application of this drug is mainly due to delivered practical knowledge. The experiments described in this study were practised with a water-soluble plant extract of Echinacea angustifolia. Echinacosid one of its low-molecular compounds and proprietaries which contains this plant. Their influence on the unspecified cellular immunity of the mouse after intraperitoneal, intravenous or peroral application was investigated. Under various conditions no effects on the immuno system could be found using the carbon clearance test.     

Echinacea alkylamides inhibit interleukin-2 production by Jurkat T cells

Alkylamides present in Echinacea species have reported immunomodulatory actions, yet their direct effects on T lymphocytes, key mediators of antiviral immunity, are poorly understood. We hypothesized that constituents present in ethanolic extracts of Echinacea species exert direct immunomodulatory effects on human Jurkat T cells. Modulation of IL-2 production by submaximally stimulated Jurkat cells was determined in response to treatment with extracts prepared from dried aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea. Cells were treated with the extracts, with alkylamides or caffeic acid derivatives isolated from Echinacea species, or with corresponding ethanol vehicle, in the absence or presence of phytohemagglutinin and phorbal ester. E. purpurea extracted in a solvent mixture of 95:5 ethanol/water dose-dependently inhibited IL-2 production. This IL-2 inhibitory activity correlated with the presence of alkylamides but not caffeic acid derivatives, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis. Simultaneous measurement of secreted IL-2 by ELISA and cell viability by the XTT assay showed that the 95:5 ethanol/water extract of E. purpurea was both IL-2 suppressive and cytotoxic at 50 and 100 microg/mL. Lower concentrations from 6.25 to 25 microg/mL significantly decreased IL-2 production but not cell viability. Alkylamides at concentrations found in a 50 microg/mL extract decreased IL-2 production by approximately 50%. Two Echinacea-derived alkylamides significantly depressed IL-2 production but not cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, alkylamides present in E. purpurea suppress the ability of activated Jurkat T cells to produce IL-2 independently of direct, cytotoxic effects.     

A comparison study of effects of Echinacea extract and levamisole on phenytoin-induced cleft palate in mice

There are many reports that the teratogenic effects of phenytoin, especially cleft palate can be decreased by stimulation of maternal immune system. Also, there is some evidence that Echinacea extract and levamisole are immunomodulator drugs. So, in this study, we compared the prophylactic effects of levamisole and Echinacea extract on teratogenic effects of phenytoin. This study was performed on 32 pregnant mice that were divided into four groups. The first group (control group) received normal saline intraperitoneally and the other groups (test groups) received phenytoin (65 mg/kg intraperitoneally) at 10th day of gestation. Levamisole and extract of Echinacea purpurea were administrated at dose of 10 and 360 mg/kg intraperitoneally, respectively, in along with and 12h later after phenytoin injection, in two groups. Fetuses were carried out in 19th day of gestation and after determination of weight and length; they were stained by Alizarin red-Alcian blue method. Cleft palate incidence was 16, 5.3, and 3.2% in fetuses of mice that received only phenytoin, phenytoin with levamisole, and phenytoin with Echinacea extract, respectively. Mean weight and length of fetuses of animals that received levamisole and Echinacea extract were significantly greater than those received only phenytoin. It is concluded that Echinacea can stimulate immune system more than levamisole and has better prophylactic effect on incidence of phenytoin-induced cleft palate, but it is not significant.     

Alkamide levels in Echinacea purpurea: a rapid analytical method revealing differences among roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves and flowers

A rapid extraction, clean-up, and RPLC procedure suitable for routine quantitative analyses of alkamide levels in Echinacea purpurea extracts is described. The 13C-NMR spectra of the main diene-diyne alkamides in E. purpurea are reported. Alkamide levels differed significantly among roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, and flowers of E. purpurea. Roots were distinguished from other plant parts by higher levels of the C12 diene-diyne alkamides, whereas levels of the C12 tetraene alkamides and C11 diene-diynes were highest in vegetative stems. The ratio of the two stereoisomeric C12 tetraene alkamides differed between flowers and all other E. purpurea parts. These results are important for standardisation of medicinal preparations of E. purpurea.     

Growing environment and nutrient availability affect the content of some phenolic compounds in Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia

Medicinal plant production is different from other agricultural production systems in that the plants are grown for the production of specific phytochemical(s) for human use. To address this need, a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant, controlled-environment production system was developed for production of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia. Within the prototype facility, the growing systems, nutrient availability, water and physical environment were highly controlled. The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of different hydroponic systems, nutrient solution NO (3)(-)/NH (4)(+) ratios and mild water stress on the content of some phenolic compounds in Echinacea plants. The deep-flow solution culture system in which the plant roots were continuously immersed in the nutrient solutions was optimum for the growth of E. purpurea. Higher concentrations of caftaric acid, cynarin and echinacoside were produced in E. angustifolia plants grown in the soil-based growing media while the plants grown in the deep-flow solution system had higher levels of cichoric acid. Altering the NO (3)(-)/NH (4)(+) ratio or limited water stress did not have any significant effect on the phytochemical content of Echinacea plants. Echinacea plants grown in the controlled environment systems had higher or similar amounts of cynarin, caftaric acid, echinacoside and cichoric acid as previously reported in the literature for both field-cultivated and wild-harvested Echinacea plants. This growing system offers the advantages of year-round crop production with minimal contamination by environmental pollutants and common microbes.     

Studies on antigen specifity of immunoreactive arabinogalactan proteins extracted from Baptisia tinctoria and Echinacea purpurea.

In a series of experiments the cross-reactivity of antibodies raised against arabinogalactan proteins from Baptisia tinctoria and Echinacea purpurea was studied in order to prove the antigen specificity of the extracted glycoproteins/polysaccharides. Using the antigen-antibody reaction in a competitive ELISA it was evident that antibodies against glycoproteins from Baptisia tinctoria were specific because none of the other antigens like those from Echinacea purpurea, Thuja occidentalis, arabinogalactan from larch, LPS from E. coli 055:B5, and from Salmonella typhimurium were able to inhibit the antigen-antibody reaction. The same results were obtained from ELISA experiments with Echinacea purpurea. From these studies it was concluded that the antigenic regions of immunoreactive proteins from both medicinal plants show structural differences.     

The Constituents of Echinacea atrorubens Roots and Aerial Parts

Eleven isobutylamides have been isolated from the n -hexane extract of the dried roots of Echinacea atrorubens Nutt. Undeca-2 E, 4 E -dien-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide represents a new compound. The lipophilic profiles of constituents of the roots and the herb were similar as the alkamide profiles previously found in E. purpurea and E. angustifolia. The polar components of E. atrorubens roots and the aerial parts, however, seem to be very different from E. purpurea and E. angustifolia, since neither cichoric acid nor echinacoside could be found.     

MEKC analysis of different Echinacea species

The distribution pattern of caffeic acid derivatives in Echinacea species is complex, and problems with the identity of each drug have been recognized. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) has been applied to define the fingerprints of Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea, and their mixtures. The results obtained evidence that MEKC is a valuable tool for the characterization of these drugs.