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1.
A. Ferry F. Picard A. Duvallet B. Weill M. Rieu 《European journal of applied physiology》1990,59(6):435-442
Summary Absolute (×103·mm−3) or relative (%) numbers of blood leucocyte types (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils) and lymphocyte subsets (T11+, T4+,
T8+, B1+, and NKH1+) reacting with specific monoclonal antibodies were determined at rest, immediately after maximal exercise
on a treadmill, in six controls (C), and in six young cyclists before training (BT) and after 5 months of training (AT). Maximal
exercise significantly increased the absolute number (mobilization) of virtually all the types of leucocytes and subsets of
lymphocytes in C, BT and AT subjects. In these subjects mobilization of natural killer cells (NKH1+) and cytotoxic/suppressor
T lymphocytes (T8+) was greater than mobilization of the other leucocyte types and lymphocyte subsets; however, maximal exercise
induced no significant changes in the relative numbers of any leucocyte types and lymphocyte subsets, except in the case of
T4+ lymphocytes in AT cyclists. Chronic submaximal exercise induced increased mobilization of neutrophils and decreased mobilization
of lymphocytes during maximal exercise, except in the case of B lymphocytes (B1+) and NKH1+ cells, and decreases in the absolute
and relative number of neutrophils at rest. It remains to be seen how these results can explain the modifications of leucocyte
activities noted in vitro after isolated or chronic exercise. 相似文献
2.
目的:探讨代谢综合征(MS)患者血糖、血脂对血浆高密度脂蛋白(HDL)亚类组成及含量的影响。方法:收集MS患者组220例和对照组86例的血浆,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血脂及载脂蛋白的浓度,双向电泳-免疫印记检测法测定受试者HDL亚类的相对含量。结果:(1)与对照组相比,MS患者空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、LDL-C/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、载脂蛋白B100(apo B100)、apo B100/载脂蛋白A-I(apo A-I)、收缩压(SBP)、体重指数(BMI)与HDL3b含量均增加(P0.05),而HDLC、apo A-I、preβ2-HDL、HDL2a和HDL2b含量均减少(P0.01)。(2)随着血糖浓度的升高,血浆中HDL2a与HDL2b含量减少(P0.05),preβ1-HDL增加(P0.05)。(3)MS患者随着HDL-C含量的降低,HDL2b含量减少(P0.01),preβ1-HDL增加(P0.01)。(4)MS患者随着TG水平的增加和HDL-C水平的降低,血浆中小颗粒的preβ1-HDL有增加的趋势,而大颗粒的HDL2b有减少趋势,HDL成熟代谢受阻。(5)相关性分析发现FPG与大颗粒的HDL2a和HDL2b呈负相关;HDL-C与HDL2b呈正相关,而与preβ1-HDL呈负相关;TG含量与preβ1-HDL、HDL3b呈正相关。结论:MS患者随着血糖、TG含量的增加及HDL-C含量的减少,大颗粒的HDL2a和HDL2b含量减少,而小颗粒的preβ1-HDL含量增加,HDL颗粒有变小的趋势,HDL颗粒的成熟代谢受阻。 相似文献
3.
The effects of a single session of moderate intensity (65% VO(2)max) aerobic exercise expending 500 kcal of energy on serum lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations and the electrophoretic characteristics of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were determined in 11 sedentary, eumenorrheic, premenopausal women immediately prior to, and 24 and 48 h following exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant reductions in triglyceride (25.0%), HDL-cholesterol (10.9%), and HDL(3)-cholesterol (11.9%) concentrations at 48 h post-exercise. Despite these changes in lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, no significant changes were observed in peak LDL or HDL particle sizes or in the distribution of cholesterol within the LDL and HDL subfractions. Accordingly, it appears that a single session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise expending 500 kcal (2,092 kJ) of energy promotes reductions in triglyceride, HDL-C, and HDL(3)-C concentrations without concomitantly affecting the electrophoretic characteristics of LDL and HDL particles in this sample of women. 相似文献
4.
The acute effect of 30 min of moderate exercise on high density lipoprotein cholesterol in untrained middle-aged men 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lyle M. Hubinger Laurel Traeger Mackinnon 《European journal of applied physiology》1992,65(6):555-560
Summary Fifteen middle-aged, untrained (defined as no regular exercise) men (mean age 49.9 years, range 42–67) cycled on a cycle ergometer at 50 rpm for 30 min at an intensity producing 60% predicted maximum heart rate [(f
c,max), wheref
c, max = 220 - age]. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (Tg) concentrations were measured from fasting fingertip capillary blood samples collected at rest, after 15 and 30 min of exercise, and at 15 min post-exercise. The mean HDL-C level increased significantly from the resting level of 0.85 mmol · l–1 to 0.97 mmol · 1–1 (P<0.05) after 15 min of exercise, increased further to 1.08 mmol · 1–1 (P<0.01) after 30 min of exercise and remained elevated at 1.07 mmol · 1–1 (P<0.01) at 15 min post-exercise. These increases represented changes above the mean resting level of 14.1%, 27.1% and 25.9% respectively. The HDL-C/LDL-C ratio increased significantly from a resting ratio of 0.20 to 0.26 after 30 min of exercise (P < 0.01) and to 0.24 at 15 min post-exercise (P<0.05). The mean Tg level increased significantly from a resting level of 0.88 mmol · 1–1 to 1.05 mmol · 1–1 after 15 min, and to 1.06 mmol · I–1 after 30 min of exercise (P<0.05 at each time). The TC/HDL-C ratio decreased significantly (P=0.05) after 30 min of exercise and at 15 min post-exercise by 18.8% and 14%, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the levels of TC or LDL-C over time. These results indicate that 30 min of moderate exercise elicits significant changes in HDL-C concentration during and up to 15 min after the exercise in untrained middle-aged men with low mean resting levels of HDL-C (0.85 mmol · 1–1). 相似文献
5.
To evaluate the chronic effects of voluntary exercise at lower levels on primary cardiovascular risk factors, inactive strain male Fischer rats were housed either with or without free access to activity wheels under controlled environmental conditions. The average amount of exercise for the 35-week duration was 722 (SD 362) m·day–1·rat–1, which was among the lowest found in the existing reports. Nonetheless, the body mass gains of the exercising rats were markedly inhibited, being 13% less (P < 0.001) than those of the sedentary controls, despite a 22% increase in food consumption (P < 0.0001), suggesting a remarkable prevention of adiposity. A noticeable improvement of serum lipid profiles was also found; a 53% reduction in triglyceride concentrations (P < 0.01) and a 13% increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.05). In addition, resting systolic blood pressure was lowered by 7% (P < 0.01). These results would suggest that even lower-level physical activity, if continued regularly, will attenuate the age-related development of cardiovascular risk factors associated with a sedentary lifestyle. 相似文献
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9.
Masahiro Ohira Yasuhiro Watanabe Takashi Yamaguchi Hiroki Onda Shuhei Yamaoka Kazuki Abe Shoko Nakamura Sho Tanaka Naoyuki Kawagoe Taiki Nabekura Takashi Oshiro Daiji Nagayama Ichiro Tatsuno Atsuhito Saiki 《Obesity facts》2021,14(6):633
IntroductionLaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) significantly increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in pre-heparin serum (pre-heparin LPL levels). LPL is a regulator of serum triglyceride (TG) and HDL-C production; this may be the mechanism for HDL-C increase after LSG. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of increase in HDL-C levels by examining the relationship between changes in serum HDL-C levels and LPL after LSG.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 104 obese patients, who underwent LSG and were followed up for 12 months. We analyzed the relationship between changes in serum HDL-C levels and various clinical parameters after LSG.ResultsA significant decrease was observed in the patients'' BMI and serum TG levels after LSG. Conversely, HDL-C levels and pre-heparin LPL levels were significantly increased after LSG. Simple linear regression showed that changes in HDL-C levels were significantly correlated with total weight loss percentage, change in TG levels, abdominal fat areas, and pre-heparin LPL levels. Additionally, the multiple regression model revealed that a decrease in TG levels and an increase in pre-heparin LPL levels were correlated with increased HDL-C levels after LSG.Discussion/ConclusionThese results show that a decrease in TG levels and an increase in LPL are mechanisms for increased HDL-C levels after LSG. 相似文献
10.
Adam W. Powell John L. Jefferies Robert J. Hopkin Wayne A. Mays Zhiqian Goa Clifford Chin 《American journal of medical genetics. Part A》2018,176(9):1852-1857
The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a valuable tool to assess a patient's aerobic fitness and cardiac function, including the response to stress. There have been few studies using CPET to evaluate cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with Fabry disease. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with Fabry disease from 2001 to 2016, compared to age, gender, and size‐matched normal controls. A total of 18 patients were evaluated using the Bruce protocol (treadmill) and 11 patients were evaluated with the ramp protocol (cycle ergometer). The Fabry group demonstrated significantly lower heart rate at peak exercise (151.2 ± 22.5 vs. 178.6 ± 16.2, p < .05), max indexed VO2 (23.7 ± 7 vs. 33.9 ± 8.4, p < .05), and peak index oxygen pulse (12.1 ± 3 vs. 15.2 ± 4.2, p < .05). When the groups were further separated into treadmill or cycle ergometry testing only, there remained statistically significant differences in peak indexed oxygen pulse, heart rate at peak exercise, and max indexed VO2. There was a statistically significant difference between the Fabry patients evaluated by treadmill testing for systolic blood pressure at peak exercise that was not seen in the cycle ergometry group. Additionally, when looking at the patients who had concurrent cardiac MRI (cMRI) with their CPET, there was a positive correlation with max indexed VO2 and right ventricular end‐diastolic volume (r = .55, p = .007) and end‐systolic volume (r = .59, p = .007). Patients with Fabry disease have impaired cardiopulmonary exercise capacity as measured by CPET. Additionally, in patients with Fabry disease there is a positive correlation with functional capacity and right ventricular volumes on cMRI. 相似文献
11.
Laing SJ Gwynne D Blackwell J Williams M Walters R Walsh NP 《European journal of applied physiology》2005,93(5-6):665-671
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged exercise in hot conditions on saliva IgA (s-IgA) responses in trained cyclists. On two occasions, in random order and separated by 1 week, 12 male cyclists cycled for 2 h on a stationary ergometer at 62 (3)% O2 max [194 (4) W; mean (SEM)], on one occasion (HOT: 30.3°C, 76% RH) and on another occasion (CONTROL: 20.4°C, 60% RH). Water was available ad-libitum. Venous blood samples and 2-min whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected at pre, post and 2 h post-exercise. The s-IgA concentration was determined using a sandwich-type ELISA. Exercising heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, rectal temperature, corrected body mass loss (P<0.01) and plasma cortisol (P<0.05) were greater during HOT. The decrease in plasma volume post-exercise was similar on both trials [HOT: –6.7 (1.1) and CONTROL: –6.6 (1.3)%; P<0.01]. Saliva flow rate decreased post-exercise by 43% returning to pre-exercise levels by 2 h post-exercise (P<0.05) with no difference between trials. Saliva IgA concentration increased post-exercise (P<0.05) with no difference between trials. Saliva IgA secretion rate decreased post-exercise by 34% returning to pre-exercise levels by 2 h post-exercise (P<0.05) with no difference between trials. These data show that a prolonged bout of exercise results in a reduction in s-IgA secretion rate. Additionally, these data demonstrate that performing prolonged exercise in the heat, with ad libitum water intake, does not influence s-IgA responses to prolonged exercise. 相似文献
12.
The purpose of present study was to investigate plasma adiponectin response to acute exercise in highly trained male rowers. Ten rowers performed a maximal 6,000-m rowing ergometer test [mean performance time 20 min; 1,200.8 (29.9) s], and venous blood samples were obtained before, immediately after and after 30 min of recovery. In addition to adiponectin concentration, leptin, insulin, growth hormone and glucose values were measured. Adiponectin was not changed immediately after the exercise when uncorrected for plasma volume changes (–8.1%; P>0.05). However, adiponectin was decreased immediately after the exercise when adjusted for plasma volume changes (–11.3%; P<0.05). Adiponectin was significantly increased above the resting value after the first 30 min of recovery (uncorrected for plasma volume, +19.3%; corrected for plasma volume, +20.0%). No changes occurred in plasma leptin and insulin concentrations with exercise (uncorrected for plasma volume changes). While growth hormone and glucose values were significantly increased and decreased to the pre-exercise level immediately after the exercise and after the first 30 min of recovery, respectively (uncorrected for plasma volume changes), no differences in the responses to exercise were observed in these measured blood parameters when adjusting for plasma volume changes. There were no relationships between plasma adiponectin and other measured blood parameters before and after the exercise, nor were changes in adiponectin related to changes in other measured blood biochemical values after the exercise. These results suggest that plasma adiponectin is altered as a result of maximal acute exercise in highly trained athletes. 相似文献
13.
P. Schmid W. Wolf E. Pilger G. Schwaberger H. Pessenhofer H. Pristautz G. Leb 《European journal of applied physiology》1982,48(1):31-39
Summary The response of various thyroid hormone parameters to maximal physical exercise (MPE) was investigated in 14 medium and long distance runners and 13 divers. The effect of submaximal long time physical exercise (SMPE) was examined in seven divers. The TSH-level decreases significantly during MPE and slightly rises again after the end of the exercise. In SMPE, however, TSH continuously rises until 15 min after the end of the exercise. The T3 level rises significantly in MPE and falls below the initial value 15 min after the exercise finishes, during SMPE it remains practically unchanged and slightly decreases after the finish. In MPE, the rT3 level does not change and slightly decreases after termination, while the fT4 level continuously decreases from the beginning till 15 min after the exercise period. The latter two parameters do not show any change in SMPE. As possible reasons for the changes of TSH levels a decrease (MPE) or an increase (SMPE) of pituitary secretion might play a role. Furthermore, in MPE the rise in T3 level might be related to hemoconcentration, and the decrease in fT4 level to an elevated cellular utilization. 相似文献
14.
We examined the effect of exercise on postprandial lipemia (PPL) and insulin resistance in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Subjects were 10 hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) males with insulin resistance [age = 40.1 ± 2.2 years, body weight = 96.3 ± 3.3 kg, fasting triglyceride (TG) = 263 ± 25 mg/dl, VO2max = 37 ± 1.1 ml/kg/min, and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR, an index of insulin resistance) = 3.05 ± 0.40]. Each subject performed a control trial (Ctr, no exercise), and three exercise trials at 40% (40%T), 60% (60%T), and 70% (70%T) of their VO2max. The order of trials was randomized and there were 1–2 weeks wash-out period between the trials. All subjects had a fat-meal in each trial. In the exercise trials, subjects jogged on a treadmill for 1 h at a designated intensity 12 h prior to a fat-meal ingestion. Blood samples were taken at 0 h (before the meal), and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after the meal. The plasma TG, area score under TG concentration curve for over an 8 h-period (TG AUC) after the meal, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. The TG AUC score in 40%T was 30% lower (P = 0.003), 60%T was 31% lower (P = 0.02), and 70%T was 39% lower (P = 0.02) than Ctr. There were no significant differences in the TG AUC scores among the exercise trials (P > 0.05). The insulin concentrations in both 60 and 70%T were lower than Ctr (P < 0.01) which did not differ from 40%T. HOMA-IR in both 60%T (P = 0.041) and 70%T (P = 0.002) were lower than Ctr, but not different from 40%T (HOMA-IR: Ctr = 3.05 ± 0.40, 40%T = 2.67 ± 0.35, 60%T = 2.49 ± 0.31, 70%T = 2.21 ± 0.27). The results suggest that for physically inactive individuals with metabolic syndrome, exercising at low to moderate intensity may be sufficient to attenuate PPL and increase insulin sensitivity, whereas higher intensity exercise may be needed to normalize blood glucose. 相似文献
15.
Prediction of time to exhaustion from blood lactate response during submaximal exercise in competitive cyclists 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sassi A Marcora SM Rampinini E Mognoni P Impellizzeri FM 《European journal of applied physiology》2006,97(2):174-180
The aim of this investigation was to develop and validate a new method to predict time to exhaustion (pTE) from blood lactate variables measured during a submaximal non-exhaustive constant workload cycling test in professional cyclists. A multiple regression equation to estimate pTE from blood lactate variables measured within the first 10 min of a submaximal test and TE was determined in 40 competitive cyclists. Predicted TE reliability [individual coefficient of variation (CV)] was calculated in eight amateur cyclists who repeated the proposed test three times. Seasonal variations of pTE were monitored in 12 professional cyclists. Validity of pTE was determined by the known-group difference method in 49 professional cyclists. The prediction equation was: lognTE = 4.2067 − 0.8221(logn B) − 0.2519(logn C), where B is the lactate concentration at the 10th minute of the constant workload test and C is the lactate slope calculated between the 5th and 10th minute (adjusted r
2 =0.83, root mean square error in cross validation=23.1%). Predicted TE CV was 11.7%. The pTE obtained at the beginning of the season and the best and worst tests performed during the competitive season, resulted 162, 224 and 103% higher than the basic period test, respectively (P<0.05). Predicted TE was the only parameter discriminating elite from subelite professional cyclists. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that pTE is a valid and practical alternative to incremental tests and direct measures of endurance capacity requiring exhaustive efforts for the evaluation of competitive cyclists. 相似文献
16.
Daniel S. Miles Jacky J. Owens Jane C. Golden Robert W. Gotshall 《European journal of applied physiology》1987,56(1):12-17
Summary The purpose of this study was to examine the central and peripheral hemodynamic adaptations to maximal leg extension exercise. Seventeen men (¯X=25 years, 84 kg) performed leg extension exercise (Universal equipment) for 12 repetitions (90s) to fatigue. Each repetition consisted of a 3s lifting motion, 1s pause, and 3s lowering motion. Impedance cardiography was used to measure stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (
), systolic time intervals, and impedance contractility indices on a beat-by-beat basis. There were significant increases in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance, and HR during exercise. The mean
remained similar throughout the protocol. SV decreased even though indices of myocardial performance indicated an enhancement of contractility. The magnitude of
and SV were dependent upon the phase of leg extension. SV and
during the lifting portions of the exercise were smaller than the lowering portions. The differences in SV and
during the concentric and eccentric phases of the exercise most likely reflect the large static forces in exercising muscle which impeded venous return and increased afterload. 相似文献
17.
Julia Perttil? Krista Merikanto Jussi Naukkarinen Ida Surakka Nicolas W. Martin Kimmo Tanhuanp?? Vinciane Grimard Marja-Riitta Taskinen Christoph Thiele Veikko Salomaa Antti Jula Markus Perola Ismo Virtanen Leena Peltonen Vesa M. Olkkonen 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》2009,87(8):825-835
Analysis of variants in three genes encoding oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) homologues (OSBPL2, OSBPL9, OSBPL10) in Finnish families with familial low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (N?=?426) or familial combined hyperlipidemia (N?=?684) revealed suggestive linkage of OSBPL10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with extreme end high triglyceride (TG; >90th percentile) trait. Prompted by this initial finding, we carried out association analysis in a metabolic syndrome subcohort (Genmets) of Health2000 examination survey (N?=?2,138), revealing association of multiple OSBPL10 SNPs with high serum TG levels (>95th percentile). To investigate whether OSBPL10 could be the gene underlying the observed linkage and association, we carried out functional experiments in the human hepatoma cell line Huh7. Silencing of OSBPL10 increased the incorporation of [3H]acetate into cholesterol and both [3H]acetate and [3H]oleate into triglycerides and enhanced the accumulation of secreted apolipoprotein B100 in growth medium, suggesting that the encoded protein ORP10 suppresses hepatic lipogenesis and very-low-density lipoprotein production. ORP10 was shown to associate dynamically with microtubules, consistent with its involvement in intracellular transport or organelle positioning. The data introduces OSBPL10 as a gene whose variation may contribute to high triglyceride levels in dyslipidemic Finnish subjects and provides evidence for ORP10 as a regulator of cellular lipid metabolism. 相似文献
18.
Tsikunov SG Klyueva NN Kusov AG Vinogradova TV Klimenko VM Denisenko AD 《Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine》2006,141(5):636-638
The concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides in rat serum sharply decreased after psychic trauma
caused by life hazard. The content of these substances remained unchanged for not less than 1 week after trauma. The concentration
of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was low, while serum content of triglycerides increased 6 weeks after trauma. The
concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased after repeated psychic trauma. These changes
were accompanied by a sharp increase in the concentration of triglycerides in the serum. Total cholesterol concentration in
the liver decreased under these conditions.
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Translated from Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 141, No. 5, pp. 575–578, May, 2006 相似文献
19.
Stephen H Boutcher Peter F McLaren Yvette Cotton Yati Boutcher 《Revue canadienne de physiologie appliquée》2003,28(1):12-26
Stroke volume response of trained cyclists (n = 10; Trained), active but untrained men (n = 10; Active), and sedentary men (n = 10; Sedentary) was determined by impedance cardiography during cycle ergometer exercise. For the Trained, at a heart rate of 90 beats. min(-1), stroke volume increased by 27% compared to baseline levels, whereas stroke volume of Active and Sedentary groups did not significantly increase. Throughout exercise indices of ventricular emptying and filling of Trained were significantly greater than that of the other two groups whereas ventricular rates of the Active were significantly greater than those of the Sedentary. Throughout exercise cardiac contractility of the Trained was significantly greater than the other two groups. Results indicate that despite similar resting heart rate, stroke volume, and body mass, Trained compared to Active men significantly enhanced stroke volume, ventricular filling, and cardiac contractility during incremental ergometry exercise. Active compared to Sedentary men, however, displayed significantly larger stroke volume and ventricular filling rates during ergometry. We conclude that impedance cardiography indices of ventricular performance of aerobically trained men were superior to those of active, untrained men possessing similar resting stroke volume and heart rate. Furthermore, the ventricular performance of the active men possessing large resting stroke volume was superior to that of sedentary men. 相似文献
20.
Peak blood ammonia and lactate after submaximal,maximal and supramaximal exercise in sprinters and long-distance runners 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary The purpose of this study was to elucidate the difference in peak blood ammonia concentration between sprinters and long-distance runners in submaximal, maximal and supramaximal exercise. Five sprinters and six long-distance runners performed cycle ergometer exercise at 50% maximal, 75% maximal, maximal and supramaximal heart rates. Blood ammonia and lactate were measured at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 min after each exercise. Peak blood ammonia concentration at an exercise intensity producing 50% maximal heart rate was found to be significantly higher compared to the basal level in sprinters (P < 0.01) and in long-distance runners (P < 0.01). The peak blood ammonia concentration of sprinters was greater in supramaximal exercise than in maximal exercise (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in long-distance runners. The peak blood ammonia content after supramaximal exercise was higher in sprinters compared with long-distance runners (P < 0.01). There was a significant relationship between peak blood ammonia and lactate after exercise in sprinters and in long-distance runners. These results suggest that peak blood ammonia concentration after supramaximal exercise may be increased by the recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibres and/or by anaerobic training, and that the processes of blood ammonia and lactate production during exercise may be strongly linked in sprinters and long-distance runners. 相似文献