股静脉与颈内静脉半永久双腔导管在血液透析中的应用

目的:比较股静脉与颈内静脉半永久双腔导管在血液透析中的使用情况。方法:采用前瞻性研究,将50例不能建立动静脉内瘘的患者分为两组:颈内静脉组31例,将半永久性双腔导管留置于颈内静脉;股静脉组19例,将半永久性双腔导管留置于股静脉。观察两组患者导管使用寿命、并发症、透析血流量及Kt/V值等指标。结果:颈内静脉组导管使用寿命为(387±101)天,而股静脉组为(210±88)天,差异有显著性(P<0.05);两组的透析血流量与Kt/V值差异无显著性。结论:对不能建立动静脉内瘘的患者,股静脉及颈内静脉半永久性双腔导管是较好的血管通路,颈内静脉优于股静脉。     

透视下与非透视下颈内静脉长期血液透析导管置管的临床效果观察

目的探讨在透视下与非透视下行颈内静脉长期血液透析（血透）导管置管术的临床效果。方法对2009年7月至2013年7月该院收治的88例尿毒症患者行颈内静脉长期血透导管置管术。前2年,42例均在导管室X射线透视定位下进行,右侧颈内静脉32例（A组）,左侧颈内静脉10例（B组）;后2年,46例均为非透视下进行．右侧颈内静脉34例（C组）,左侧颈内静脉12例（D组）,观察置管的成功率、导管首次透析血流量、尿素下降率（URR）、整体尿素清除率（Kt／v）及性价比。结果四组均能成功置管,A组、C组导管首次透析血流量及充分性均良好,但A、C两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;D组较B组置管首次透析血流量及充分性均差,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论右侧颈内静脉置管术首选非透视下进行,在节约患者医疗费用的同时减少患者及医务人员的放射性接触;左侧颈内静脉置管可优先选用透视下进行．有利于及时确定导管尖端位置并予以调整．避免透析血流量不足及透析不充分．     

颈内静脉与股静脉临时置管在血液透析中应用的比较

目的比较颈内静脉及股静脉临时置管在血液透析中的应用。方法将124例中心静脉临时置管后血液透析的患者分为两组,其中股静脉置管组76例,颈内静脉置管组48例,观察两组患者导管留置时间、导管使用次数、透析血流量、Kt/v、并发症等指标。结果颈内静脉置管组导管留置时间、导管使用次数、透析血流量、Kt/v分别为（41.81±10.96）d、（17.17±4.83）次、（230.94±20.33）mL/min及1.48±0.16,显著高于股静脉置管组的（27.09±9.77）d、（10.46±4.13）次、（215.46±28.07）mL/min及1.18±0.22,差异有统计学意义。股静脉置管组感染、栓塞及穿刺并发症分别为34.2%、26.3%及18.4%,显著高于颈内静脉置管组的8.3%、6.3%及10.4%。结论对比而言,颈内静脉置管是一种更为理想的血液透析临时血管通路。     

尿激酶联合抗生素在血液透析静脉留置导管感染中的应用

目的 探讨血液透析静脉留置导管感染应用尿激酶及不同抗生素治疗的效果.方法 选择2009年3月至2012年7月在我院接受静脉留置导管进行血液透析并发生导管相关性感染合并败血症的患者,共14例,根据导管性质分为右颈内长期静脉置管组（6例）与临时静脉导管组（8例）.根据血培养药敏试验选取抗生素全身静脉用药,同时采用与静脉给药相同的抗生素溶液混合尿激酶进行封管.观察患者全身炎症症状及是否存在药物不良反应,记录每次透析导管血流量;恢复常规肝素封管后再连续3个月观察记录每次透析导管血流量.结果 14例患者全身炎症症状均在上述治疗后2～3 d明显好转,治疗后连续2周、1个月后复查血培养及导管中血培养均转阴性,观察期间所有患者均未出现恶心、呕吐、皮疹等药物不良反应.长期留置导管组、临时导管组治疗前后血流量比较,均P＞0.05;但长期导管组治疗3个月后的导管血流量小于临时导管组[（199.8±19.4）mL/min vs （229.5±22.5）mL/min].结论 应用抗生素与尿激酶混合液封管有效、安全,能够提高无导管感染生存率,同时不增加长期使用抗生素所导致的不良事件发生率.     

颈内静脉置管血液透析35例临床分析

目的:探讨颈内静脉插管并发症发生的原因、机制和治疗措施.方法:采用Seldinger法由右颈内静脉插人导管ABCE11.5Fr-16cm,按常规行血液透析.结果:并发症以穿刺部位渗血,导管相关性感染,流出道梗阻为主.经及时处理,均能坚持透析.结论:颈内静脉插管具有穿刺成功率高、痛苦小、血管损伤小不影响造瘘、能很好地提供有效血流量等优点.     

氯吡格雷在长期中心静脉导管功能不良中的应用

目的:观察氯吡格雷预防长期中心静脉导管功能不良的临床疗效及安全性。方法:将124例应用长期中心静脉导管的维持性血液透析患者,随机分为氯吡格雷低剂量组、高剂量组和对照组,低剂量组、高剂量组分别每日给予氯吡格雷50、100mg口服,对照组仅用肝素盐水封管,观察6个月治疗期间长期中心静脉导管功能情况、首次尿激酶干预时间及尿激酶干预次数,并比较3组间凝血功能变化和药物不良反应。结果:氯吡格雷低剂量组和高剂量组6个月治疗期间导管功能不良发生的次数显著降低、尿激酶首次干预的时间推迟、尿激酶干预次数明显减少,与对照组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。氯吡格雷高剂量组治疗6月后血小板计数(PLT)出现降低、凝血酶时间(PT)时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)明显延长,与治疗后低剂量组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:口服50mg的氯吡格雷能减少长期中心静脉导管功能不良的发生,并且安全性好。     

PICC置管中延迟撤除支撑导丝对颈内静脉导管异位复位成功率的影响

目的探讨经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管（PICC）时延迟撤离支撑导丝对颈内静脉导管异位复位成功率的影响。方法将2013年1月至2014年1月行PICC的316例患者随机分为对照组和观察组各158例。对照组在导管置入预测长度后撤离支撑导丝,再用超声探头探查颈静脉,确认导管无异位后修剪导管并连接正压接头,如发现导管异位立即在无菌条件下行复位;观察组在导管置入至预测长度后立即用超声探头探查颈静脉,如导管无异位再撤离支撑导丝,修剪导管并连接正压接头,如发现导管异位及时在支撑导丝作用下行复位。对比两组患者在置管过程中颈内静脉导管异位的发生率、复位成功率以及平均复位时间的差异。结果观察组发生导管异位30例,其中颈内静脉导管异位29例;对照组发生导管异位32例,其中颈内静脉导管异位27例。观察组颈内静脉导管异位发生率（18.35%）与对照组（17.09%）比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;但复位成功率（96.55%,28/29）高于对照组（77.78%,21/27）,平均复位时间[（5.70±1.22）min]短于对照组[（8.90±2.53）min],差异均有统计学意义（χ2=4.51,t=6.10,P〈0.05）。结论在超声引导下应用赛丁格技术行PICC术中,导管送至预测长度后常规探查颈静脉,排除颈内静脉导管异位后撤除支撑导丝,有利于颈内静脉导管异位的复位。     

头孢噻肟钠联合尿激酶封管在永久性置管中醮临床应用

目的探讨头孢噻肟钠联合尿激酶封管在永久性置管中的临床疗效。方法选取本院透析中心2010年1月～2013年2月经颈内静脉长期留置导管的48例患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组23例,观察组25例,对照组予普通肝素封管,观察组每半月在对照组的基础上予头孢噻肟钠联合尿激酶封管,其他时间封管同对照组。结果观察组感染率、血流量、回路静脉压、上机前发生抽吸导管不畅事件的例次与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。缩论头孢噻肟钠联合尿激酶封管能减少导管感染及导管功能不良事件的发生率,延长永久性导管使用寿命,提高透析充分性,值得临床推广应用。     

颈内静脉长期导管在血液透析中的应用评价

目的:探析颈内静脉长期导管用于血液透析中的可行性。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月~2017年1月在某院透析室接受血液透析治疗的60患者临床资料,根据血管通路方式不同分组,对照组为动静脉内瘘,观察组为颈内静脉长期导管,对比两组患者的并发症发生率、最大血流量、尿素氮清除效率。结果:观察组患者的血液透析6个月内并发症发生率比对照组高,P0.05;观察组患者的最大血流量、尿素氮清除率与对照组对比差异不显著,P0.05。结论:颈内静脉长期导管作为血液透析的血管通路虽然并发症较多,但是其最大血流量、尿素氮清除率与动静脉内瘘无明显差异,可以满足患者血液透析的需求,可以作为动静脉内瘘的一种补充血管通路方式。     

永久性颈内静脉置管在血液透析中的运用

目的：评价永久性颈内静脉导管血管通路的效果。方法：选择本院2005年6月～2010年6月期间行永久性颈内静脉导管患者60例（Ⅰ组）,并选同期行临时性双腔导管患者60例为对照组（Ⅱ组）,对比分析两组患者导管使用情况及并发症。结果：Ⅰ组导管平均使用时间为（14.1±9.3）个月,与Ⅱ组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;Ⅰ组导管感染5例,感染率为8.33%,与Ⅱ组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组患者导管在血流量、Kt/V、血栓形成率方面比较差异无统计学意义。结论：对于无法建立内瘘需留置导管的患者,永久性颈内静脉导管是一种有效安全使用周期长的方法。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Genotoxic effects of chlorophenoxy herbicide diclofop-methyl in mice in vivo and in human lymphocytes in vitro

Diclofop-methyl (DM) is a chlorophenoxy derivative used in large quantities for the control of annual grasses in grain and vegetable crops. In this study, the genotoxic effects of DM were investigated by measuring chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in mouse bone-marrow cells and CA and the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. Mice were treated with 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, and 125?mg/kg body weight of DM intraperitoneally for 24 hours, and 15.63-, 31.25-, 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations were applied to human lymphocytes for both 24 and 48 hours. In in vivo treatments, DM significantly, but not dose dependently, increased the total chromosome aberrations, compared to both negative and solvent controls. Cell proliferation was significantly, but not dose dependently, affected by all doses. In in vitro treatments, DM (except 15.63 µg/mL) significantly and dose dependently increased the frequency of chromosome aberrations. Also, 250 µg/mL of 48-hour treatment was found to be toxic. Cell proliferation was significantly and dose dependently affected by DM applications, when compared to negative control. In in vitro treatments, DM significantly decreased the mitotic index only at the highest concentration for 24 hours, and 62.5- and 125-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. In the comet assay, a significant and dose-dependent increase in comet-tail intensity was observed at 62.5-, 125-, and 250-µg/mL concentrations. The mean comet-tail length was significantly increased in all concentrations. Our results demonstrate that DM is genotoxic in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

2010调脂治疗领域进展

2010年在调脂治疗领域针对他汀治疗心血管病的防治又进行了许多探索。本文通过综述他汀类药物的国际大规模临床试验结果,重新评价了他汀类药物在冠心病一级预防和冠心病二级预防中的地位,阐明了强化他汀治疗的意义;对他汀的心肾保护作用和安全性新证据进行了说明。