A case of occult contralateral breast cancer incidentally detected by contrast-enhanced mri; report of a case with review of literature

We encountered a case of occult contralateral breast cancer, previously undetected by conventional imaging such as mammography (MMG) and ultrasonography (US), but incidentally detected by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI). We present it here with a review of the literature. A 67-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our hospital in October 2000 because of a 1.5 cm right breast lump detected in a medical checkup. MMG, US and fine needle aspiration cytology revealed a cancerous lesion during the right breast. No mass lesion was palpable nor was any detected by MMG or US in the left breast. Bilateral breast CE-MRI was performed for more detailed evaluation. Consequently, an occult contralateral breast cancerous lesion was detected incidentally by CE-MRI, with the images showing rapid initial enhancement of time to signal intensity curves. Before surgery, bilateral breast lesions were diagnosed as invasive ductal carcinoma by open biopsy. She underwent bilateral breast conserving surgery with bilateral axillary lymph node dissection. The postoperative course was uneventful and no recurrence has been noted as of January 18th, 2004. CE-MRI of the contralateral breast should be of value as a routine screen in those patients with a known or suspected malignancy in one breast considering the limits of breast cancer detection by such conventional modalities as MMG and US.     

Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 39 cases of Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour: a multicentric study

Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumour (AOT) is a relatively uncommon odontogenic lesion and few studies describing its cytokeratin profile have been reported in the English-language literature. Thirty-nine cases of AOT from three Oral Diagnosis services (Brazil, Mexico and Guatemala) were studied, considering their clinical, radiographic, and histological features and immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratins (AE1/AE3, 34betaE12, CK1, CK5, CK6, CK7, CK8, CK10, CK13, CK14, CK16, CK18, and CK19), vimentin and Ki-67. Sixty five percent of cases affected women, anterior maxilla was the preferred site and radiographically most cases showed unilocular radiolucency with well defined sclerotic borders. Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour (CEOT)-like areas were found in 36 out of 39 cases, and 10 cases showed positivity for Congo red in polarized light. All cases were positive for AE1/AE3, 34betaE12, CK5, CK14 and CK19. CEOT-like areas were negative for CK 19. Vimentin was also expressed in 27 cases and this profile may indicate the existence of a variable phenotype in certain areas of the tumour. There were no recurrences after surgical treatment, and this can be related to the low proliferative activity observed in all cases with Ki-67 marker.     

Surrounding muscle edema detected by MRI is valuable for diagnosis of intramuscular myxoma

We recently experienced 4 cases of intramuscular myxoma and analyzed MRI findings, comparing them with histological ones. Results showed that all tumors were depicted with a homogeneous low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and a markedly high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, findings which are similar to those of cystic lesions like intramuscular ganglions. However, tumors were diffusely and finely enhanced on T1-weighted images with intravenous gadolinium administration. Three cases showed the characteristic fat rim and fat cap. A diffuse edematous lesion demonstrating intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images was also found in the adjacent muscle surrounding the tumor in 3 of 4 cases. In this lesion, tumor invasion, diffuse and severe muscle degeneration, blood and lymphatic congestion with exudates, and reactive adipose tissue formation were observed. The present results suggested that for the clinical diagnosis of intramuscular myxoma with MRI examination, the combination of three MRI signs such as homogeneous low signal intensity on T1-weighted mages, markedly high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, and an enhancement effect with contrast medium are important, but the fat rim or fat cap, and the surrounding muscle edema as detected by MRI are also characteristic and allow for a more firm diagnosis. We presume that the diffuse and severe muscle fiber degeneration induced by tumors may cause such specific surrounding muscle edema.     

MRI of The Morel-Lavallée Lesion – a Case Series

IntroductionThe aim of the study was to review the appearances of Morel-Lavallée (ML) lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Patients and methods14 patients diagnosed with the ML lesion on MRI were analysed retrospectively (mean age = 35 years). Mechanism of injury, time frame from injury to MRI, location, shape, T1 and proton-density fat-suppression (PDFS) signal intensity (SI), presence of a (pseudo)capsule, septations or nodules within the collection, mass effect and fluid-fluid levels were analyzed. The Mellado and Bencardino classification was utilized to classify the lesions.ResultsIn most cases, mechanism of injury was distortion. Mean time frame between the injury and MRI was 17 days. Lesions were located around the knee in 9 patients and in the peritrochanteric region in 5 patients. Collections were fusiform in 12 patients and oval in 2 patients. 9 collections were T1 hypointense and PDFS hyperintense. 4 collections had intermediate T1 and high PDFS SI. 1 collection had intermediate T1 and PDFS SI. (Pseudo)capsule was noted in 3 cases. Septations or nodules were found in 4 cases. According to the Mellado and Bencardino, collections were classified as seroma (type 1) in 9, subacute hematoma (type 2) in 1 and chronic organizing hematoma (type 3) in 4 cases.ConclusionsCharacteristic features of ML lesion include a fusiform fluid collection between the subcutaneous fat and the underlying fascia after shearing injury. Six types can be differentiated on MRI, with the seroma, the subacute hematoma and the chronic organizing hematoma being the commonest.Key words: Morel-Lavallée, soft-tissue injury, hematoma, magnetic resonance imaging     

孤立性肺结节的高分辨CT扫描

目的 对照高分辨ＣＴ扫描（ＨＲＣＴ）表现与病理的相互关系,比较ＨＲＣＴ与常见ＣＴ扫描（ＣＣＴ）对提供肺小结节的诊断信息,提高其诊断和鉴别诊断的准确性。     

孤立性肺结节的高分辨CT扫描(CT与病理对照)

目的对照高分辨ＣＴ扫描（ＨＲＣＴ）表现与病理的相互关系，比较ＨＲＣＴ与常规ＣＴ扫描（ＣＣＴ）对提供肺小结节的诊断信息，提高其诊断和鉴别诊断的准确性。方法对直径≤３ｃｍ的７３例（７５个）良恶性结节做术前ＨＲＣＴ和ＣＣＴ扫描，并与组织学做对照研究。结果小肺癌多呈球形（３４／３７例），有深分叶（２８／３７例）、锯齿征（３３／３７例）、细小毛剌（３７／３７例）、小泡征（１９／３７例）、支气管充气征（１０／３７例）。其病理基础为癌瘤外侵和间质纤维组织增生，肿瘤内残存正常肺组织和支气管。上述表现与良性病变有显著统计学差异。而结节内脂肪、卫星病灶、粗长毛刺、钙化、胸膜增厚粘连、浅分叶以良性为常见。与肺癌比较有显著统计学差异。ＨＲＣＴ在观察病变的轮廓、内部结构等方面明显优于ＣＣＴ。结论ＨＲＣＴ有助于良恶性结节的诊断，应常规用于肺小结节的ＣＴ扫描     

3.0MR对肝硬化结节与小肝癌的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨3.0MR对肝硬化结节与小肝癌的鉴别诊断价值。方法选择经临床病理证实为肝硬化结节(46例,53个病灶)和小肝癌(23例,23个病灶)的患者为研究对象,对所有患者均实施3.0MR检测,对比两组患者检测后影像学图像及患者T1W1、T2W2、Gd-DRPA动态增强扫描信号状况。结果①76个病灶均可见再生性结节,肝硬化组患者平均病灶大小大于小肝癌组(P<0.05);②肝硬化组患者T1W1稍高信号及等信号呈现率高于小肝癌组患者,等信号或低信号呈现率低于小肝癌组患者(P<0.05);③肝硬化患者T2W1低信号呈现率小于小肝癌组患者,等信号、高信号或稍高信号呈现率低于小肝癌组患者(P<0.05);④肝硬化患者Gd-DTPA动态增强缓升速降病灶占94.34%(50/53),小肝癌患者速升速降病灶占82.61%(19/23);结论肝硬化结节与小肝癌患者3.0MR检测结果具有较大的差异,可根据结节大小、信号改变、信号强度等加以区分,有利于疾病的鉴别诊断。     

乳腺癌3.0T MRI动态增强及扩散加权成像特点

目的 分析乳腺癌3.0 T MRI动态增强及扩散加权成像（DWI）的表现特征。方法 回顾性分析经病理检查证实的36例乳腺癌的3.0T MRI影像资料,分析其表现。结果 乳腺癌MRI表现：平扫T1WI病灶呈等或稍低信号;T2WI呈等或稍高信号;肿块形状不规则,部分呈深浅不同程度分叶状,边界模糊,并见毛刺征。DWI像：所有病灶均呈高信号,ADC图呈低信号ADC值为（0.97±0.22）×10^-3 mm²/s。动态增强示：不均匀强化,多呈斑点状、条片状或团状,部分病灶周围血管影增多;时间－信号强度曲线：流出型（Ⅲ型）曲线29例（80.6%）;平台型（Ⅱ型）型曲线5例（13.9%）; 流入型（Ⅰ型）曲线2例（5.5%）。36例中34例诊断为乳腺癌,2例误诊为纤维腺瘤,诊断符合率为94.4%。结论 乳腺癌具有一定MRI表现特征,结合3.0T MRI动态增强及DWI检查对乳腺癌的诊断具有较高的应用价值。     

An Overview of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Atypical Enhancement Pattern: Spectrum of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings with Pathologic Correlation

BackgroundIn the setting of cirrhotic liver, the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is straightforward when typical imaging findings consisting of arterial hypervascularity followed by portal-venous washout are present in nodules larger than 1 cm. However, due to the complexity of hepatocarcinogenesis, not all HCCs present with typical vascular behaviour. Atypical forms such as hypervascular HCC without washout, isovascular or even hypovascular HCC can pose diagnostic dilemmas. In such cases, it is important to consider also the appearance of the nodules on diffusion-weighted imaging and hepatobiliary phase. In this regard, diffusion restriction and hypointensity on hepatobiliary phase are suggestive of malignancy. If both findings are present in hypervascular lesion without washout, or even in iso- or hypovascular lesion in cirrhotic liver, HCC should be considered. Moreover, other ancillary imaging findings such as the presence of the capsule, fat content, signal intensity on T2-weighted image favour the diagnosis of HCC. Another form of atypical HCCs are lesions which show hyperintensity on hepatobiliary phase. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide an overview of HCCs with atypical enhancement pattern, and focus on their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features.ConclusionsIn order to correctly characterize atypical HCC lesions in cirrhotic liver it is important to consider not only vascular behaviour of the nodule, but also ancillary MRI features, such as diffusion restriction, hepatobiliary phase hypointensity, and T2-weighted hyperintensity. Fat content, corona enhancement, mosaic architecture are other MRI feautures which favour the diagnosis of HCC even in the absence of typical vascular profile.Key words: hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging     

皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤3例并文献复习

目的:结合文献重点介绍皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤(SPTCL)的临床、病理特点提高病理诊断SPTCL的水平.方法:收集3例皮下脂膜炎样T细胞淋巴瘤进行临床、病理及免疫组化分析,总结经验.结果:3例患者中,男性2例,女性1例,年龄为5岁、26岁、42岁,病变分别位于胸壁、背部四肢及乳腺,呈单发或多发性皮肤红斑及皮下结节,病理观察,由大、中、小异型淋巴细胞浸润皮下脂肪,呈脂膜炎样分布,伴有血管炎,凝固性坏死,吞噬细胞反应等.其中1例噬血细胞现象.3例瘤细胞均表达CD45RO,不表达CD20,3例噬细胞均表达CD68,均行局部皮损切除术,1例失访,余2例病程进展缓慢,缺乏系统症状,分别随访3年及8个月,均存活.结论:SPTCL是由肿瘤性T细胞浸润皮下脂肪形成的一种特殊类型皮肤淋巴瘤,其预后应与肿瘤性T细胞的克隆性有关.     

大脑胶质瘤病的MRI及MRS研究

目的回顾性分析大脑胶质瘤病磁共振成像(MRI)及磁共振波谱(MRS)特点,以探讨其对本病诊断的临床价值。方法综合7例患者的临床表现、影像学特点及病理诊断,均符合大脑胶质瘤病诊断标准。常规行SE序列平扫及增强。其中3例行MRS研究,二维多体素、点分辨法(PRESS)、TE144ms。结果所有病例均侵犯2个脑叶或以上。病变区呈长T2、稍长T1异常信号,受累区脑组织肿胀,占位效应轻。增强扫描3例见小结节或片状强化,4例无明显强化。3例MRS表现均有不同程度NAA降低,Cho上升,Cho/Cr和Cho/NAA的比值上升。结论MRI是目前诊断大脑胶质瘤病的首选影像学方法,MRS对于鉴别诊断有较大价值。     

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的影像学表现

目的 探讨膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的影像学表现特点,提高术前诊断的准确率.方法 回顾性分析加例经手术病理证实为膀胱非上皮性肿瘤患者的临床病理和影像学检查资料,其中平滑肌瘤9例,嗜铬细胞瘤6例,平滑肌肉瘤2例,横纹肌肉瘤、癌肉瘤及炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤各1例.结果 平滑肌瘤呈圆形,边缘清晰、锐利,密度均匀;MRI的TIWI及T2WI序列均呈低信号;7例患者行cT增强扫描,有6例表现为轻度强化;4例患者行彩色多普勒超声检查,有3例显示为血流不丰富或有少许血流.嗜铬细胞瘤呈圆形或卵圆形,有时略有分叶,边缘清楚,密度均匀,1例伴有钙化;MRI的T1WI序列呈低信号、T2WI序列呈明显高信号;6例患者行CT增强扫描,有4例呈高度强化;5例患者行彩色多普勒超声检查,有3例显示为血流丰富.炎性肌纤维母细胞瘤的影像学表现同嗜铬细胞瘤.其他恶性肿瘤旱不规则实性肿块,边缘模糊,密度不均匀;CT增强扫描呈不均匀中等强化.结论 膀胱平滑肌瘤及嗜铬细胞瘤的影像学表现有一定特点,再结合临床症状,术前能够作出正确诊断;其他恶性肿瘤的影像学表现无特征,仅能作出定性诊断.影像学检查是膀胱非上皮性肿瘤有价值的检查方法 ,术前可提供肿瘤部位及部分肿瘤性质的信息,有助于临床制定治疗计划.     

脊髓血管母细胞瘤的MR诊断

目的：探讨脊髓血管母细胞瘤的MRI表现及其鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性分析12例经手术和病理证实的脊髓血管母细胞瘤患者的临床和MRI资料。所有病例均行MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果：本组12例患者均经手术及病理证实。8例发生在颈段脊髓,3例发生于颈胸段脊髓,1例发生于胸段脊髓。其中1例呈多发,同时累及小脑半球和颈髓。肿瘤实质最大1.5cm,最小3mm,3例为局部囊变,9例为邻近脊髓空洞积水,2例伴有明显的水肿。累及范围为1个椎体区段至10个椎体区段。T1WI显示病变囊影呈脑脊液样低信号,结节与脊髓相比,呈等或略低信号。其中9例结节位于脊髓背侧,3例位于脊髓中央区域。9例囊肿及空洞积水周围的脊髓未见明显水肿存在。3例邻近脊髓水肿呈T1 W略低信号,T2 W呈较高信号。1例同时伴有小脑血管母细胞瘤。T2 WI囊性病变呈脑脊液样高信号,结节呈略高信号,囊肿周围水肿区呈较高信号,其中1例结节内见血管流空信号。T1WI增强扫描12例结节病灶及伴有小脑病灶的均显著增强。结论：脊髓血管母细胞瘤在MR图像上具有一定的形态及信号特点,对于术前正确诊断具有一定意义。     

脉络膜裂囊肿的影像学诊断

背景与目的：脑部脉络膜裂囊肿属神经上皮性囊肿,临床上不常见。本文通过探讨脉络膜裂囊肿的影像学表现,以期提高对本病的诊断及鉴别诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析20例CT和MRI诊断为脉络膜裂囊肿患者的临床及影像学资料。患者均行CT和MRI检查,其中增强扫描5例。结果：20例患者均为单发病灶．其中右侧13例,左侧7例,病灶均位于两侧脉络膜裂区。CT表现为圆形或类圆形、边缘光滑的脑脊液样低密度灶、增强扫描无强化。MRI检查表现为长T1长T2脑脊液样信号灶,FLAIR为低信号,在各扫描序列中完全与脑脊液信号同步,病灶周围脑实质无明显异常表现。结论：正确认识脉络膜裂囊肿的影像学表现．可避免误诊。CT和MRI均可检出脉络膜裂囊肿,但单纯CT检出定位困难,MRI多方位扫描可作出明确诊断并能够与其他囊性病变相鉴别。     

幕下孤立性纤维瘤的影像学表现（附5例报道及文献复习）

目的:探讨幕下孤立性纤维瘤（solitary fibrous tumor,SFT）的影像学表现,以提高其诊断准确率。方法:回顾性分析5例经手术病理证实的幕下SFT的影像及临床、病理资料,1例行CT平扫,3例行MRI平扫及增强检查,1例仅行MRI增强检查。结果:本组5例（4例女性,1例男性）均为单发病灶,均宽基底与脑膜相连,2例位于右侧小脑半球,1例位于左侧小脑半球凸面,1例跨右侧小脑幕上下生长,1例位于左侧桥小脑角区,肿瘤最大径范围约4.1~5.2 cm,5例边界均清楚,4例呈浅分叶状,1例呈类圆形。肿瘤CT平扫呈稍高密度,MRI T1WI呈等信号或稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号或低信号,3例T2WI病灶内见片状低信号区,2例病灶内见囊变,2例病灶内见迂曲血管,4例病灶周围可见轻度水肿,3例病灶周围见脑脊液环绕征象。增强扫描实性成分及囊壁均明显强化,2例可见脑膜尾征。结论:幕下SFT影像学表现具有一定的特征性,当幕下肿块呈浅分叶状并具有脑外肿瘤的征象,CT上呈稍高密度,T1WI呈等或稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号或低信号,明显强化,T2WI病灶内见低信号区及迂曲血管影时,可考虑诊断该病,但最终确诊仍需依靠病理及免疫组织化学检查。     

Presacral Ganglioneuroma: Diagnostic Considerations and Therapeutic Strategy

Presacral ganglioneuroma is an extremely rare tumor of neural crest origin. To the best of our knowledge, less than 20 cases have been reported previously. The present study reports on a presacral ganglioneuroma, 10.5 × 8 × 4 cm in size, that was found incidentally in a 35-year-old man with prior history of diverticulitis. He was admitted to our hospital due to lower left abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the extension of the lesion from the S2 level to the coccyx. The mass had low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous high signal intensity on T2-weighted images with no intraspinal or rectal extension. T2-weighted images demonstrated a compartmentalized solid tumor with cystic components. Complete tumor resection with free surgical margins was achieved using an abdominal approach. The patient remains asymptomatic 2 years after surgery. We emphasize on clinical features, radiologic appearance and surgical treatment of this rare entity. The clinical and pathologic features of previously reported studies are also briefly reviewed.Key Words: Ganglioneuroma, Presacral ganglioneuroma, Retrorectal tumors     

Spontaneous regression of multicentric pilocytic astrocytoma with CSF dissemination in an adult

We present a case of spontaneous regression of multicentric pilocytic astrocytoma with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination without neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in an adult, the first such case reported. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple low signal intensity lesions on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity areas on T2-weighted images in the bilateral thalamus, basal ganglia and midbrain. Contrast-enhanced MRI revealed that small, enhanced lesions were seen in the basal ganglia and the pineal region. Neuroendoscopic biopsy and third ventriculostomy were performed. Intraoperative findings demonstrated CSF dissemination. Histologically, the specimens showed pilocytic astrocytoma. Serial MRIs showed regression of the tumor without any additional treatment. The clinical features of spontaneous regression of pilocytic astrocytoma are discussed.     

Odontogenic myxoma: clinico-pathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings of a multicentric series

The aim of this study was to analyze the clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical features of 62 cases of odontogenic myxoma (OM) diagnosed in three Oral Pathology Diagnostic Services in Latin America, as well as to describe the ultrastructural features of three of these cases. OM showed a wide age range (9-71 years), with a mean of 27.97 yr (SD: 11.01) and a male to female ratio of 1:2.2. Mandible was affected in 37 cases (59.6%) and maxilla in 25 (40.4%), with 61.3% located in the posterior region. Thirty-nine cases (62.9%) were multilocular and 23 (37.1%) unilocular. Size ranged from 1 to 13 cm, (mean: 5.2 cm). Thirty-seven multilocular (54.8%) and 6 unilocular lesions (26%) were larger than 4 cm (p<0.05). Epithelial islands were identified in 5 cases (8%) on H&E stained sections, but AE1/AE3 and CK14 disclosed these structures in 15 cases each (24.2%); CK5 was positive in 8 (12.9%); CK7 in 2 (3.2%) and CK19 in only 3 cases (4.8%). All cases were negative for CKs 8 and 18, S-100 protein, NSE and CD68, and showed a low index of expression of Bcl2 and ki-67 proteins (<1%). Mast cell antibodies showed these cells in 45 cases (72.6%). Myofibroblastic differentiation evidenced by myofilaments and fibronexi was found in one case out of the three studied by TEM and 29 cases (46.7%) were positive by immunohistochemistry for alpha actin. In conclusion, only a minority of OM had epithelial islands, and only 3 cases expressed CK 19, indicating an odontogenic epithelium origin. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings suggest that OM is a mesenchymal neoplasm in which several factors may contribute to its pathogenesis, including myofibroblastic differentiation and the participation of mast cell products. However, further investigations are needed to better understand the participation of these elements in this particular neoplasm.     

Multiple pulmonary infarctions associated with lung cancer

We present a case of right lung adenosquamous cell carcinoma that had obstructed the main pulmonary artery and superior pulmonary vein, causing multiple pulmonary infarctions in the right upper and middle lobes. Multiple peripheral pulmonary nodules showed clinical features that are characteristic of pulmonary infarction: rapid appearance and gradual reduction in size, pleural-based parenchymal density with a truncated apex and a round nodular shadow with a blurred margin and a centrally directed linear shadow. The nodules were more intense than the primary tumor in both T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We conclude that pulmonary infarction can look like a nodule when lung cancer invades both the pulmonary artery and vein and that such cases can be distinguished from pulmonary metastasis by MRI, computed tomography and a series of radiological examinations.