普遍性的、全身性的

指某种脑电活动如3Hz的棘慢波暴发是全脑区出现的，可以说是普遍性分布的。指癫痫发作不是局限于某个肢体的局部性发作，而是全身都在发作如强直阵挛发作，可以说是全身性发作。     

您的云是什么样的

如果要在下图的天空里描绘云朵，您会描绘出什么样的云？请从下面的选项中选择。 这是根据图画而诊断人的性格的心理测验。在所描绘的画中可以反映人的性格。尤其是一些像云一样的暧昧不明的物体，更能凸显人的个性。     

高血压的药物基因组学的研究进展

本文综述了近几年来关于原发性高血压治疗常用的6种主要降压药物(利尿剂、β肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂、钙拮抗剂、血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂和α肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂)的作用机制、代谢途径和药物基因组学候选基因的研究进展，以期获得原发性高血压药物基因组学候选基因相关信息。为原发性高血压的预防和个体化治疗提供参考依据。     

高血压的药物基因组学的研究进展

本文综述了近几年来关于原发性高血压治疗常用的6种主要降压药物(利尿剂、β肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂、钙拮抗剂、血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制剂、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂和α肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂)的作用机制、代谢途径和药物基因组学候选基因的研究进展,以期获得原发性高血压药物基因组学候选基因相关信息。为原发性高血压的预防和个体化治疗提供参考依据。     

您的云是什么样的

<正>如果要在下图的天空里描绘云朵,您会描绘出什么样的云?请从下面的选项中选择。这是根据图画而诊断人的性格的心理测验。在所描绘的画中可以反映人的性格。尤其是一些像云一样的暧昧不明的物体,更能凸显人的个性。     

教学用的柔软的气管模型的建造

<正> 作者描述了制造柔软、强韧的狗气管模型方法,用压缩空气使狗肺在充气下干燥,之后灌硅酮填充剂,待此复合物干燥后,用氢氧化钠(NAOH)腐蚀肺组织。最后是一个凹凸不平的、柔软的和在解剖学上适合     

我的阳光灿烂的日子

我的日子阳光灿烂．不是因为给我一点阳光我就觉得灿烂，而是因为灿烂，所以我觉得阳光。     

适合的就是好的

我习惯于中学时有老师指导的学习方式，字习成绩优秀，而且顺利地考上了重点高中。可是进了高中，我才发现自己不但没有优势，而且由于没有养成好的学习习惯，甚至根本不会学习（也许说不会自己学习更确切）。由于住校，也不能及时地得到父母的帮助，这一问题显得更加突出。我虽然作过各种努力，但始终效果不佳，学习成绩也受到影响。眼看离高考的时间越来越近，我真的非常焦急。恳求您教我一个在短时间内能见效的、好的学习方法!     

天然的或人工合成的致癌突变剂的抑制剂

过去几十年内人类恶性肿物的发病率普遍有所增加,这与以下几种因素有关:1)检测恶性肿物的诊断筛选方法得到改进,2)发现并发展了治疗传染性和其他疾病的新的更有效的抗菌素以及化疗药物,致使年青人的死亡率降低,因此,平均寿命有所延长,从而使老年人口中癌的发生率上升,3)工业的和其他致癌物的环境污染增加,诸如新工厂、汽车和化学实验室等。至今至少已经证实有一千种以上致癌化合物能有效地诱导人类肿瘤的发生,特别是居住在工业区的人群。     

钛的氩弧焊试件的应力腐蚀的实验研究

纯钛的氩弧焊试件承受 2 6 1MPa ,37℃人工唾液 3个月的应力腐蚀试验后 ,力学性能无明显改变 (P >0 0 5 ) ,表面无颜色改变和显微裂纹 ,表明其具有好的抗应力腐蚀性能。     

人和大鼠输精管平滑肌和神经的形态学研究

本实验用组织化学、电镜和生化测定方法研究了人和大鼠输精管的平滑肌和神经分布。结果表明;大鼠输精管的神经密度明显高于人,轴索数/100个肌细胞断面,大鼠是118,人是315肌-神经间隔,大鼠是25nm左右,人是100nm左右;肌细胞外间隙(％),大鼠是12.9,人是35.8;肾上腺素能神经支配占优势,乙醛酸诱发荧光法显示大鼠输精管肌层内有致密的肾上腺素能神经纤维,ACh阳性反应神经较少,主要分布于固有层,人输精管中上述两种神经均较少;每克湿组织中NE含量(ng)大鼠约为人的10倍左右(大鼠:2369.35±820.27,人:294.66±83.90);电镜观察,SGV型神经终末支多见。     

Light and electron microscope demonstration of VIP- and enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves in the human male genitourinary tract

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and enkephalins were demonstrated in the nerves of the human male urogenital tract by light and electron microscope immunohistochemical techniques. Nerves containing immunoreactivity to VIP were more numerous than enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves. Both VIP- and enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves were detected in the vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and urinary bladder. In the kidney, testis, and epididymis no immunoreactive nerves could be demonstrated. By electron microscope both types of immunoreactivities were localized to the large granular vesicles of nerve terminals. VIP-immunoreactive nerves were mostly found subepithelially, whereas enkephalin-immunoreactive nerves were mainly related to smooth muscle cells. The possible functions of these peptide-containing nerves are discussed.     

An immunocytochemical study of cutaneous innervation and the distribution of neuropeptides and protein gene product 9.5 in man and commonly employed laboratory animals

The cutaneous nerves of rat, cat, guinea pig, pig, and man were studied by immunocytochemistry to compare the staining potency of general neural markers and to investigate the density of nerves containing peptides. Antiserum to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) stained more nerves than antisera to neurofilaments, neuronspecific enolase (NSE), and synaptophysin or histochemistry for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Peptidergic axons showed species variation in density of distribution and were most abundant in pig and fewest in man. However, the specific peptides in nerves innervating the various structures were consistent between species. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and/or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) predominated in all the species; those immunoreactive to tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A [NKA]) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) were less abundant. Neonatal capsaicin, at the doses employed in this study, destroyed approximately 70% of CGRP- and tachykinin-immunoreactive sensory axons; whereas 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at the doses employed resulted in a complete loss of NPY and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity without affecting VIP, CGRP, and tachykinins. Thus, this study confirms that antiserum to PGP 9.5 is the most suitable and practical marker for the demonstration of cutaneous nerves. Species differences exist in the density of peptidergic innervation, but apparently not for specific peptides. Not all sensory axons immunoreactive for CGRP and substance P/NKA are capsaicin-sensitive. However, all sympathetic TH- and NPY- immunoreactive axons are totally responsive to 6-OHDA; but no change was seen in VIP-immunoreactive axons, suggesting some demarcation of cutaneous adrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic fibers.     

Neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in adrenal chromaffin cells and intraadrenal nerve fibers of rats

The present peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical study demonstrated that approximately 50% of the total chromaffin cells of the rat adrenal medulla exhibited NPY-like immunoreactivity. The immunoreactive material was localized in the core of the chromaffin granules as well as diffusely in the cytoplasm. By combination of immunohistochemistry with noradrenaline-fluorescence microscopy, all NPY-immunoreactive chromaffin cells are nonfluorescent, indicating that all NPY-chromaffin cells co-store adrenaline. A comparison of two consecutive sections, each of which was processed for the immunostaining with anti-NPY and anti-Met-Enk-Arg-Gly-Leu antisera, respectively, indicated that NPY and preproenkephalin A and its derivatives coexist in approximately one-fifth of the total NPY-immunoreactive cells. In addition to the NPY-immunoreactive cells, a plexus of NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers with varicosities was found in the subcapsular regions of the adrenal gland. The nerve fibers were often associated with small blood vessels and extended into the zona glomerulosa. Single NPY-immunoreactive fibers were sparsely distributed in the deeper regions of the cortex and in the medulla. Ganglion cells in the adrenal gland were not seen exhibiting intensely positive NPY-like immunoreactivity. The NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibers contained abundant small clear vesicles mixed with a few small and large granular vesicles. The immunoreactive material appeared on the granular cores as well as in the axoplasm. The NPY fibers were closely apposed to smooth muscle cells and pericytes of small blood vessels in the cortex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Colocalisation of neuropeptides, nitric oxide synthase and immunomarkers for catecholamines in nerve fibres of the adult human vas deferens

Single and double-label immunofluorescence methods were used to determine the distribution and patterns of colocalisation of various neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with the catecholamine synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DβH) in nerve fibres within specimens of adult human vas deferens obtained at vasectomy (age range 28 to 83 y). Cholinergic nerve fibres were immunolabelled with an antiserum to vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Using the general nerve marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP) the density of intramural nerve fibres was found to be similar irrespective of age. Many of these axons, especially in the outer 2 muscle layers were TH and DbH-immunoreactive (IR) and were thus confirmed as noradrenergic. Fewer such axons were seen in the inner longitudinal muscle layer. All the noradrenergic nerve fibres also displayed NPY-immunoreactivity with minor populations containing galanin (GAL) or somatostatin (SOM). Nerve fibres lacking TH and DbH-IR were immunoreactive for VAChT and were sparsely distributed throughout the 2 outer muscle layers but more numerous in the inner muscle layer. Nerves lacking TH and DbH were immunoreactive for NPY and some also contained NOS, VIP or CGRP. These results have been compared with those obtained previously from specimens of human neonatal and infant vas deferens where, in contrast to the present results, NOS and VIP were shown to be colocalised with TH in many of the intramuscular nerve fibres. It thus appears that NOS and VIP cease their coexistence with TH in intramuscular nerve fibres of the human vas deferens between the pre- and postpubertal states. In addition to the intramuscular nerve fibres a VAChT-IR subepithelial nerve plexus occurs in the vas deferens and may control the secretory activity of the lining epithelium. Most of these subepithelial nerve fibres were immunoreactive for NPY and many also contained VIP while minor populations were immunoreactive for NOS, GAL, SOM or SP although fibres containing CGRP were not observed. The neuropeptide content of the subepithelial nerve plexus was similar to that observed in the infant, except for an increased density of VIP-IR nerves, which may reflect greater activity of the lining epithelial cells in the adult vas deferens.     

DβH-immunoreactive subepithelial nerves in the vas deferens of prostate cancer patients

We recently reported the results of applying immunohistochemical methods to examine the distribution of neuropeptides and neurotransmitter synthesising enzymes in the autonomic nerve fibres of specimens of human vas deferens obtained at vasectomy (Jen et al. 1999). As anticipated from previous neurohistochemical and electron microscopic studies (Baumgarten et al. 1971), the majority of nerves supplying the muscle coat are noradrenergic in type as demonstrated by the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DbH) (Dixon et al. 1998), both of which are enzymes involved in the synthesis of noradrenaline.
In addition to the profuse intramuscular plexus of nerves, a second nerve plexus occurs at the base of the epithelium lining the vas deferens. These subepithelial nerves are immunopositive for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and therefore cholinergic in type, presumably serving a secretomotor function (Jen et al. 1999). Our immunohistochemical studies have also shown the presence of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in most of these subepithelial nerves in the human vas deferens with minor populations containing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), an enzyme involved in the formation of nitric oxide.     

Evidence for the coexistence and co-release of [met]enkephalin and noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves of the bovine vas deferens

The localization and neurosecretion of methionine-enkephalin was studied in sympathetic nerves of the bovine vas deferens. Immunostaining showed methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in a network of varicose nerve fibres in the smooth muscle layers of the vas deferens. When vas deferens homogenates were subjected to differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, methionineenkephalin was found to parallel the distribution of noradrenaline in the more dense region of the gradient, where “heavy” or large dense-cored vesicles are present. Electron microscopic immunochemistry confirmed this finding and showed methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in large dense-cored vesicles. The release of methionine-enkephalin upon electrical stimulation was studied in superfusion experiments. The methionine-enkephalin secretion was shown to be Ca²⁺-dependent and was inhibited by adding the adrenergic neuron blocking drug guanethidine to the superfusion medium.

We conclude that in the bovine vas deferens methionine-enkephalin is only present in large dense-cored vesicles of adrenergic neurons and that the peptide is released from these vesicles together with noradrenaline by a Ca²⁺-dependent mechanism.     

大白鼠交感神经节内神经肽Y(NPY)样神经元的分布及其功能意义

本文用免疫细胞化学技术研究了大白鼠交感神经的颈上节,星状节,脑部和腹部的交感干节,腹腔节以及肠系膜上、下节内的NPY样免疫反应细胞体的分布。发现NPY样免疫反应细胞体为圆形或椭圆形。NPY样免疫反应产物呈颗粒状分布于细胞质中,多数交感神经节内的免疫反应细胞聚集成群,但椎前神经节内的NPY样免疫反应细胞较分散。本文并讨论了NPY存在于外周去甲肾上腺素能细胞中;NPY可以抑制由于电刺激引起的大白鼠输精管痉挛;局部动脉灌流可引起动脉收缩等问题。本文认为交感神经节中含有的NPY样免疫反应神经元与外周去甲肾上腺素能神经元为同一神经元。NPY对交感神经可能有兴奋或抑制功能。     

Peptide containing nerves in the ureter of the guinea-pig and cat

We report the presence of two regulatory peptides, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), in the ureter and their localisation by both light- and electron-microscopy to autonomic nerves. VIP- and substance P-like immunoreactive nerves showed, in general, a similar anatomical distribution in the various layers of the ureter. Immunoreactive nerves were observed running along the smooth muscle coat, parallel to muscle bundles, around blood vessels and in the submucosa, particularly beneath the epithelium. In addition, scattered VIP-like immunoreactive ganglion cells and nerve fibres were seen in adventitial ganglia around the most distal part of the ureter and ureter-bladder junction in the cat. The guinea-pig ureter contained principally substance P-like immunoreactivity, whereas the cat ureter possessed mainly VIP-like material.The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was compared with those containing peptides. Peptide-containing nerves had a more extensive distribution than adrenergic ones, which were mainly associated with blood vessels; however, cholinergic nerves were often localised in the same areas as those possessing peptides. Conventional electron microscopy revealed that separate p-type (peptidergic) and cholinergic nerve terminals were frequently present in the same nerve bundles, although in the cat ureter some 50% of the p-type profiles contained a mixed population of vesicles, characteristic of both cholinergic and p-type nerves. VIP- and substance P-like immunoreactivity were also localised at the ultrastructural level by means of a gold-labelled goat-antirabbit serum.     

Reinnervation following guanethidine-induced sympathectomy of adult rats

Summary The reinnervation of various tissues by autonomic neurons has been studied in adult rats which had been sympathectomized by chronic guanethidine treatment (30 or 60 mg/kg/day for 8–15 weeks). In the heart, iris, ileum, mesentery, vas deferens and epididymis, fluorescence histochemistry reveals an almost complete disappearance of adrenergic fibres which is very longlasting. Even after 63 weeks few fluorescent fibres can be seen in these tissues and the density of innervation is not increased by incubation in -methylnoradrenaline. The superior cervical ganglion represents an exception; large numbers of fluorescent fibres but few fluorescent ganglion cells were apparent during recovery. Axon counts carried out by electron microscopy on the vas deferens showed that after recovery for one year the number of axons was similar to that of controls; however, the pattern of innervation was abnormal, small granular vesicles were rarely seen and there was little uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine. On the basis of this evidence and of some pharmacological data it is suggested that there is a limited reinnervation by adrenergic axons accompanied by a great increase in the number of non-adrenergic, possibly cholinergic, axons.