游离腹直肌皮瓣移植术治疗结核性术后脓胸

肺结核手术后并发支气管胸膜瘘、结核性脓胸.往往迁延不愈.采用显微外科技术施行自体肌皮瓣填塞术可以彻底消灭脓腔,治愈脓胸.2004年11月至2007年9月,我院施行了3例腹直肌皮瓣移植术治疗肺切除术后结核性脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘,现报道如下.     

简化式胸膜纤维板剥除术治疗慢性脓胸108例

１０８例慢性脓胸病人在脓腔灌洗、并注入四环素或氨苄青霉素及５０％葡萄糖的基础上，采用简化式胸膜纤维板剥除术治疗，取得良好效果。简化了手术操作，扩大了手术适应证，全部治愈。无手术死亡，经１～６年随访，无１例复发。并就慢性脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘时能否脓腔灌洗治疗进行了讨论。     

腹腔镜获取带蒂大网膜在支气管胸膜瘘外科治疗中的应用北大核心CSCD

为探讨使用腹腔镜微创获取带血管蒂大网膜方法, 及其在外科微创治疗支气管胸膜瘘中的应用, 对5例支气管胸膜瘘合并慢性脓胸患者中一般状态差者, 一期改善引流, 增加营养, 治疗感染;二期使用腹腔镜微创获取带血管蒂的大网膜片, 通过膈肌切口转移至胸腔修补BPF, 辅以局限性的胸廓成形、纤维板剥脱, 进一步减小残腔, 促进BPF及脓腔愈合。4例患者一次手术治愈, 1例出现局部大网膜液化坏死, 再次手术后治愈, 所有患者随访CT残腔消失, 肺复张良好。应用大网膜闭合BPF瘘口、填塞脓腔, 充分发挥了大网膜抗感染能力强, 体积大, 转移远的优点, 避免了传统手术的巨大创伤和不佳外观;同时使用腹腔镜获取的方法, 进一步减小创伤, 提高了疗效, 改善了术后生活质量。     

腹腔镜获取带蒂大网膜在支气管胸膜瘘外科治疗中的应用

为探讨使用腹腔镜微创获取带血管蒂大网膜方法, 及其在外科微创治疗支气管胸膜瘘中的应用, 对5例支气管胸膜瘘合并慢性脓胸患者中一般状态差者, 一期改善引流, 增加营养, 治疗感染;二期使用腹腔镜微创获取带血管蒂的大网膜片, 通过膈肌切口转移至胸腔修补BPF, 辅以局限性的胸廓成形、纤维板剥脱, 进一步减小残腔, 促进BPF及脓腔愈合。4例患者一次手术治愈, 1例出现局部大网膜液化坏死, 再次手术后治愈, 所有患者随访CT残腔消失, 肺复张良好。应用大网膜闭合BPF瘘口、填塞脓腔, 充分发挥了大网膜抗感染能力强, 体积大, 转移远的优点, 避免了传统手术的巨大创伤和不佳外观;同时使用腹腔镜获取的方法, 进一步减小创伤, 提高了疗效, 改善了术后生活质量。     

带血管蒂背阔肌脓腔移植10例

带血管蒂背阔肌脓腔移植１０例赵兴吉杨大业方祥和宋小元余欣罗锋樊军宋小雪１９８０年至１９９２年，我们对１０例慢性脓胸支气管胸膜瘘患者，采用带血管蒂背阔肌移植的方法，进行脓腔填塞和修补支气管胸膜瘘，全部治愈。现报告如下。１．一般资料：１０例中，男８例，女...     

慢性结核性脓胸461例外科治疗回顾性分析

目的 探讨慢性结核性脓胸的外科治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年12月在山东省胸科医院胸外科接受手术治疗的461例慢性结核性脓胸患者的临床资料.其中男性317例,女性144例;年龄6～79岁,平均年龄32岁.术前病程3个月至50年,其中1年以内347例,1～2年61例,2年以上53例.根据患者情况采用不同手术方法.结果 全组患者无围手术期死亡,461例中一次手术治愈445例,分期手术治愈6例.1例脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘患者,行胸膜剥脱术+肺叶切除术后再发支气管胸膜瘘,引流半年后行瘘修补+肌瓣填塞术+局限性胸廓成形术后治愈.3例切口愈合不良,经过换药治愈.5例出院后3个月内出现同侧切口附近胸壁脓肿,经过病灶清除附加局限性胸廓成形术治愈.1例胸膜全肺切除术患者于手术后1年因支气管残端瘘致余肺播散,死于呼吸功能衰竭.结论 在慢性结核性脓胸的治疗当中,手术治疗仍然有不可替代的作用,根据患者病情及身体状况选择恰当的手术方式能够取得良好的治疗效果.     

肌瓣、皮肌瓣填塞术治疗慢性脓胸的研究进展

慢性脓胸的常见原因包括急性脓胸治疗不及时或治疗不当，如早期应用抗生素不当或急性脓胸引流不彻底；特异性的病原体感染如结核性脓胸、霉菌性脓胸；手术后脓胸如并发支气管胸膜瘘、食管吻合口瘘和放疗后的支气管胸膜瘘、食管支气管瘘以及慢性肺部感染性疾病合并支气管胸膜瘘等。慢性脓胸简单的治疗手段，如肋床引流、开放引流或胸廓开窗，可以控制感染，清洁脓腔，     

肩胛骨岗下切除加胸廓成形术治疗胸顶部脓腔为主的脓胸

目的探讨肩胛骨岗下切除加胸廓成形术对胸顶部脓腔为主的脓胸患者的治疗效果。方法 2005年1月～2010年5月,为25例胸顶部脓腔为主的脓胸患者实施肩胛骨岗下切除加胸廓成形术。结果 24例患者一次性痊愈,1例由于残端瘘复发,行镍钛记忆合金内支架置入封堵支气管残端瘘,二次手术而愈合。术后全组无手术死亡患者,随访0.5～5.0年无脓胸和支气管残端瘘复发。结论肩胛骨岗下部分切除加胸廓成形术是胸顶部脓腔为主的脓胸和胸廓成形术后复发脓胸的有效治疗方法之一。     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

从1976年至1996年，我科对11例肺切除术后发生支气管胸膜瘘的病人进行了外科治疗。治愈10人，治愈率91％，1例经过3次手术后复发的病人死于与手术无关的晚期肺癌。治疗支气管胸膜瘘的方法很多，以胸改（局部或扩大）加胸部带蒂肌瓣胸内转移方法最有效。肩胂骨次全切除（一种扩大胸改的新术式）加肩胂下肌及冈下肌胸内转移对那些顽固性支气管胸膜瘘病人有良好的效果。作者认为治疗支气管胸膜瘘的关键是：①充分地胸腔引流及感染的控制；②有效地封闭支气管瘘口；③彻底地消除患侧胸膜残腔。     

自体腹直肌皮瓣移植治疗慢性难治性脓胸(附4例报告)

目的介绍自体腹直肌皮瓣移植治疗慢性难治性脓胸的新方法。方法2004年11月至2007年3月4例上肺叶切除术后并发支气管胸膜瘘的慢性脓胸病人实行自体皮瓣移植。血供为营养腹直肌皮瓣的腹壁下血管与胸背血管相连。结果术后均无呼吸道并发症，5d内顺利拔管，术后3～6周顺利出院，平均随访10个月，均未发生脓腔复发和皮瓣坏死。结论应用自体腹直肌皮瓣移植可以成功治疗较大胸部残腔的慢性难治性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘的病例。     

Free rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap for chronic postoperative empyema

Chronic postoperative empyema remains a challenge for thoracic surgeons. Free musculocutaneous flap transplantation may provide a good alternative option in the treatment of these refractory complications after pulmonary resections. Three patients with chronic postoperative empyemas combined with bronchopleural fistulas underwent obliteration of the empyema tracts with free rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap transplantations. Surgical treatment was a two-stage procedure that consisted of open-window thoracostomy, followed by obliteration of the pleural cavity using a free transfer of the ipsilateral, full-thickness rectus muscle flap and microanastomoses. No postoperative complications occurred, and the 3 patients resumed normal daily activities. Free rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap transplantation is safe and effective in the management of chronic postoperative empyema with bronchopleural fistula.     

Postpneumonectomy empyema. The role of intrathoracic muscle transposition

Forty-five patients (36 male and nine female) were treated for postpneumonectomy empyema. All were initially managed with the first stage of the Clagett procedure (open pleural drainage). In 28 patients with associated bronchopleural fistula the fistula was closed and reinforced with muscle transposition at the time of open drainage. Seven patients had multiple flaps. The serratus anterior muscle was transposed in 28 patients, latissimus dorsi in 11, pectoralis major in four, pectoralis minor in one, and rectus abdominis in one patient. After the fistula was closed and the pleural cavity was clean, the second stage of the Clagett procedure (obliteration of the pleural cavity with antibiotic solution and closure of the open pleural window) was done. The number of operative procedures ranged from 1 to 19 (median 5.0). Length of hospitalization ranged from 4 to 137 days (median 34.0 days). There were six operative deaths (mortality rate 13.3%), none in the patients who had both stages of the Clagett procedure. Follow-up of the 39 operative survivors ranged from 2.1 to 90.2 months (median 21.8 months). Eighty-four percent of patients in whom the Clagett procedure was completed (26/31) had a healed chest wall with no evidence of recurrent infection. The bronchopleural fistula remained closed in 85.7% of patients (24/28). There were 19 late deaths, none related to postpneumonectomy empyema. We conclude that the Clagett procedure remains safe and effective in the management of postpneumonectomy empyema in the absence of bronchopleural fistula and that intrathoracic muscle transposition to reinforce the bronchial stump is an effective procedure in the control of postpneumonectomy-associated bronchopleural fistula.     

Transsternal transpericardial closure of a postpneumonectomy bronchial fistula in a patient who underwent pneumonectomy because of a war injury

Most common causes of intrathoracic empyema include pulmonary infections and postoperative bronchopleural fistulas complicating a lung surgical resection, mainly pneumonectomy, as a result of the failure of the bronchial stump to heal. A 22-year-old Serbian patient presented with chronic posttraumatic empyema. Two years before during a war, he experienced chest injury due to a firearm wound, with massive intrathoracic bleeding and need for emergency left pneumonectomy. Empyema with a bronchopleural fistula occurred during the postoperative course. The patient underwent left open window thoracostomy with a daily bandage change. Here we report the treatment of the bronchopleural fistula using sequential surgical approach including transsternal transpericardial closure of the fistula followed by reconstruction of the chest wall with a regional muscle flap. Our case report highlights the feasibility and efficacy of the transsternal surgical approach to treat postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula, thereby avoiding the direct approach to the bronchial stump through the infected pneumonectomy cavity.     

胸廓造口开窗引流术在结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘中应用的疗效分析

【摘要】 目的 总结分析胸廓造口开窗引流术(OWT)在结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘中应用的治疗经验。方法 对我科在2003年至2012年56例结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘病例采用胸廓造口开窗引流术的外科治疗进行回顾性分析。本组病例胸廓造口开窗换药引流3~12个月后,分别采用Heller胸廓成形术加瘘修补术、胸膜外全肺切除术或余肺切除术、永久的开放性胸廓造口术等方法治疗。结果 全组患者有效地控制胸腔感染后,36例行Heller胸廓成形术加瘘修补术;14例胸膜外全肺切除术或余肺切除术后关闭胸廓造口,其中有5例术后出现围手术期胸腔再次感染并发症发生再次行胸廓造口术;6例患者选择永久的开放性胸廓造口开窗换药引流,无围术期死亡病例发生。结论 对结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘的患者应用胸廓造口术能有效地控制胸腔感染,降低死亡率,改善身体状况,为二期瘘修补术及消灭残腔手术创造有利条件并提高手术成功率。     

363例胸壁结核性脓肿的手术治疗总结

【摘要】 目的 总结胸壁结核性脓肿的手术经验。方法〓回顾性分析2000年1月~2013年12月在我院胸外科手术治疗的363例胸壁结核性脓肿病人的临床资料,所有患者均经过病理确诊。结果〓男性248例,女性115例,平均年龄32.3±4.7岁;左、右侧胸壁分别147例、175例,胸骨区41例;哑铃型137例,蟹足型52例,溃破型96例,混合型78例。273例切除了肉眼观和(或)影像观异常的肋骨,18例患者切除壁胸膜,113例采用肌瓣填充残腔。5例由于损伤胸廓内动脉中转开胸手术,全组无死亡病例。293例患者门诊随访16~35个月,一次性治愈率91.6%。25例(8.4%)复发脓肿,均经再次病灶清除术治愈。51例(14%)患者出现切口感染、裂开、脓肿或窦道形成,7例胸腔积液,4例肺结核播散,3例肺不张,1例皮下血肿,2例脓胸,均经保守治疗治愈。结论〓胸壁结核性脓肿手术总疗效满意,但切口问题较多。     

Use of Pectoralis Skin Pedicle Flap for Closure of Large Bronchial Fistula Connected with Postpneumonectomy Empyema

In 4 patients, the postpneumonectomy empyema was connected with a large bronchopleural fistula. The empyema was in all cases treated by a permanent open window thoracostoma. The fistulae were closed later with pedicle flaps made of the pectoralis muscle and the adjoining skin. In 2 patients the closing of the bronchial fistula was successful, and the treatment of one patient is not completed. In one patient the open pneural cavity was covered completely by skin using an additional pedicle flap and free skin transplantation. The surgical technique of the pedicle flap operation is described and the cases are reported.     

Treatment of postpneumonectomy empyema and associated bronchopleural fistula. Experience of 100 consecutive postpneumonectomy patients

Experience in the management of 100 consecutive patients with postpneumonectomy empyema is presented. Open-window thoracostomy was used for treatment of the empyema in all cases. The patients were grouped according to surgical procedure after this treatment. In group 1 the thoracostomy window was left permanently open. In group 2 it was closed, and in group 3 the open pleural cavity was covered with skin, using a pedicle of muscle and skin and free skin transplants. The pectoralis skin pedicle was used to close large bronchopleural fistulas. The results in each group are presented and a staged method, which can be used in all cases of postpneumonectomy empyema, with or without bronchopleural fistula, is described.     

Clinical experience of omental pedicle flap for bronchopleural fistula

We present two patients who underwent the omental pedicle flap method for bronchopleural fistula. The first case was a 61-year-old man who developed empyema with bronchial fistula due to recurrent tuberculosis resisted to chemotherapy. He underwent complete muscle and omental flap closure of empyema space. The second case was a 63-year-old man who underwent pneumonectomy for adenocarcinoma of the lung. About two weeks after the operation, a bronchopleural fistula developed at the bronchial stump. He underwent complete omental flap closure of fistula. They are doing well 18 and 9 months following operation, respectively. The omental pedicle flap method is clinically useful as a closure method for bronchopleural fistula because of excellent blood supply of the omentum.     

Two Cases of Single-Stage Closure of a Bronchopleural Fistula Using Latissimus Dorsi Musculocutaneous Flaps after Lung Surgery

Two cases of successful primary closure of a bronchopleural fistula with favorable infection control using latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps are reported. Case 1 was a 70-year-old man who underwent resection of the right lower pulmonary lobe due to right lung metastasis of sigmoid colon cancer. A bronchopleural fistula was found on day 28 after surgery. Infection was controlled by antibiotic administration and tube drainage. Closure of the bronchopleural stump, thoracoplasty and plombage of latissimus dorsi muscles were performed for single-stage closure without open treatment, based on a negative pleural effusion culture. Case 2 was a 64-year-old man who underwent right lower pulmonary lobe resection due to right lung cancer. A bronchopleural fistula was found on day 14 after surgery. In single-stage closure, thoracoplasty and plombage of latissimus dorsi muscles were performed due to infection control and a negative pleural effusion culture. Both cases had a good postoperative course.     

Accelerated treatment for early and late postpneumonectomy empyema.

BACKGROUND: Postpneumonectomy empyema is a rare but serious complication of pneumonectomy. Despite use of various therapeutic approaches and techniques during the last five decades, successful therapy remains difficult and is often associated with high morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. METHODS: We evaluated a concept for accelerated treatment, which consists of radical debridement of the pleural cavity and packing with wet dressings of povidoneiodine. This was repeated in the operating theater every second day, until the chest cavity was macroscopically clean. If present, bronchial stump insufficiency was closed and secured by omentopexy. Finally, the pleural space was obliterated with antibiotic solution. RESULTS: Twenty patients, 13 with early postpneumonectomy empyema (10 to 89 days; mean, 37 days) and 7 with late postpneumonectomy empyema (124 to 7,200 days; mean, 1,126 days) were treated. Fifteen patients presented with bronchopleural fistula (11 right, 4 left), which developed after chemotherapy (n = 6) or after radiotherapy (n = 3) (unknown cause in 4 patients). Six patients were referred after previously unsuccessful surgical attempts. Pleural cultures were positive in 17 cases for one or several bacteria including fungoides (n = 2). The average number of interventions was 3.5 (3 to 5). The chest was definitively closed in all patients within 8 days. Mean hospitalization time was 17 days (7 to 35 days). During the same hospitalization, 2 patients needed reoperation because of an undetected bronchopleural fistula. Postpneumonectomy empyema was successfully treated in all patients. There was no in-hospital or 3-month postoperative mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated surgical debridement combined with closure of bronchopleural fistula and antimicrobial therapy enables successful treatment of early and late postpneumonectomy empyema within a short period and is a well-tolerated concept.