脊柱颈段的年龄变化及其临床意义

目的 为临床应用提供脊柱颈段年龄性变化的解剖学资料。方法 观察并测量了颈椎干骨标本50套(G3-7)、脊柱颈段标本正中矢状切标本15例(30侧,其中童尸2例,青年5例,中老年8例)、脊柱颈段X线正侧位片320张、CT片50张,分年龄段作统计,对特例作摄影和绘图记录。结果 (1)青少年时期同一椎体的前后面接近平行,并基本等高。随着年龄增加,前面逐渐变斜,朝向前上,前高则逐渐缩短,特别以C4-C6椎为显著,而后面的高度和斜度无显著变化。(2)在老年侧位片上,对同一椎的前、后面分别作垂线,两线相夹的角度C5-6均超过4°,而两端各椎则为3°。(3)颈椎间盘的前高和后高均随年龄老化而降低,但前高降低的总量约为后高者的2倍。(4)钩突年青时呈尖棘状,随着年龄老化向后扩展,变成矢状位的嵴状,此嵴前后长度在上位椎可超过同椎椎体的正中矢状径。(5)骨赘多见于钩突和C4-6椎体前面的上下缘,也可见于关节突和钩椎关节的斜坡,椎体后面可偶见后纵韧带骨化所成的骨赘或骨刺,罕见与前面相当的上、下缘骨唇形成。结论 颈曲随年龄增加而减小,决定因素是椎体前份和椎间盘前份高度的持续降低。     

健康国人颈椎和腰椎体积骨密度的定量CT研究

目的 探讨国人健康成人颈椎和腰椎体积骨密度值(vBMD)分布情况。方法 采用横断面研究方法。2014年12月—2016年1月北京积水潭医院招募770名健康志愿者,其中男329名,女441名,年龄21～59岁。志愿者按年龄分为4组:A组(21～30岁)142人,B组(31～40岁)262人,C组(41～50岁)263人,D组(51～60岁)103人。采用日本TOSHIBA 128排CT机对志愿者行颈椎和腰椎定量CT扫描,并使用Mindways骨密度测量软件测量C₂～C₇、L₂～L₄椎体的vBMD值。采用单因素方差分析分别比较颈、腰椎中vBMD在不同性别、年龄组、节段的分布情况,男性、女性颈腰椎间各椎体vBMD的相关性采用Pearson相关分析。结果 男性志愿者C₂～C₇和L₂～L₄椎体vBMD分别为(288.40±60.63)、(275.71±56.33)、(283.91±59.62)、(278.95±53.76)、(253.38±49.99)、(217.94±44.96)和(151.64±31.74)、(145.22±31.77)、(147.16±35.81)mg/cm³,女性志愿者分别为(329.24±74.34)、(313.88±67.86)、(328.54±73.40)、(323.22±72.53)、(286.44±66.36)、(251.53±58.63)和(168.50±37.10)、(160.78±37.00)、(162.81±37.10)mg/cm³。无论男性还是女性,颈椎及腰椎的体积骨密度值均随着年龄增长而逐渐下降,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。男性志愿者同一年龄组内比较:C₂～C₇不同椎体的vBMD均呈下降趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05);而L₂～L₄不同椎体的vBMD差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。女性志愿者同一年龄组内比较:C₂～C₇不同椎体的vBMD均呈下降趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05);D组L₂～L₄各椎体的vBMD均呈下降趋势,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他年龄组vBMD差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。无论是男性或女性志愿者,在任何年龄组,颈椎vBMD均＞200 mg/cm³,腰椎vBMD值均＜200 mg/cm³,颈椎vBMD值均高于腰椎(P值均＜0.01)。男性、女性颈腰椎不同椎体间vBMD值均具有显著的相关性(r_男性=0.509～0.968, r_女性=0.658～0.976, P值均＜0.01);男性中,r_颈椎间=0.667～0.928,r_腰椎间=0.850～0.968,r_{颈椎与腰椎间}=0.509～0.675;女性中,r_颈椎间=0.754～0.933,r_腰椎间=0.956～0.973,r_{颈椎与腰椎间}=0.658～0.752;颈椎间或腰椎间vBMD相关系数均高于颈腰椎之间相关系数。结论 颈椎和腰椎vBMD在不同性别、年龄、节段分布存在差异,但各椎体vBMD均存在中-强相关性。本研究结果可为临床监测骨质疏松、评估骨折风险提供参考数据。     

Shape variation of the neural arch in the thoracic and lumbar spine: characterization and relationship with the vertebral body shape

Quantifying the human vertebral geometry is important for accurate medical procedures. We aimed to characterize the neural arch (NA) shape at T1-L5. All T1-L5 dry vertebrae (N = 4,080) of 240 individuals were measured and analyzed by age, gender, and ethnicity. A 3D digitizer was used to measure the dimensions of the spinous (SP) and transverse (TP) processes, vertebral canal (VC), laminae, and isthmus. Most parameters were independent of age and ethnicity, yet greater in males than in females. Isthmus length increases from T1 (9.8 mm) to T12 (19.87 mm) and decreases from T12 to L5 (9.68 mm) with right > left in the thorax and oppositely in the lumbar region. The SP is longer than its thickness both decreasing in the upper thorax (by ca. 4mm), increasing in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae (by 7 mm for length and ca. 14.5 mm for thickness) and decreasing again along the lower lumbar vertebrae (both by 8 mm). The TP length decreases at T1-T12 (by 13 mm) and increases at L1-L5 with left > right at T1-L5 (P < 0.003). The laminar length decreases from T1 (8.72 mm) through T5 (4.76 mm) and increases toward L5 (8.4 mm) with right > left at T1-L5 (P < 0.003). The VC is oval-shaped at T1 and T11-L5 (width > length), rounded-shape at T2 and T10 (width = length), and inverted oval-shaped at T3-T9 (length > width). In conclusion, the NA is systematically asymmetrical and dynamic in shape along the thoracic and lumbar spine. The inter-relationship with the vertebral body and articular facets is discussed.     

Developmental steps of the human cervical spine: parameters for evaluation of skeletal maturation stages

The central objective of this investigation was to focus on the development of the cervical spine observed by lateral cephalometric radiological images of children and adolescents (6–16 years old). A sample of 26 individuals (12 girls and 14 boys) was classified according to stages of cervical spine maturation in two subcategories: group I (initiation phase) and group II (acceleration phase). The morphology of the cervical spine was assessed by lateral cephalometric radiographs obtained in accordance with an innovative method for establishing a standardized head posture. A total of 29 linear variables and 5 angular variables were used to clarify the dimensions of the cervical vertebrae. The results suggest that a few measurements can be used as parameters of vertebral maturation both for males and females. The aforementioned measurements include the inferior depth of C2–C4, the inferior depth of C5, the anterior height of C4–C5, and the posterior height of C5. We propose original morphological parameters that may prove remarkably useful in the determination of bone maturational stages of the cervical spine in children and adolescents.     

Morphological and postural sexual dimorphism of the lumbar spine facilitates greater lordosis in females

Previous work suggests females are evolutionarily adapted to have greater lumbar lordosis than males to aid in pregnancy load‐bearing, but no consensus exists. To explore further sex‐differences in the lumbar spine, and to understand contradictions in the literature, we conducted a cross‐sectional retrospective study of sex‐differences in lumbar spine morphology and sacral orientation. In addition, our sample includes data for separate standing and supine samples of males and females to examine potential sex‐differences in postural loading on lumbosacral morphology. We measured sagittal lumbosacral morphology on 200 radiographs. Measurements include: lumbar angle (L1–S1), lumbar vertebral body and disc wedging angles, sacral slope and pelvic incidence. Lumbar angle, representative of lordotic curvature between L1 and S1, was 7.3° greater in females than males, when standing. There were no significant sex‐differences in lumbar angle when supine. This difference in standing lumbar angle can be explained by greater lordotic wedging of the lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5) in females. Additionally, sacral slope was greater in females than males, when standing. There were no significant sex‐differences in pelvic incidence. Our results support that females have greater lumbar lordosis than males when standing, but not when supine – suggesting a potentially greater range of motion in the female spine. Furthermore, sex‐differences in the lumbar spine appear to be supported by postural differences in sacral‐orientation and morphological differences in the vertebral body wedging. A better understanding of sex‐differences in lumbosacral morphology may explain sex‐differences in spinal conditions, as well as promote necessary sex‐specific treatments.     

The torg ratio of C3–C7 in African Americans and European Americans: A skeletal study

The ratio between the sagittal diameter of the spinal canal and the sagittal diameter of the vertebral body, known as the “Torg ratio”, is often used to test for spinal canal narrowing. Here, we investigate this ratio in a large population, consisting of two ethnicities, both sexes and three age groups. Measurements were taken on the dry cervical verterbrae (C3–C7) of 277 individuals using a digital apparatus allowing for the recording of 3D coordinates of a set of landmarks on the vertebral body. Vertebral body and vertebral foramen lengths were compared across the different subgroups. Vertebral body and vertebral foramen lengths differ significantly between males and females and between African Americans and European Americans. With age, the vertebral body length increases while the foramen length does not undergo significant changes. These anatomical differences are reflected in differences in the Torg ratio calculated for the different subgroups. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a hard cutoff on the Torg ratio used to define a pathological narrowing of the cervical spine should be adapted to the population the patients come from. Clin. Anat. 32: 84‐89, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

脊柱腰段断面解剖观测及临床意义

目的旨在为脊柱腰段病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供形态学依据。方法 30例横断面标本,观测椎体、椎弓根、椎孔、椎弓板等结构。结果椎体横、矢径,以及椎孔横径存在性别差异(男性女性,P0.0001),但椎孔矢径无性差(P=0.6441),而不同椎体间椎孔矢径存在差异(P=0.0349),不同椎体的横、矢径存在显著差异(P0.0001);脊椎指数均1:4.5,且存在性别差异(P0.0001),不同腰椎间有显著性差异(P=0.0018);腰椎椎板夹角变化较大(70°～90°),同椎骨A、B两个断面该角的大小具有显著性差异(P0.0001),但无性差、各椎体间也无显著性差异;椎弓根横径、OE径存在性别差异(男性女性,P0.0001),不同椎体的该两径存在显著差异(P0.0001),但该两径值的侧差无显著性差异(P0.6070);Z角在不同腰椎间存在显著性差异(P0.0001),但无性差、侧差(性别P=0.4153,侧差P=0.7579)。结论⑴不同性别、不同腰椎间的形态数据存在显著差异;⑵椎体横、矢径,椎孔横、矢径,脊柱指数,椎弓板夹角均可作为诊断腰椎孔狭窄的参考指标;⑶椎弓根螺钉选择需结合术前影像测量。     

人体中、下段颈椎曲率的测量及意义

目的：为设计、改进适合国人的颈前路钢板系统提供参考值。方法：用游标卡尺和自制弧度仪测量129例颈椎各椎体最小高度、冠状径、矢状径和前壁横向弧度;测量43例正常成人X线侧位片,计算颈椎的生理曲度。结果：C3-C6最小高度和C3-C5最小矢状径均较接近,分别为10.0mm和14.6mm;最小冠状径由C3-C6依次增加,增量约1mm;椎体前壁横向曲率半径由C3的9.6mm逐渐增大至C7的14.4mm;颈椎各节段纵向曲度的变异较大,无明显规律。结论：颈椎中段各椎体的最小高度值、矢状径值相近,中、下段颈椎各椎体的最小冠状径和前壁横向曲度由下至下递减,此规律可帮助确定理想的螺钉长度、钢板宽度和钢板的横向弧度;颈椎纵向生理曲度变异较大,无明显规律性,对确定钢板的纵向弧度帮助不大。     

颈椎阻滞椎X线表现及特征

目的　探讨颈椎阻滞椎的X线表现及特征。 方法　回顾性分析125例颈椎阻滞椎X线资料,男性45例,女性80例,年龄24~75岁,平均年龄41.9岁,男女比例为1:1.77。分析其阻滞椎的发生节数、融合部位、骨赘发生、颈椎前凸曲度以及上、下椎间隙等情况。 结果　本组病例中阻滞椎累及2个椎体100例,累及3个椎体5例,累及4个椎体17例,累及5个椎体3例。单节段阻滞椎以C2~3最多,共43例（43%）;其次是C3~4,共16例（16%）。融合部位：椎体及附件的同时融合82例（65.6%）,单纯椎体融合28例（22.4%）。颈椎曲度变直或反张36例（28.8%）。椎体前/后缘骨赘110例（88%）;上椎间隙狭窄7例（5.6%）;下椎间隙狭窄15例（11.7%）;棘突融合52例（41.6%）;前纵韧带钙化19例（15.2%）;项韧带钙化17例（13.6%）;颅底凹陷症15例（12%）。 结论　颈椎阻滞椎常表现为单节段的融合,椎体及附件的同时融合比单纯椎体融合多见。阻滞椎常伴有邻近节段的退行性改变及颅底凹陷。     

下颈椎椎动脉孔及其毗邻的解剖学和影像学观测

目的：为下颈椎前路手术预防椎动脉损伤提供解剖学数据。方法：(1)取20具尸体的C3～7段作为解剖标本,作两侧椎动脉孔内缘间距、椎体横、矢径、椎动脉孔内缘和椎弓根内缘间距、椎动脉孔内缘和椎体外缘间距、 椎动脉孔内缘和钩突关节内外缘间距、椎动脉孔前后缘与椎体前后缘的垂直距离、 椎动脉孔矢径的测量。(2)选30例已确诊为颈椎病患者和50例正常人作为检测对象,用CT测量上述数据。 结果： (1) C_3～7两侧横突孔内缘间距、椎体横径、椎体矢径、C_3～6椎动脉孔矢径逐渐增大。(2) 钩突内缘与椎动脉孔内缘间距在6 mm之内, C_3～6椎体外缘与椎动脉孔内缘间距不超过3 mm。(3) C_3～6 横突孔矢径和椎体矢径比值恒定(30.32%～31.86%), C_3～5 椎动脉孔前缘与椎体前缘距离逐渐减小,C_3～5椎动脉孔后缘与椎体后缘距离逐渐增加。结论：本文的测量数值与不同个体的椎动脉资料相结合,为预防椎动脉损伤提供了解剖学依据。     

Osteometric Dimensions of the Laminas of the Spine

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the dimensions of the laminas from C2 to L5 by using adult human spine specimens for the objective of providing a set of quantitative data for the laminas from C2 to L5 vertebrae.There exists enormous amount of Anatomic data based on facet and pedicle parameters by different research workers, but it seems that the detailed studies based on measurements of laminar parameters from cervical to lumbar spines are almost nil.Forty spines (920 vertebrae) were considered for the present study. Anatomic evaluation of the laminas'included the laminar height, width, thickness, width angle & slope angle.The greatest laminar height was observed at T11 for males & females ( 22.8 ± 2.1 mm, 23.0 + 1.8mm) respectively. There was a marked change in pattern at L5 where there was a decrease in laminar height from that of preceding lumbar levels.The greatest laminar width was at-L5 for males & females (12.1 ± 2.4mm 11.5 ± 2.1 mm ) respectively. The laminar thickness was maximum at T3 for males and females (5:2 ± 0.7mm & 5.1 ± 0.2mm ) respectively. The maximum width angle was at T9 for males (99.2 ± 9.7mm) & at L4for females (100.6 ± 12.3mm). The-slope angle was maximum at L5 for males and females (113.5 ± 4.8mm & 118.0 ± 1.4mm) respectively.Thus, for the proper, understanding of the weight transmission through the spine and it related hypothesis the Anatomic parameters of the laminas provided by the present study are very important and also they provide an adequate database necessary for the surgical placement of sublaminar instruments in spine related surgeries.     

Vertebral body shape variation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: characterization of its asymmetry and wedging

This study was designed to characterize the vertebral body (VB) shape, focusing on vertebral wedging, along the thoracic and lumbar spine, and to look for shape variations with relation to gender, age, and ethnicity. All thoracic and lumbar (T1-L5) dissected vertebrae of 240 individuals were measured and analyzed by age, gender, and ethnicity. A 3D digitizer was used to measure all VB lengths, heights, and widths, and their ratios were calculated. This study showed that the VB size was independent of age or ethnicity. VB left lateral wedging was found in most vertebrae of most individuals, yet systematically was absent in six vertebrae (T4, T8-T9, T11, L3-L4) with a greater tendency in females than males ( approximately 92% vs. 86%). The VB was anteriorly wedged from T1 through L2 (peak at T7), nonwedged at L3, and posteriorly wedged at L4-L5 (peak at L5). VB width decreased from T1 to T4 and then increased toward L4-L5, so that the spinal configuration in the coronal plane resembled two pyramids of opposite directions, sharing an apex at T4. The inferior VB width was significantly greater than the superior width of both the same vertebra and the adjacent lower vertebra, indicating a trapezoidal shape of the VB and an inverted trapezoidal shape of the intervertebral space. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the human vertebra, in its normal condition, maintains its external dimensions with age, independent of gender or ethnic origin. Clinical and surgical implications of the unique thoracolumbar architecture are discussed.     

Cervical vertebral body growth and emergence of sexual dimorphism: a developmental study using computed tomography

The size and shape of human cervical vertebral bodies serve as a reference for measurement or treatment planning in multiple disciplines. It is therefore necessary to understand thoroughly the developmental changes in the cervical vertebrae in relation to the changing biomechanical demands on the neck during the first two decades of life. To delineate sex‐specific changes in human cervical vertebral bodies, 23 landmarks were placed in the midsagittal plane to define the boundaries of C2 to C7 in 123 (73 M; 50 F) computed tomography scans from individuals, ages 6 months to 19 years. Size was calculated as the geometric area, from which sex‐specific growth trend, rate, and type for each vertebral body were determined, as well as length measures of local deformation‐based morphometry vectors from the centroid to each landmark. Additionally, for each of the four pubertal‐staged age cohorts, sex‐specific vertebral body wireframes were superimposed using generalized Procrustes analysis to determine sex‐specific changes in form (size and shape) and shape alone. Our findings reveal that C2 was unique in achieving more of its adult size by 5 years, particularly in females. In contrast, C3–C7 had a second period of accelerated growth during puberty. The vertebrae of males and females were significantly different in size, particularly after puberty, when males had larger cervical vertebral bodies. Male growth outpaced female growth around age 10 years and persisted until around age 19–20 years, whereas females completed growth earlier, around age 17–18 years. The greatest shape differences between males and females occurred during puberty. Both sexes had similar growth in the superoinferior height, but males also displayed more growth in anteroposterior depth. Such prominent sex differences in size, shape, and form are likely the result of differences in growth rate and growth duration. Female vertebrae are thus not simply smaller versions of the male vertebrae. Additional research is needed to further quantify growth and help improve age‐ and sex‐specific guidance in clinical practice.     

Vertebral pattern variation in the North Sea harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) by computed tomography

Vertebral series in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) include cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and caudal. In contrast to studying skeletons from museums, in which small bones can be missed, evaluation of full body computed tomography (CT) scans provides an overview of the vertebral column, while maintaining interrelationship of all structures. The aim of this study was to document variations in vertebral patterning of the harbor porpoise via evaluation of CT images of intact stranded harbor porpoises. The harbor porpoises were divided into age classes, based on developmental stage of reproductive organs on postmortem examination and closure of proximal humeral physis on CT. Numbers of vertebrae per series, fusion state of the syncervical, type of first hemal arch, number of double articulating ribs, and floating ribs were recorded based on CT images. Included in the study were 48 harbor porpoises (27 males and 21 females), which were divided in two age classes (27 immatures and 21 adults). Total vertebral count varied from 63 to 68 with vertebral formula range C7T12-14L12-16Cd29-33. Twenty-five different vertebral formulas were found, of which C7T13L14Ca30 was the most common (n = 8, 17%). Thoracic vertebrae with six, seven, or eight double articulating ribs and zero, one, or two vertebrae with floating ribs were seen. Four different fusion states of the syncervical and four types of hemal arches were recognized. This study showed a great variation in vertebral patterning in the harbor porpoise, with homeotic and meristic variation in the thoracic, lumbar, and caudal vertebral series.     

健康成人与颈5/6单节段脊髓型颈椎病患者颈椎MRI矢状面形态的比较

目的 探讨健康成人和C_5/6单节段脊髓型颈椎病（DCM）患者颈椎MRI矢状面形态的差异及与DCM的相关性。方法 回顾性研究。纳入2021年1—11月徐州医科大学附属医院脊柱外科门诊143例C_5/6单节段DCM患者（DCM组）及144例健康体检成人（对照组）的MRI影像资料。其中,DCM组男72例、女71例,年龄30~70（56.7±11.0）岁。对照组男72例、女72例,年龄30~70（55.8±9.4）岁。在颈椎MRI矢状面测量C₂斜率（C₂S）、颈前凸角（CL）、C_2~7矢状位轴向距离（cSVA）、T₁倾斜角（T₁S）、颈倾斜角（NT）、胸廓入口角（TIA）、脊柱-颅角（SCA）、颈椎倾斜（CeT）和颅倾斜（CrT）。分别在对照组、DCM组内对比不同性别间及两组间各项影像学参数的差异;在DCM组观察各影像学参数与单节段DCM发病的相关性。结果 对照组中,女性C₂S（11.25°±6.51°）大于男性（7.63°±7.82°）,CL（8.12°±8.45°）、T₁S（20.89°±6.50°）、TIA（71.72°±11.88°）、SCA（86.44°±8.54°）、CeT（16.20°±6.59°）均低于男性（14.69°±9.77°、23.27°±7.65°、75.50°±10.92°、95.89°±10.56°、19.23°±8.34°）,差异均有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）;cSVA、NT、CrT在不同性别间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）。DCM组中,女性SCA（88.19°±11.78°）、CeT（15.11°±8.46°）低于男性（95.88°±11.84°、18.10°±9.21°）,而CrT（5.09°±4.22°）高于男性（3.82°±3.20°）,差异有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）;其他观察指标在不同性别间差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）。对照组与DCM组：女性间比较,对照组NT（50.83°±12.66°）、TIA（71.72°±11.88°）均低于DCM组（55.81°±13.15°、76.02°±13.45°）,差异均有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）;男性间比较,对照组CL（14.68°±9.67°）高于DCM组（10.37°±13.78°）,NT（52.24°±8.89°）、TIA（75.50°±10.92°）低于DCM组（57.33°±11.18°、79.27°±9.40°）,差异均有统计学意义（P值均<0.05）。男性、女性C_5/6单节段DCM发病均与CL和NT相关（DCM女性组r=-0.26、0.28,DCM男性组r=-0.22、0.25,P值均<0.05）。结论 健康成人发展至C_5/6单节段DCM的过程中均与颈椎前凸的丢失相关,男性颈椎MRI矢状面形态的变化较女性更大。DCM患者不同性别间颈椎MRI矢状面形态的差异主要在于头颅重心位置不同和颈椎前移、前凸的程度不同。     

Do sagittal plane anatomical variations (angulation) of the cervical facets and C2 odontoid affect the geometrical configuration of the cervical lordosis?

Anthropometric and statistical evaluation of measurements from digitization of 252 lateral cervical radiographs were used to investigate any correlation between radiographic measurements of cervical lordosis with sagittal plane facet angulation, articular pillar height, and inclination of the C2 odontoid with respect to the body of C2. Some researchers have hypothesized that facet and odontoid architecture variations can cause a reduction in cervical lordosis. To evaluate this hypothesis, the posterior aspect of the C2 dens, vertebral body corners, and superior and inferior facet surfaces of C2-C7 were digitized on 252 lateral cervical X-rays to calculate global angle, segmental angles, dens angle, facet angles, and facet height. No correlation between facet angle, articular pillar height, and cervical curve was found. Similarly, no correlation between the sagittal angle of the dens and any angle of cervical curvature was identified. There was correlation between the global ARA C2-C7 angle and the Cobb angles at C1-C7 (r = 0.71) and C2-C7 (r = 0.82). There was correlation between the global inclination of the atlas vertebral angle (APL) and the Cobb angle at C1-C7 (r = 0.66), Cobb angle at C2-C7 (r = 0.39), ARA C2-C7 (r = 0.42), and anterior translation of C2 compared to C7 (r = -0.46). Because no correlation between cervical facet and odontoid architecture and any segmental or global angle of cervical lordosis was found, conservative and surgical rehabilitative techniques aimed at the reduction of sagittal cervical deformities do not need to account for a patient's architecture of the cervical facets nor odontoid.     

不同方式颈椎融合手术对上颈椎Jefferson骨折稳定效果的影响

目的建立人体上颈椎C0～3节段Jefferson骨折有限元模型,分析后路寰枢椎融合(posterior atlantoaxial fusion,PSF)和枕颈融合(occipitocervical fusion,OCF)对颈椎椎体生物力学特性和钉棒系统力传导特性的影响。方法基于CT图像建立人体上颈椎C0～3节段Jefferson骨折模型,依据临床手术方案实施PSF、OCF1和OCF2内固定术,施加50 N集中力和1.5 N·m力矩于枕骨底部,研究上颈椎C0～3节段在前屈、后伸、侧屈和旋转运动时,颈椎椎体的应力分布和关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)、钉棒系统最大应力以及椎间盘的应力分布情况。结果 OCF1和OCF2椎体ROM较PSF增加,钉棒应力减少,OCF具有较好的固定效果。结论 PSF、OCF1、OCF2固定术式均可减少上颈椎ROM,重建上颈椎的稳定性,使椎体和椎间盘应力分布趋向正常水平。研究结果可为临床手术方案提供理论依据。     

无症状成人颈椎管狭窄年龄相关性参数的研究

目的　研究无症状成人颈椎侧位X线片上椎管狭窄相关参数与年龄的相关性及其变化规律。 方法　选取无颈椎症状成人100例,按初次检查时年龄分为3组：第1组（20~39岁）,第2组（40~59岁）,第3组（60岁以上）,分别在2011年与2017年进行标准颈椎侧位X片检查。测量椎管狭窄参数：椎管矢状径,椎体中矢径,退变椎体矢状径,颈椎管率及有效颈椎管率。分析颈椎管率及有效颈椎管率与年龄之间的相关性,比较各组所有参数两次检查结果的差异。 结果　C3~7节段颈椎管率及有效颈椎管率均与年龄之间存在负相关;各组所有参数前后两次检查结果比较：椎管矢状径仅在组3中C3节段有统计学差异;椎体中矢径仅在组2中C5节段及组3中C6节段有统计学差异;退变椎体矢状径在组1中C5节段、组2中C3~7节段及组3中C4~6节段有统计学差异;颈椎管率在组1中C5节段、组2中C3~5节段及组3中C3~7节段有统计学差异;有效颈椎管率在组1中C5节段、组2及组3中C3~7节段均有统计学差异,其余无统计学差异。 结论　成人颈椎管率及有效颈椎管率与年龄相关,其在60岁以上人群中随年龄增长变化明显;有效颈椎管率判断椎管狭窄的进展更敏感。     

胸椎椎基静脉孔的CT影像学观测

目的　通过对胸椎椎基静脉孔（BF）的数字化观测,明确其解剖位置、形态特点,为临床应用提供参考依据。 方法　 40例成人胸椎CT扫描数据,运用Mimics15.0软件重建测量BF宽(BFW)、高(BFH)、深(BFD);BF距椎体上、下终板（VHU、VHB）和左、右缘（VWL、VWR）间距;观察其在椎体中的位置与形态。 结果　（1）胸椎BFW总体呈V形分布,T6为最小值（3.69±1.29 mm）; BFH在T1~3趋于平稳,T4～6渐减,T7～11渐增;BFD在T1～3渐增,T3～10趋于平稳,T10～12渐减。（2）BF距上终板与下终板间距总体呈上升趋势,T1最小：VHU为（7.05±1.27） mm,VHB为（7.21±0.87） mm,T12最大：VHU为(11.00±1.10) mm,VHB为(11.37±1.48) mm;距左、右缘间距在T1～4渐减,T5～12渐增,T4最小:VWL为(10.50±1.40) mm,VWR为(10.81±1.66) mm,T12最大:VWL为(15.74±2.55)mm,VWR为(16.23±2.82)mm。 结论　胸椎椎体后壁近中央处均存在BF,其形态结构复杂且在不同个体、不同节段中均存在差异。BF在T1～8、T10、T11位于椎体后壁近中央,T9和T12稍偏向左侧。BF在T1～3、T10～12形似棱锥体形,而T4～9形似长方体形。     

Measurement of the Vertebral Canal Dimensions of the Neck of the Rat with a Comparison to the Human

The aim of this study was to determine the dimensions of the vertebral canal in the neck of the rat, because little is known about the morphology of the rat's cervical spine. A comparison then was made to the vertebral canal in the neck of the human. In part 1 of this study, we determined the precision of three different methods to measure the vertebral canal. The error (coefficient of variation) in these methods was found to range from 1 to 8%. In part 2, we used a computer‐based system to measure digital images of the vertebra and determined the anterior to posterior and the transverse vertebral canal dimensions in the neck of 19 young adult Sprague‐Dawley rats. The anterior to posterior dimension of the vertebral canal was greatest at the upper cervical (C1–C2) level and progressively decreased in the more caudal segments (C3–T1). The transverse dimension was greatest at the atlas (C1) vertebra and smallest at the axis (C2) vertebra with a steady increase in the transverse dimension with more caudal segments and a maximum transverse dimension at the level of the C6 and C7 vertebra. This study has demonstrated that the vertebral canal in the neck of young adult rats is similar in some regards to that of human. However, there are clear differences between the rat and human. These may be associated with differences in the morphology of the spinal cord or postural differences such as the cervicothoracic lordosis in bipeds compared with that in quadrupeds. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.